5 “China’s neighbors recognized the preponderance”: David C. Kang, China Rising (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), p. 50.
6 “Creating a community is easy”: Parag Khanna, The Second World (New York: Random House, 2008), p. 262.
7 exercise in “shock and awe”: Geoffrey Wade, “The Zheng He Voyages: A Reassessment,” Asian Research Institute working paper no. 31, National University of Singapore, Oct. 2004.
8 “Japan and China now stand at ground zero”: Yoichi Funabashi, letter, East Asia Forum, Oct. 20, 2010.
9 brings together oil, fish, and the potent nationalism: see International Crisis Group, “Stirring Up the South China Sea (II),” Asia report no. 229, July 24, 2012.
10 “China is not the maker of these problems”: Jane Perlez, “Political Worries in U.S. and China Color Obama Aide’s Beijing Visit,” New York Times, July 25, 2012.
11 “There is no arable land here”: Patrick Boehler, “South China Sea City ‘Could Become Chinese Business Hub,’ ” Asian Correspondent, March 10, 2013.
12 government bureaucracies have overlapping: see International Crisis Group, “Stirring Up the South China Sea (I),” Asia report no. 223, April 23, 2012.
13 “Grab what you can on the sea”: ibid.
14 “China’s… ‘blue-colored land’ ”: Peng Guangqian, “China’s Maritime Rights and Interests,” in Military Activities in the EEZ, ed. Peter Dutton (Newport, R.I.: U.S. Naval War College, 2010), p. 15.
15 “core interest”: “Chinese Military Seeks to Extend Its Naval Power,” New York Times, April 23, 2010.
16 publicly declare himself a “Monroista”: Tereza Maria Spyer Dulci, “O panamericanismo em Joaquim Nabuco e Olivera Lima,” Anais Eletrônicos do VII Encontro Internacional da ANPHLAC, 2006.
17 a role somewhat similar to France’s: David Uren, “Shifting Sands of Diplomacy,” Australian, June 2, 2012.
18 “while also preparing to deploy force”: “US Embassy Cables: Hillary Clinton Ponders US Relationship with Its Chinese ‘Banker,’ ” Guardian, Dec. 4, 2010.
19 “we are just an independent arts organisation”: “Chinese Hack Film Festival Site,” BBC News, July 26, 2009 (news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8169123.stm).
20 “America faces a choice of Euclidian clarity”: Hugh White, “Power Shift: Australia’s Future Between Washington and Beijing,” Quarterly Essay, issue no. 39, Sept. 2010.
21 “the single, stupidest strategic document”: Greg Sheridan, “Distorted Vision of Future US-China Relations,” Australian, Sept. 11, 2010.
22 A caption at the Shaanxi History Museum: Ross Terrill, The New Chinese Empire (New York: Basic Books, 2003), p. 45.
23 Hanoi had been “too soft” on China: “Patriotic Personalities Make Proposals on Defense and Development,” Vietnamnet, July 16, 2011.
4 AMERICA’S CHOICE
1 cover story for The Atlantic: Robert Kaplan, “How We Would Fight China,” Atlantic, June 1, 2005.
2 “we own the sea”: CNO’s Sailing Directions, Sept. 27, 2011.
3 “blinding campaign”: AirSea Battle: A Point-of-Departure Operational Concept, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, May 2010.
4 in the event of a conflict: “Joint Operational Access Concept,” Department of Defense, Jan. 17, 2012.
5 “preposterously expensive”: Greg Jaffe, “U.S. Model for a Future War Fans Tensions with China and Inside Pentagon, Washington Post, August 1, 2012.
6 “war limited by contingent”: Toshi Yoshihara and James R. Holmes, “Asymmetric Warfare, American Style,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings Magazine, vol. 138, no. 4 (April 2012), p. 1310.
7 In the event of a broader conflict: see T. X. Hammes, “Offshore Control: A Proposed Strategy for an Unlikely Conflict,” strategic forum no. 278, National Defense University, June 28, 2012.
8 “big, expensive, vulnerable”: Henry Hendrix, “At What Cost a Carrier?” Center for a New American Security Disruptive Defense Papers, March 2013.
9 “I informed the government”: “Eleven CEO: Amazing Changes in Myanmar,” Nation (Thailand), May 14, 2012.
10 “an explicit American project”: Henry Kissinger, On China (New York: Penguin, 2011), p. 526.
11 U.S. military has reopened links: Joshua Kurlantzick, “The Moral and Strategic Blindspot in Obama’s Pivot to Asia,” New Republic, Nov. 20, 2012.
12 he visited Washington at the invitation of the Johnson administration: Thant Myint-U, Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011).
5 CHINA’S BRITTLE NATIONALISM
1 China’s pre-Olympics burst of learning English: Evan Osnos, “Crazy English,” The New Yorker, Apr. 28, 2008.
2 posted pictures on the Internet: “American Woman Gives Domestic Abuse a Face, and Voice, in China,” NPR, Feb. 7, 2013.
3 “The West is central to the construction”: Peter Hays Gries, China’s New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), p. 35.
4 Elgin had been dispatched to China: Elgin’s time in China is particularly well told in Stephen R. Platt, Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012), pp. 25–32, 164–68.
5 “We have often acted towards the Chinese”: ibid., p. 29.
6 “I am familiar with the history of foreign aggression”: quoted in Suzanne Xiao Yang, China in the UN Security Council Decision-Making on Iraq (New York: Routledge, 2013), p. 218.
7 To mark the 150th anniversary: William A. Callahan, China: The Pessoptimist Nation (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 38.
8 “It is 1999, not 1899”: Han Zhongkun, “China, Not in 1899,” People’s Daily, May 12, 1999.
9 blind nationalism and anti-foreigner sentiment: Yuan Weishi, “Modernization and History Textbooks,” Freezing Point, Jan. 11, 2006 (trans. available at http://www.zonaeuropa.com/20060126_1.htm).
10 “It would not be an exaggeration”: Callahan, China, p. 28.
11 “youth, internationalism, and violence”: Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 11.
12 the State Department classified its copy: Jonathan Fenby, Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the China He Lost (New York: Free Press, 2003), p. 401.
13 “as familiar to Chinese schoolchildren”: Paul Cohen, Speaking to History: The Story of King Goujian in Twentieth-Century China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), p. xix.
14 “The humiliations of the past”: Ian Buruma, “Why They Hate Japan,” New York Review of Books, Sept. 21, 2006.
15 “How could Japanese imperialism dare”: Kirk A. Denton, “Heroic Resistance and Victims of Atrocity: Negotiating the Memory of Japanese Imperialism in Chinese Museums,” Japan Focus, Oct. 17, 2007.
16 “It was an extraordinary outpouring”: Interview with James Miles (http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/20/tibet.miles.interview/index.html).
17 “The question that now faces China’s leaders”: Robert Barnett, “Thunder from Tibet,” New York Review of Books, May 29, 2008.
18 “simultaneous superficiality and depth”: quoted in Paul A. Cohen, China Unbound: Evolving Perspectives on the Chinese Past (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003), p. 164.
6 SOFT POWER
1 “While our media empires are melting away”: David Barboza, “China Puts Best Face Forward in New English-Language Channel,” New York Times, July 2, 2010.
2 “lost the whole game due to a flaw in its soft power”: quoted in Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States, ed. Carola McGiffert (Washington, D.C.: CSIS, 2009), p. 13.
3 what he calls “humane authority”: Yan Xuetong, Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power, ed. Daniel Bell and Sun Zhe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2011), chaps. 1–3.
4 “battle for the hearts and minds”: Yan Xuetong, “How China Can
Defeat America,” New York Times, Nov. 20, 2011.
5 “The Chinese have always prided themselves”: Wang Gungwu, “China Rises Again,” YaleGlobal, March 25, 2009.
6 Zhao Tingyang is more oblique: see Zhao Tingyang, “A Political World Philosophy in Terms of All-Under-Heaven (Tian-Xia),” Diogenes, vol. 221 (2009), pp. 5–18.
7 “to love China, to long for China”: Interview with Zhang Jigang, trans. China Digital Times from PLA Times, Aug. 1, 2008 (http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/08/interview-with-zhang-jigang-deputy-director-of-the-beijing-olympics-opening-ceremony/).
8 “If Westerners feel dazed and confused”: Nicolai Ouroussoff, “In Changing Face of Beijing, a Look at the New China,” New York Times, July 13, 2008.
9 “the most serious challenge”: Ian Buruma, “China’s Dark Triumph,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 13, 2008.
10 “What we are left with”: Robert Bridge, “America: Drugged Up, Dumbed Down and Crazy Dangerous,” Russia Today, June 21, 2012.
11 “Right now, foreigners are awarding Liu Xiaobo”: Barbara Demick, “Chinese Dissident in U.S. Tells of Harassment, Torture,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 18, 2012.
12 “a cause of a psychological disorder”: Julia Lovell, The Politics of Cultural Capital: China’s Quest for a Nobel Prize in Literature (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006), p. 4.
13 “ ‘Mo Yan is a state writer’ ”: quoted in Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “The Writer, the State and the Nobel,” International Herald Tribune, Oct. 12, 2012.
7 “WE ARE NOT THE WORLD’S SAVIOR”
1 If the twentieth century saw fierce ideological battles: see James Traub, “The World According to China,” New York Times, Sept. 3, 2006.
2 “an intense desire among humiliated peoples”: Pankaj Mishra, “America’s Inevitable Retreat from the Middle East,” New York Times, Sept. 23, 2012.
3 “the most significant adjustment to national sovereignty”: quoted in Lloyd Axworthy and Allan Rock, “The Unfulfilled Promise of UN Protection,” Globe and Mail, Sept. 15, 2010.
4 “Syria tells us that the era of humanitarian intervention”: Michael Ignatieff, “How Syria Divided the World,” New York Review of Books, July 11, 2012.
5 she was known as Estela: Simon Romero, “Leader’s Torture in the ’70s Stirs Ghosts in Brazil,” New York Times, Aug. 4, 2012.
6 he presented his Chinese hosts with two documents: first told in International Crisis Group, “China’s New Courtship in South Sudan,” Africa report no. 186, April 4, 2012.
7 Two Chinese engineers were on hand: Jon Lee Anderson, “A History of Violence,” New Yorker, July 23, 2012.
8 the partition of Sudan was only the start: see ICG, “China’s New Courtship in South Sudan.”
9 “We are bystanders”: ibid.
8 TAKING ON THE DOLLAR
1 “We could be on the verge of a financial revolution”: Robert Cookson and Geoff Dyer, “Currencies: Yuan Direction,” Financial Times, Dec. 13, 2010.
2 “the premier reserve currency”: Arvind Subramanian, “Renminbi Rules: The Conditional Imminence of the Reserve Currency Transition,” Peterson Institute for International Economics, working paper 11-14, Sept. 2011.
3 “The real challenge to American and Western strategy”: Edward Luttwak, “National Strategy: The Turning Point,” Sept. 8, 2010 (http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/29746.html).
4 “the fall of the dollar as the global reserve currency”: National Intelligence Council, “Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds.” Dec. 10, 2012.
5 “How do you deal toughly with your banker?”: Ewen MacAskill, “WikiLeaks: Hillary Clinton’s Question: How Can We Stand Up to Beijing?” Guardian, Dec. 4, 2010.
6 “Never before has the United States”: Brad Setser, “China’s $1.5 Trillion Bet,” Council on Foreign Relations working paper, May 2009.
7 “bargaining chip”: Michael Pettis, “The ‘Nuclear Threat’ of Chinese Reserves,” Aug. 8, 2007 (http://www.mpettis.com/2007/08/08/the-nuclear-threat-of-chinese-reserves/).
8 “I won’t say kowtow”: James Fallows, “Be Nice to the Countries That Lend you Money,” The Atlantic Monthly, Dec. 1, 2008.
9 The harsh reality for China: see Daniel W. Drezner, “Bad Debts: Assessing China’s Financial Influence in Great Power Politics,” vol. 34, no. 2 (Fall 2009) International Security, pp. 7–45.
10 “disconnected to individual nations”: Zhou Xiaochuan: “Reform the International Monetary System: Essay by Dr. Zhou Xiaochuan, Governor of the People’s Bank of China,” March 23, 2009 (http://www.bis.org/review/r090402c.pdf).
11 “the financial crisis… let us clearly see”: Geoff Dyer, David Pilling, and Henny Sender, “A Strategy to Straddle the Planet,” Financial Times, Jan. 17, 2011.
12 “The shortcomings of the current”: quoted in Alan Wheatley, “China’s Currency Foray Augurs Geopolitical Strains,” Reuters, Oct. 3, 2012.
13 “China becoming a nuclear power”: quoted in “Redbacks for Greenbacks: Internationalising the Renminbi,” European Council on Foreign Relations (http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/redbacks_for_greenbacks_the_internationalision_of_the_renminbi).
14 just one decade after the bill was passed: Barry Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), chap. 2.
15 With the value of sterling plummeting: ibid., p. 29.
9 POST-AMERICAN GLOBALIZATION
1 “Fate has written our policy for us”: quoted in Howard Zinn, The Twentieth Century: A People’s History (New York: HarperCollins, 1980), p. 4.
2 “There is an enormous highway developing”: interview with Charlie Rose, Feb. 8, 2010 (http://www.charlierose.com/download/transcript/10851).
3 he realized there was a huge opportunity for China: see Erica Downs, Inside China Inc (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2011).
4 “China was getting a discount on finance the country needed”: see also Deborah Brautigam, The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2011).
5 one of the company’s computers would send a large packet: the Nortel hacking case was first detailed in Siobhan Gorman, “Chinese Hackers Suspected in Long-Term Nortel Breach,” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 14, 2012.
6 “What has been happening”: Michael Riley and John Walcott, “China-Based Hacking of 760 Companies Shows Cyber Cold War,” Bloomberg, Dec. 14, 2011.
7 presented Chávez with a six-hundred-page book: Henry Sanderson and Michael Forsythe, “Hugo’s Banker,” Foreign Policy, March 7, 2013.
CONCLUSION
1 “We are not complacent”: “China Unveils New Leadership Team with Xi at the Helm,” Agence Presse France, Nov. 15, 2012.
2 “only one budget deal away”: Maggie Haberman, “With Bob Carr’s Permission,” Politico, July 22, 2012.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY
There is a rich literature that provides the background for the impact of China on Asia’s politics and military balance. The expansion of China’s influence during the period from the Asia crisis of the 1990s to the 2008 financial crisis is described in different and interesting ways in David Shambaugh, ed., China Engages Asia (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 2005); David C. Kang, China Rising (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007); and Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007). Ross Terrill’s The New Chinese Empire (New York: Basic Books, 2003) provides rich insights into China’s historical legacy in the region. Hugh White’s essay “Power Shift” (Quarterly Essay, issue no. 39, Sept. 2010), which lays out many of the strategic issues now facing the region in a lucid manner, has been published in book form as The China Choice (Collingwood, Australia: Black Inc., 2012).
The growing strategic importance of the Indian Ocean is beautifully told in Robert D. Kaplan, Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power (New York: Ra
ndom House, 2010). China’s complex links with Burma are outlined by Thant Myint-U in Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011). The single best source for information on maritime disputes involving China is the reports of the International Crisis Group, notably “Stirring Up the South China Sea” (pt. I, Asia report no. 223, April 2012; pt. II, Asia report no. 229, July 2012).
The US Naval War College’s James R. Holmes and Toshi Yoshihara have produced a series of writings over the last decade that lift the lid on China’s growing naval fascination, including Red Star over the Pacific (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2010). Their colleague at the Naval War College Andrew S. Erickson is another source of great insight into the capabilities of the Chinese military (his writings are collected at www.andrewerickson.com).
China’s revival of “national humiliation” education is well told by both William A. Callahan in The Pessoptimist Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010) and Zheng Wang in Never Forget National Humiliation (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012). For the growth in nationalism over the last two decades, see also Peter Hays Gries, China’s New Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), and Christopher R. Hughes, Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era (New York: Routledge, 2004). For the debates at the UN over Sudan and the “Responsibility to Protect,” see James Traub, The Best Intentions: Kofi Annan and the UN in the Era of American World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006).
The risk of imperial overstretch has been widely chronicled over the last few decades, from Paul Kennedy’s The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987) to David P. Calleo’s The Imperious Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982). But the best introduction to the contemporary dilemmas facing the U.S. dollar and the Chinese renminbi is Barry Eichengreen’s Exorbitant Privilege (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
A Note About the Author
The Contest of the Century Page 34
