44. Reminiscences, 319.
45. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 474.
CHAPTER 29: WAR AGAIN
1. Reminiscences, 327.
2. The NewYork Times, March 2, 1949, 22.
3. James, Age of MacArthur III, 80–81.
4. James III, 399–403, 412.
5. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 356–57; Hunt, Untold Story, 449.
6. See, e.g., General Omar Bradley testimony, U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee of Committee on Appropriations….Hearings, 80th Cong., 2nd sess., Part 3, p. 3.
7. Sebald, With MacArthur, 182.
8. Allan Millett, The War for Korea 1950–1954: They Came from the North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010), 46.
9. Kathryn Weatherby, “New Russian Documents on the Korean War,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin 6–7 (Winter 1995–96), 36.
10. Millett, War for Korea, 49–50.
11. Millett, War for Korea, 42.
12. Millet, War for Korea, 43.
13. Reminiscences, 324.
14. Millett, War for Korea, 99.
15. Millett, War for Korea, 99; Reminiscences, 328.
16. Millett, War for Korea, 100.
17. Acheson, 404–5.
18. Acheson, 405.
19. Millett, War for Korea, 117, 116.
20. Millett, War for Korea, 116.
21. Millett, War for Korea, 130.
22. Reminiscences, 332.
23. Millett, War for Korea, 105.
24. Reminiscences, 333.
25. MMA, Wright Oral reminiscences, RG 15, Box 91, 21–22.
26. Reminiscences, 334.
27. Acheson, 412.
28. Millett, War for Korea, 133.
29. Acheson, 413.
30. Millett, War for Korea, 137.
31. Millett, War for Korea, 138; Edgar O’Ballance, Korea: 1950–1953 (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), 36.
32. Millett, War for Korea, 137–38, 139.
33. James III; Millett, War for Korea, 130.
34. O’Ballance, 36.
35. O’Ballance, 37.
36. James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy: 1950–1951, The Korean War: Part One (vol. III), 135.
37. The New York Times, July 9, 1950.
38. James III, 436.
39. Reminiscences, 356.
40. O’Ballance, 40.
41. Reminiscences, 337.
42. James Schnable, U.S. Army in Korea: Policy and Decision, the First Year (Washington, DC: GPO, 1992).
43. Millett, War for Korea, vol. III: 107–8; 148.
44. Millett, War for Korea, 165.
45. Reminiscences, 339; James III.
46. James III, 453.
47. Reminiscences, 339.
48. Acheson, 422.
49. Acheson, 423.
50. James III, 455.
51. Soldier Speaks, 221.
52. Acheson, 423.
53. Reminiscences, 341–42.
54. James III, 456–57.
55. James III, 465.
56. MMA, Wright interview, 57.
57. Robert Heinl, Victory at High Tide: The Inchon-Seoul Campaign (London: Leo Cooper, 1972), 19.
58. James III, 465.
59. O’Ballance, 49–50; Heinl, 24.
60. Vernon Walters, Silent Missions (NY: Doubleday, 1978), 197.
61. James III, 466.
62. MMA, Wright interview, 7–8.
63. James III, 467.
64. Bowers, “The Late General MacArthur,” 244; James III, 359.
65. James III, 467.
CHAPTER 30: INCHON AND BEYOND
1. James, Age of MacArthur III, 467.
2. James III, 468.
3. Reminiscences, 349.
4. James III, 470.
5. James III, 468.
6. Millett, War for Korea, 227.
7. Shepherd interview, quoted in Perret, Old Soldiers, 548.
8. James III, 474.
9. Millett, 249.
10. Reminiscences, 352.
11. James III, 473, 475.
12. Reminiscences, 353.
13. James III, 476.
14. MMA, RG 4, DM to JCS, September 15, 1950.
15. James III, 475.
16. Millett, 250.
17. Millett, 251.
18. James III, 479.
19. James III, 478–79.
20. O’Ballance, Korea, 52.
21. Reminiscenses, 359–60.
22. Alexander Haig, Inner Circles: How America Changed the World: A Memoir (New York: Warner Books, 1992), 44–46.
23. Millett, 255.
24. Haig, 47.
25. Korean War: Our Time in Hell (film), Questar Studio, 2001.
26. Reminiscences, 371.
27. Harriman interview, Truman Library.
28. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 447.
29. Acheson, 451.
30. James III, 488.
31. James III, 489; Reminiscences, 358.
32. Millett, 291.
33. Millett, 232.
34. Millett, 234.
35. Millett, 235.
36. Millett, 236.
37. Soldier Speaks, 225–26.
38. Sebald, With MacArthur, 200.
39. Millett, 298.
40. Acheson, 452.
41. Frank, MacArthur, 155.
42. Reminiscences, 359.
43. Millett, 281.
44. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992). John Edward Wiltz, “Truman and MacArthur: The Wake Island Meeting,” Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, 357–75, esp. 361–62.
45. James III, 503.
46. Perret, 554.
47. Reminiscences, 347–48.
48. Acheson, 456.
49. Harriman Oral History, Truman Library.
50. Dean Rusk, As I Saw It (New York: Norton, 1990), 168–69.
51. James III, 508.
52. Reminiscences, 363.
53. Peter Rodman, Presidential Command (New York: Knopf, 2009), 23.
CHAPTER 31: REVERSAL OF FORTUNE
1. James, Age of MacArthur III, 496.
2. Reminiscences, 364.
3. James III, 496.
4. James III, 497.
5. James III, 498.
6. Reminiscences, 365.
7. MMA, RG 6, DM to JCS, October 24, 1950.
8. James III, 518.
9. Millett, War for Korea, 297–98.
10. Millett, 295.
11. Millett, 298, 303.
12. Millett, 304.
13. Haig, Inner Circles, 56.
14. James III, 520.
15. Reminiscences; James III, 520.
16. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 463.
17. Mac to JCS, November 6, 1950, MMA.
18. James III, 523.
19. James III, 522–23.
20. Millett, 310.
21. Reminiscences, 369.
22. Millett, 317–18.
23. Millett, 306. George Stratemeyer, The Three Wars of Lt. Gen. George E. Stratemeyer: His Korean War Diary, (Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Programs, 1999), 267–98.
24. Reminiscences, 371.
25. J. Lawton Collins, War in Peacetime: The History and Lessons of Korea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 141–42.
26. James III, 530.
27. Haig, 58.
28. Millett, 335.
29. Reminiscences, 372.
30. Wright, Oral Reminiscences, 23; James III, 534.
31. Reminiscences, 372.
32. Reminiscences, 378.
33. MMA, RG 4, Communiqué No. 12, November 24, 1950.
34. TOP SECRET, November 8, 1950, RG 16, Box 4, MMA.
35. James III, 532.
36. Reminiscences, 373.
37. Millett, 336–37.
38. James McGovern, To the Yalu: From the Chinese Invasion of Korea to MacArthur’
s Dismissal (New York: Morrow, 1972), 107.
39. Millett, 337–38.
40. Millett, 342.
41. Reminiscences, 375.
42. Millett, 342–43.
43. Millett, 343.
44. Millett, 347.
45. Haig, 65.
46. O’Ballance, Korea, 73.
47. Acheson, 475.
48. James III, 541.
49. E.g., Millett, 360.
50. James III, 538.
51. Millett, 362–63.
52. Acheson, 475.
53. James III, 545.
54. Matthew Ridgway, Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway (New York: Harper, 1956), 201.
55. Ridgway, Memo of conference with DM, December 26, 1950, Ridgway Papers in Matthew Ridgway, The Korean War: How We Met the Challenge (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967), 81–83.
CHAPTER 32: ENDGAME
1. Millett, War for Korea, 317–19.
2. For a good example of the myth, see David Halberstam. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War (New York: Hyperion, 2007).
3. Reminiscences, 374.
4. Millett, 372.
5. Hunt, Untold Story, 498.
6. Haig, Inner Circles, 64.
7. Lee and Henschel, Douglas MacArthur, 221.
8. Millett, 381.
9. Millett, 386.
10. Reminiscences, 383.
11. James III, 549.
12. MMA, HST to DM, January 15, 1950.
13. Reminiscences, 382.
14. Quoted in Lee and Henschel, 215.
15. Millett, 387.
16. Millett, 387.
17. Lee and Henschel, 221.
18. Lee and Henschel, 220–21.
19. Reminiscences, 383.
20. Perret, Old Soldiers, 566.
21. Millett, 390.
22. MMA, RG 16a, Box 4, Folder 9, Ridgway to DM, January 26, 1951.
23. O’Ballance, Korea, 83.
24. MMA, RG16a, Box 4, Folder 9, Ridgway to DM, January 28, 1951.
25. O’Ballance, 84.
26. MMA, RG 164, DM to Ridgway, February 4, 1951.
27. Millett, 406–8.
28. O’Ballance, 87.
29. O’Ballance, 87.
30. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 517.
31. Millett, 365.
32. Millett, 365.
33. James III, 578.
34. James III, 579.
35. James III, 578–79.
36. O’Ballance, “The MacArthur Plan,” in Leary, ed., MacArthur and the American Century, 378–79.
37. O’Ballance, 377–78.
38. See Richard Bernstein, China 1945: Mao’s Revolution and America’s Fateful Choice (New York, Knopf, 2014).
39. E. Drea, “Military Intelligence and MacArthur 1941–1951: A Reappraisal,” in MacArthur and the American Century, 202.
40. MMA, Wright interview, 53.
41. Wright interview, 54.
42. James III, 541–42.
43. Acheson, 518–19.
44. Millett, 418; MMA, RG 16a, DM to Ridgway, March 22, 1951.
45. Reminiscences, 387–88; Acheson, 518.
46. Reminiscences, 387.
47. James III, 587.
48. Quoted in Acheson, 519.
49. Millett, 418.
50. James III, 583.
51. James III, 590.
52. James III, 590–91.
53. James III, 591.
54. Acheson, 521–22; James III, 592.
55. James III, 594.
56. Acheson, 522.
57. Acheson, 518.
58. Huff, My Fifteen Years, 135–36.
59. Huff, 6–7.
60. James III, 600.
61. USAMHI. Interview, Almond, part 5, p. 43.
62. James III, 599.
63. Acheson, 522–23.
64. Whitney, 472.
65. James III, 601; Ridgway, Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway (New York: Harper Bros, 1956), 223.
66. Quoted in Dower, Embracing Defeat, 548–49.
67. Sebald, With MacArthur, 234.
68. Sebald, 229–30.
69. Quoted in James III, 603.
70. Dower, 549.
71. Sebald, 234.
72. Huff, 139.
73. Quoted in Reminiscences, 396.
74. See Michael Schaller, Altered States: The United States and Japan Since the Occupation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
75. Quoted in Harvey, American Shogun, 427.
CHAPTER 33: FADING AWAY
1. James, Age of MacArthur III, 608.
2. Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America’s Most Hated Senator (New York: Free Press, 2000), 155.
3. Herman, Joseph McCarthy, 154–55.
4. Reminiscences, 405–6.
5. James III, 609.
6. James III, 612.
7. Reminiscences, 400.
8. Huff, My Fifteen Years, 140.
9. James III, 613.
10. James III, 613; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 528.
11. Reminiscences, 406.
12. Representative Speeches of Douglas MacArthur, 20, 27.
13. James III, 608.
14. Quoted in James III, 626–27.
15. James III, 633.
16. Reminiscences, 393.
17. MMA, Rg 46, Eisenhower interview, 73.
18. Speeches of Douglas MacArthur, 66–67.
19. MMA, RG 16, Box 4, “Memo to Ike,” December 14, 1952; also Reminiscences, 410–12.
20. Soldier Speaks, 315.
21. James III, 684.
22. Reminiscences, v.
23. James III, 678.
CONCLUSION
1. E.g., Robert H. Ferrell, The Question of MacArthur’s Reputation: Côte de Châtillon, October 14–16, 1918 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008).
2. Address to the Congress of American Industry, December 5, 1952, in Soldier Speaks, 300.
BY ARTHUR HERMAN
Douglas MacArthur: American Warrior
The Cave and the Light: Plato Versus Aristotle, and the Struggle for the Soul of Western Civilization
Freedom’s Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II
Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age
To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World
How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe’s Poorest Nation Created Our World & Everything in It
Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America’s Most Hated Senator
The Idea of Decline in Western History
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ARTHUR HERMAN is the author of eight books, including the New York Times bestseller How the Scots Invented the Modern World (2001) and Gandhi and Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age (2008), which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. He is also senior fellow at the Hudson Institute, where he has become one of Washington, D.C.’s most dynamic writers and thinkers, with essays regularly appearing in The Wall Street Journal, The Wall Street Journal Asia, and The Wall Street Journal Online. He also publishes frequently in Commentary, Foreign Policy, The American Interest, Mosaic magazine, and Nikkei Asian Review.
Dr. Herman received a Ph.D. in history from the Johns Hopkins University and is a former visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. He is a popular teacher and lecturer, both at the university level (George Mason, Georgetown, American University, and The University of the South) and in the famed Western Heritage Program, which he created for the Smithsonian’s Campus on the Mall. His books have been nominated for numerous prestigious prizes on both sides of the Atlantic, and translated into seven languages, including Chinese and Japanese. His book Freedom’s Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II was named by The Economist as one of its Notable Books for 2012.
Arthur Herman is married to Beth Herma
n, poet, essayist, and writer/illustrator of children’s books.
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