by Tim Jeal
——Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1863)
——What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1863)
Stafford, Robert A. Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism (1985)
Stanley, Dorothy ed. The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley 1909)
Stanley, Henry M. The Congo and the Founding of its Free State 2 vols (1885)
——How I Found Livingstone in Central Africa (1872)
——In Darkest Africa, 2 vols (1890)
——My Dark Companions and their Strange Stories (1893)
——Through the Dark Continent, 2 vols (1878)
Stanley, Richard and Neame, Alan eds The Exploration Diaries of H. M. Stanley (1961)
Swann, A. J. Fighting the Slave Hunters in Central Africa (1910)
Taylor, Anne Laurence Oliphant (1982)
Thomas, H. B. ‘The Death of Speke in 1864’ Uganda Journal Vol XII (1949)
Thomson, Joseph Through Masailand (1885)
Tip, Tippu The Autobiography of Tippu Tip translated Whitely, W. H. (1966)
Troup, J. Rose With Stanley’s Rear Column (1890)
Tvedt, Terje The River Nile in the Age of the British (2004)
Udal, John O. The Nile in Darkness: Conquest and Exploration 1504–1862 Vol. I of 2 (1998)
——The Nile in Darkness: A Flawed Unity 1863–1899 Vol. II of 2 (2005)
Vansina, Jan The Tio Kingdom of the Middle Congo 1880–1892 (1973)
Vasnia, Phiroze The Gift of the Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander (2001)
Wallis, J. P. R. ed. The Zambezi Expedition of David Livingstone 1858–1863 (1956)
——The Zambesi Journal of James Stewart 1862–1863 (1952)
Ward, Herbert My Life with Stanley’s Rear–Guard (1890)
Werner, J. R. A. A Visit to Stanley’s Rear Guard (1889)
West, Richard Brazza of the Congo (1972)
White, James P. The Sanford Exploring Expedition (1967)
Wilkins, W. H. and Burton, Isabel The Romance of Isabel Lady Burton 2 vols (1897)
Wright, Thomas The Life of Sir Richard Burton 2 vols (1906)
Yeoman, Guy Quest for the Secret Nile (2004)
Young, D. ed. The Search for the Source of the Nile: Correspondence between Captain Richard Burton, Captain John Speke and Others, from … the Collection of Quentin Keynes Esq. (1999)
Yule, H. and Hyndman, H. M. Mr Henry Morton Stanley and the Royal Geographical Society: being the Record of a Protest (1878)
Zulfo, I. H. (translated Clark, P.) Karari: The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman (1980)
Notes
Abbreviations in the Notes
(Agnes, L Agnes Livingstone
AJ Schapera, I. ed. Livingstone’s African Journal 1853-1856 2 vols
AN Baker, S. W. The Albert N’yanza: Great Basin of the Nile
Annals Porter, Mrs Gerald Annals of a Publishing House: William Blackwood and his sons (Vol. III John Blackwood) 3 vols
Atkinson Atkinson, R. R. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi and Uganda before 1800
Bennett Bennett, N. R. ed. Stanley’s Despatches to the New York Herald 1871-1872, 1874-1877
Blaikie Blaikie, W. G. The Personal Life of David Livingstone
Brazza West, Richard Brazza of the Congo
Brendon Brendon, Piers The Decline and Fall of the British Empire 1781-1997
Brodie Brodie, Fawn The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton
BL British Library
Cairns Cairns, H. A. C. Prelude to Imperialism: British Reactions to Central African Society 1840-1890
Carnochan Carnochan, W. B. The Sad Story of Burton, Speke, and the Nile; or, Was John Hanning Speke a Cad?
Catania Catania, Charles Andrea De Bono: Maltese Explorer of the Nile
CD Stanley’s Congo Diaries, devoted to his work on the Congo
Collins chapter Robert O. Collins chapter on S. W. Baker in Robert I. Rotberg ed. Africa and its Explorers
Cockett Cockett, Richard Sudan: Darfur and the Failure of an African State
Daly Daly, W. M. Empire on the Nile
Debenham Debenham, F. The Way to Ilala: David Livingstone’s Pilgrimage
DL David Livingstone
DLC David Livingstone Centre, Blantyre, Scotland
Dowden Dowden, Richard Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles
ET Elizabeth Nyabongo Elizabeth of Toro
FF Burton, Richard F. First Footsteps in East Africa: or, An Exploration of Harar 2 vols
Foskett Foskett, R. The Zambesi Doctors: David Livingstone’s Letters to John Kirk 1858-1872
Gifford & Louis Gifford, P. and Louis, W. R Britain and Germany in Africa
Girling Girling, F. K. The Acholi of Uganda
Godsall Godsall, Jon R. The Tangled Web: A Life of the Sir Richard Burton
Gray Gray, Richard A History of the Southern Sudan 1839-1889
Guadalupi Guadalupi, Gianni The Discovery of the Nile
Hall, Lovers Hall, Richard Lovers on the Nile
Hall, Stanley Hall, Richard Stanley: An Adventurer Explored
Helly Helly, Dorothy O. Livingstone’s Legacy: Horace Waller and Victorian Mythmaking
HIFL Stanley, H. M. How 1 Found Livingstone in Central Africa
IDA Stanley, H. M. In Darkest Africa, 2 vols
Ismailia Baker, S. W. Ismailia: A Narrative of the Expedition to Central Africa for the Suppression of the Slave Trade 2 vols
JB John Blackwood
Jeal, Livingstone, Jeal, Tim Livingstone
Jeal, Stanley Jeal, Tim Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer
Jephson Middleton, Dorothy ed. The Diaries of A. J. Mounteney Jephson
Johnston Johnston, Harry The Nile Quest
Journal Speke, John H. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile
Journal proofs Proofs of Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile in NLS
Journal ms Original manuscript of Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile in NLS
JRGS Journal of the Royal Geographical Society
Jutzi Jutzi, Alan In Search of Sir Richard Burton: Papers from a Huntington Library Symposium
Karugire Karugire, S. R. A Political History of Uganda
Kennedy Kennedy, Dane The Highly Civilized Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World
KGR Katie Gough Roberts
LBR Collins, R. O. Land Beyond the Rivers 1898-1918
Life Burton, Isabel The Life of Captain Sir Richard F. Burton 2 vols
LLJ Waller, H. ed. The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa 2 vols
LMS/SOAS London Missionary Society Archive in School of African and Oriental Studies
Lovell Lovell, Mary A Rage to Live: A Biography of Richard and Isabel Burton
LPJ Schapera, I. ed. Livingstone’s Private Journals 1851-53
LR Burton, Richard F. The Lake Regions of Central Africa 2 vols
Mackay Harrison, J. W. The Story of the Life of Mackay of Uganda
McLynn McLynn, Frank Burton: Snow upon the Desert
Maitland Maitland, Alexander Speke
Meredith Meredith, Martin The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence
Moorehead Moorehead, Alan The White Nile
Morning Star Baker, Anne Morning Star: Florence Baker’s Diary of the Expedition to Put Down the Slave Trade on the Nile 1870-1873
Narrative Burton, Richard F. Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah 2 vols
NAZ National Archives of Zimbabwe
Nile Basin Burton, Richard F. and M’Queen, James The Nile Basin
‘Nile Struggle’ R. O. Collins ‘Origins of the Nile Struggle: Anglo-German Negotiations and the Mackinnon Agreement of 1890’, in Gifford & Louis
NLS National Library of Scotland
NYH New York Herald
Odoi-Tanga Odoi-Tanga, F. ‘Politics, ethnicity and conflict
in post independent Acholiland, Uganda 1962-2006’ University of Pretoria PhD thesis
Ondaatje Ondaatje, Christopher Journey to the Source of the Nile
Oxford Harlow, Vincent and Chilver, E. M. eds Oxford History of East Africa 2 vols
Pakenham Pakenham, Thomas The Scramble for Africa
Parke Parke, T. H., Lyons, J. B. ed. Surgeon-Major Parke’s African Journey 1887-1889
Perham Perham, Margery Lugard: The Years of Adventure 1858-1898
PRGS Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society
QK/BL The late Quentin Keynes’s Burton Collection in the BL
QK book Young, D. ed. The Search for the Source of the Nile: [etc.]
Reader Reader, John Africa: A Biography of the Continent
RGS Royal Geographical Society
RM Sir Roderick Murchison Bart
RMCA Royal Museum of Central Africa
SD Stanley’s Diaries and field notebooks starting in 1866 and ending in 1901
S&N Stanley, Richard and Neame, Alan eds The Exploration Diaries of H. M. Stanley
Sanderson Sanderson, G. N. England, Europe and the Upper Nile 1882-1899
Shadows Collins, R. O. Shadows in the Grass: Britain in the Southern Sudan 1918-1956
Shaw Dr Norton Shaw
Shipman Shipman, Pat To the Heart of the Nile
Smith Smith, Iain R. The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1886-1890
Stanley, Auto Stanley, Dorothy ed. The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley
TDC Stanley, H. M. Through the Dark Continent, 2 vols
Travels Petherick, John, and Petherick, Harriet Edlman Travels in Central Africa (Vol. I) & Exploration of the Western Nile Tributaries (Vol. II)
Tucker Bryaruhanga, Christopher Bishop Alfred Robert Tucker and the Establishment of the Anglican Church
Udal I Udal, John O. The Nile in Darkness Vol. 1 Conquest and Exploration 1504-1862
UdalII Udal, John O. The Nile in Darkness Vol. 11 A Flawed Unity 1863-1899
Walk Grant, James A Walk Across Africa
WLT Speke, John H. What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile
Yeoman Yeoman, Guy Quest for the Secret Nile
Zanzibar Burton, Richard F. Zanzibar: City, Island and Coast 2 vols
Introduction
1. The Gift of the Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander Phiroze Vasnia 275-7.
2. The Nile Robert O. Collins 1, 6, 90.
3. Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer Tim Jeal [Jeal, Stanley] 3.
4. Prelude to Imperialism H. A. C. Cairns 29 n 99.
5. Ibid 26 n 82.
6. The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton Fawn Brodie [Brodie] 15 n 1 .
7. The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley ed. Dorothy Stanley [Stanley, Auto] 533.
8. Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah Richard F. Burton [Narrative] 2 vols, 1 16.
9. J. H. Speke to Norton Shaw [Shaw] 20 May 1857 JHS 1 RGS.
10. The Albert N’yanza: Great Basin of the Nile S. W. Baker [AN] 274.
11. Cairns 20 n 64.
12. Lovers on the Nile Richard Hall [Hall, Lovers] 87; Obituary of Speke Blackwood’s Magazine Vol. XCVI Oct 1864 414-16.
13. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa Frank McLynn ix.
14. As told to Stanley in How 1 Found Livingstone in Central Africa H. M. Stanley [HIFL], quoted in A History of African Exploration David Mountfield (1976) frontispiece; Livingstone, Tim Jeal [Jeal, Livingstone] 367.
15. The Exploration Diaries of H. M. Stanley eds Richard Stanley and Alan Neame [S&N] 63.
16. Zanzibar: City, Island and Coast Richard F. Burton [Zanzibar] 2 vols II 222-3.
17. The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa ed. H. Waller [LLJ] 2 vols 1 287.
ONE: Blood in God’s River
1. LLJ 1 17.
2. LLJ 1 29, 70; DL to Agnes L 18 May 1866 BL Ad MS 50184.
3. DL to Agnes L Sept 1869 BL.
4. DL to Janet and Agnes L 30 Mar 1841 David Livingstone: Family Letters 1841-1856 ed. I. Schapera 2 vols 1 19.
5. London Journal Dec 1856.
6. The Way to Ilala F. Debenham [Debenham] 293-4.
7. DL to Agnes L 5 Feb 1871 BL.
8. LLJ II 72.
9. DL to Agnes L Sept 1869 BL.
10. LLJ II 72.
11. DL to Agnes L Sept 1869 BL.
12. LLJ II 2.
13. LLJ II 40-2.
14. The Personal Life of David Livingstone W. G. Blaikie [Blaikie] 334.
15. Livingstone’s Legacy: Horace Waller and Victorian Mythmaking Dorothy O. Helly [Helly] 334.
16. LLJ II 46-7.
17. Ibid 47-8, 67.
18. Ibid 47-8, 67-8.
19. Ibid 93.
20. LLJ 1 7.
21. Livingstone, Jeal 316, 319-20; The Zambezi Doctors: David Livingstone’s Letters to John Kirk 1858-1872 ed. R. Foskett [Foskett] 143.
22. LLJ II 37.
23. Ibid 118.
24. Ibid 38.
25. Blaikie 331.
26. LLJ II 99, and ed’s. footnote on 100.
27. Blaikie 334.
28. LLJ II 98.
29. Ibid 80.
30. Ibid 86, 78.
31. Ibid 55.
32. Ibid 34; Jeal, Livingstone 328.
33. Blaikie 340.
34. LLJ II 93.
35. Ibid 239-40.
36. The Nile in Darkness Vol. I: Conquest and Exploration 1504-1862 John O. Udal [Udal I] 1.
37. LLJ II 339, 51.
38. Travels of Alexine Penelope Gladstone.
39. Herodotus Histories Book Two Chapters 19-35: quoted LLJ II 49.
40. LLJ II 49.
41. The Nile Quest Harry Johnston [Johnston] 22.
42. Blaikie 333.
43. LLJ II 67, 64.
44. Ibid 68.
45. Ibid 99.
46. Helly 172.
47. Ibid 173; in unpublished Unyanyembe Journal (David Livingstone Centre/DLC) 13 Jun 1870. DL considered that ‘the want of a chain to confine them emboldens them to impertinence’.
48. Ibid 173; Jeal, Livingstone 241; DL wrote: of Nassick pupils: ‘They do slave duties unbidden and all they can to ingratiate themselves with the Arabs [They] would now fain be slave stealers.’ 6 Jul 1870 Unyanyembe Journal.
49. Helly 173-4.
50. LLJ II 101.
51. Blaikie 341.
52. LLJ II 101.
53. Ibid 103.
54. Ibid 107.
55. Ibid 108-9.
56. Ibid 111.
57. Ibid 113-14.
58. Ibid 120, 116.
59. Unyanyembe Journal 11 Feb, 11 Mar 1871 DLC; LLJ II 124.
60. Ibid 125.
61. Ibid 130, 132.
62. Ibid 132-41.
63. Ibid 146.
TWO: A Great Misalliance
1. DL to R. Murchison [RM] 29 Nov 1865 National Archives of Zimbabwe [NAZ].
2. The Tangled Web: A Life of the Sir Richard Burton Jon R. Godsall [Godsall] 110.
3. Brodie 16.
4. The Highly Civilized Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World Dane Kennedy [Kennedy] 71-2.
5. Burton to Shaw 16 Nov 1853 RGS.
6. The Life of Captain Sir Richard F. Burton Isabel Burton 2 vols [Life] 1 104.
7. Life 1 123, 144.
8. Brodie 74; Life 1 135; A Rage to Live: A Biography of Richard and Isabel Burton Mary Lovell [Lovell] 41.
9. Lovell 10.
10. Brodie 89.
11. Narrative 16.
12. Burton to Shaw 16 Nov 1853 RGS.
13. Godsall 109.
14. Quoted Udal I, 493; Travels and Researches J. L. Krapf 478-90, 496.
15. Burton to Shaw 15 Dec 1853 RGS.
16. Hearts of Darkness McLynn 57-8.
17. Lovell 232.
18. Details in The Discovery of the Nile Gianni Guadalupi [Guadalupi].
19. The Blue and White Nile George Melly
2 vols.
20. Andrea De Bono: Maltese Explorer of the Nile Charles Catania 214.
21. Ibid, Chapter 18.
22. Udal 1 487.
23. Guadalupi 241.
24. Speke Alexander Maitland [Maitland] 7.
25. Godsall 115.
26. Zanzibar 1 4-5.
27. First Footsteps in East Africa: or, An Exploration of Harar Richard Francis Burton 2 vols [FF] 1 xxiv; Godsall 118.
28. Lovell 85, 144.
THREE: A Rush of Men Like a Stormy Wind
