by Gerard Colby
53. Richard Aldrich to Robert Purcell, December 19, 1957, RG III, 4B, Papers of Neslon A. Rockefeller—Personal, AIA-IBEC files, Box 1, “AIA-Brazil,” Folder 7, Rockefeller Family Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center.
54. In 1971, Chicago’s First National Bank and J. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation would join Bank of America in arranging a special $18 million revolving credit in Eurodollars for Deltec Banking Corporation, while Irving Trust and Chase served as registration and transfer agent, respectively, for Deltec’s purchase of International Packers through a stock sale on the New York Stock Exchange. See Moody’s Industrial Manual (New York: Frederic Hatch & Company, 1972), p. 1761.
55. Georg Grünberg, “Urgent Research in North-West Mato Grosso,” Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research (Vienna), No. 8 (1966), pp. 143–52.
56. Norman Lewis, “Genocide: From Fire and Sword to Arsenic and Bullets—Civilization Has Sent Six Million Indians to Extinction,” Sunday Times (London), February 23, 1969, p. 55.
57. Ibid., p. 41.
58. Darcy Ribeiro, “Indigenous Cultures and Languages of Brazil,” in Indians of Brazil in the Twentieth Century, ed. Janice H. Hopper (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Cross Cultural Research, 1967), p. 134.
59. Lewis, “Genocide,” p. 41.
60. Ibid., p. 51.
61. New York Times, August 2, 1974.
62. Lewis, “Genocide,” p. 41.
63. Both Shelton Davis and Adrian Cowell estimated 200,000; however, one of Davis’s key sources, Darcy Ribeiro, estimated close to 100,000 Indians at most. See Adrian Cowell, London Observer, June 20, 1971, p. 20; Shelton Davis, Victims of the Miracle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 5; and Ribeiro, “Indigenous Cultures,” pp. 107–8. In 1953, Ribeiro, using SPI’s figures with collaboration by Eduardo Galvão, had counted 150,000, a figure he later dismissed as “overly optimistic.” Cowell cites as his source Brazilian anthropologist Paulo Duarte, who claimed that of 200,000 Indians in Brazil in 1963, only about 80,000 survived by 1971.
64. Lewis, “Genocide,” p. 55.
65. Jornal do Brasil, October 10, 1967.
66. Ibid., cited by Lewis, “Genocide,” p. 44.
67. On tribes, see Walter Dostal, ed., The Situation of the Indian in South America (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1972), Appendage 32, pp. 434–42, and Appendage 33, “A Selected Bibliography for the Study of Discrimination Against the Indians of Brazil,” by Pedro Agostinho, Georg Grünberg, and Silvio Coelho dos Santos, pp. 443–53. On SIL, see Luiz Emygdio de Mello Filho, director of the National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, to the President of FUNAI, Report on the Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, December 15, 1977. A copy is in the authors’ possession. For FUNAI maps, see SIL in Brazil: Annual Report, 1976 (Brasília: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1976).
68. Dale Kietzman, “Indians and Cultural Areas of Twentieth Century Brazil,” in Indians of Brazil in the Twentieth Century, ed. Janice H. Hopper (Washington D. C: Institute for Cross Cultural Research, 1967), pp. 1–50, especially maps of culture areas I—VIII.
69. Kietzman, “Indians and Cultural Areas,” p. 32.
70. Jim Wilson to “Uncle Cam,” April 24, 1968, Townsend Archives.
71. W. C. Townsend to Ben Elson, September 5, 1968, in ibid.
72. “Brazil Military Moves into Other Social Areas,” Los Angeles Times, March 13, 1967.
73. Cowell, The Decade of Destruction, pp. 52–56.
40: ROCKY HORROR ROAD SHOW
1. Letter, William W. Rogers, “Dear Friends,” October 21, 1968, Rockefeller Brothers Fund Archives, Box 31, Brazil Project folder, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Henry W. Bagley to James Hyde, November 21, 1968, in ibid.
5. Letter, William W. Rogers, “Dear Friends,” December 9, 1968, Box 31, Brazil Project folder, in ibid.
6. See Shelton Davis, “Custer Is Alive and Well in Brazil,” Indian Historian, Winter 1973, p. 5; Darcy Ribeiro, “Indigenous Cultures and Languages in Brazil,” in Indians of Brazil in the Twentieth Century, ed. Janice H. Hopper (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Cross Cultural Research, 1967), pp. 79–160.
7. Arthur Oakley Brooks was vice chairman and partner of Wood, Struthers & Winthrop, Inc., vice president of the Pine Street Fund, and president of the De Vegh Mutual Fund. Samuel R. Milbank controlled all three firms, serving as, respectively, chairman, president, and director.
8. Martha Dalrymple, The AIA Story: Two Decades of International Cooperation (New York: American International Association for Economic and Social Development, 1968), p. 267.
9. Tom Alexander, “A Wild Plan for South America’s Wilds,” Fortune, December 1967, p. 203.
10. International Mining’s subsidiary was the South American Gold and Platinum Company, Harder’s original firm, which strip-mined gold and platinum in the hills above the Chocó district’s San Juan and Atrato rivers and also owned a gold mine in Segovia, Colombia.
11. Michael Kramer and Sam Roberts, “I Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!” (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 26.
12. Adolf Berle, diary entry, January 9, 1969, Berle Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.
13. Quoted in Joseph Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), p. 103.
14. Dallas Morning News, May 31, 1969.
15. New York Times, June 1, 1969.
16. Adolf Berle, diary entry, March 21, 1968, Berle Papers.
17. Quoted in Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller, p. 103.
18. Dallas Morning News, June 2, 1969.
19. New York Times, June 3, 1969, p. 2.
20. Ibid.
21. The authors wish to acknowledge Lucien Bodard’s poetic writing in Green Hell (New York: Outerbridge & Dientsfrey 1971), p. 242, for this and other analogies used in this section.
22. Berent Friele to Nelson Rockefeller, September 24, 1969, RG III, 4B, Countries series, Box 16, Folder 107, Rockefeller Archive Center.
23. Berent Friele to Nelson Rockefeller, October 8, 1969, RG III, 4B, Countries series, Box 16, Folder 107, in ibid.
24. New York Times, June 20, 1969, p. 12.
25. Ibid.
26. John P. Wiley, director, USAID-Paraguay, to Walter Crawford, regional representative of the Inter-American Rural Development Program (AIA), April 21, 1963, AIA Archives, Paraguay, Box 8, Folder 67, Rockefeller Archive Center.
27. Walter L. Crawford, “Agricultural Production and Credit in Paraguay,” report prepared for the AIA in September 1963, AIA Archives, Paraguay, Box 8, Folder 67, in ibid.
28. Philip Agee, Inside the Company (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1975), p. 592.
29. Associated Press report from Montevideo, Dallas Morning News, June 22, 1968.
30. Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller, p. 103.
31. Quoted in ibid., pp. 105–6.
41: FORGING THE DOLLAR ZONE
1. Nelson Rockefeller, The Rockefeller Report on the Americas (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969), p. 45.
2. Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Summit, 1983), p. 106.
3. Rockefeller Report, p. 61.
4. New York Times, August 16, 1969, p. 2.
5. Victor Marchetti and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), p. 242.
6. Rockefeller Report, p. 64.
7. Nelson rested his case on price alone, comparing the lower wholesale prices for Argentine and Paraguayan canned beef to lean cuts of fresh domestic beef. Brazilian beef, in which he had a vested interest, was not mentioned. The nutritional value of lean meat versus canned meat, including the usually higher fat content and added preservative chemicals in canned meat, was ignored. See ibid., p. 79.
8. Since such Rockefeller financial holdings were hidden from researchers and the general public by holding companies’ corporate shell games, no conflict of interest w
as ever acknowledged. Rather, it was Nelson’s concerns about the diet of the American poor that were aired in the local press.
9. New York Times, October 28, 1969, p. 18.
10. Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 226.
11. New York Times, December 4, 1969, p. 25.
12. Ibid., December 8, 1969, p. 18.
13. Newsweek, January 15, 1970, p. 28.
14. Rockefeller Report, p. 58.
15. Ibid., p. ix.
16. Ibid.
17. New York Times, December 14, 1969, p. 19.
18. Ibid.
19. Atlas magazine (New York), February 1970, p. 8.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Susan Branford and Oriel Glock, The Last Frontier: Fighting over Land in the Amazon (London: Zed Books, 1985), p. 185.
23. Brazil, Congresso, “Parecer ao projeto de lei do Congresso” Nacional No. 16 de 1967, emenda no. 1 ao projeto lei. No. 16/67, Brasília, 1968, note 35, p. 219, cited in Cecelima Medina, “The Legal Status of Indians in Brazil,” Indian Law Journal, September 1977, p. 23.
24. Companies that were staking claims included ALCOA, controlled by the Mellon (Gulf Oil) family of Pittsburgh, which took out a large bauxite-exploration concession northwest of Santarém. Nearby, ALCAN, ALCOA’s Canadian spin-off, did likewise, with a 247,000-acre exploration concession that yielded a projected $90 million bauxite-mining project.
25. Marcos Arruda, Herbet de Souza, and Carlos Afonso, Multinationals and Brazil (Toronto: Brazilian Studies, 1974), p. 163.
26. Jerry Shields, The Invisible Billionaire: Daniel Ludwig (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), p. 296.
27. By 1957, David Rockefeller’s Chase Manhattan, Chemical Bank, and New York Trust had done $150 million in shared business with Ludwig, allowing him to pyramid tanker collateral and the labor of cheap seamen from the Cayman Islands into an empire and $350 million in personal worth. Personal investments in companies like Union Oil of California, AVCO, and McLean Industries brought huge returns when Ludwig blocked mergers and had to be bought out. See Arruda, de Souza, and Afonso, Multinationals and Brazil, p. 163.
28. Shields, The Invisible Billionaire, p. 315.
29. Martha Dalrymple, The AIA Story: Two Decades of International Cooperation (New York: American International Association for Economic and Social Development, 1968), p. 172.
30. Peter Seaborn Smith, Oil and Politics in Modern Brazil (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976), p. 121.
31. Arruda, de Souza, and Afonso, Multinationals and Brazil, p. 101.
32. These board members included investment banker Paul Manheim, a partner of New York’s Lehman Brothers with a specialty in sugar plantations (including former holdings in Cuba); John F. Gallagher of Sears, Roebuck (the same firm that produced Assistant Secretary of State Charles Appleton Meyer) and vice chairman of David Rockefeller’s Council for Latin America; J. Peter Grace, chairman of W. R. Grace & Company and another leading figure in David’s Council for Latin America; and Lewis B. Harder, chairman of both the International Mining Company and the Molybdenum Corporation.
33. Moody’s Industrial Manual (New York: Frederic Hatch & Company, 1972), p. 2914.
34. “Rondônia, Capital do Estando,” Visão, August 28, 1972; “La Política de Genocidio Contra los Indios de Brasil,” report by Brazilian anthropologists to the Forty-first International Congress of Americanists, Mexico City, 1974, p. 19. On CBMM’s owners, see Dicionario Histórico-Biográfico Brasileiro 1930–1983 (Rio de Janeiro: Forensa Universitaria, 1984), p. 3047.
35. Kleberg, congratulating Johnson for expressing support for the junta right after the coup, sent Johnson a copy of a letter backing the coup from a Brazilian associate of Nelson’s, Teodoro Barbosa.
36. Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (hereafter Church Committee Hearings), 94th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 7, Covert Action, December 4 and 5, 1975 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976).
37. Dalrymple, AIA Story, pp. 178–85.
38. Church Committee Hearings, Testimony of U.S. Ambassador to Chile Edward Korry, December 4, 1975, p. 42.
39. Dalrymple, AIA Story, p. 263.
40. Church Committee Hearings, p. 166.
41. J. C. Louis and Harvey Z. Yazijian, The Cola Wars (New York: Everest House, 1980), p. 224.
42. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 228.
43. Church Committee Hearings, vol. 7, p. 170.
44. Newsweek, January 10, 1977, p. 25.
45. David Rockefeller, Emílio Collado, and Walter B. Wriston, “A Reappraisal of the Alliance for Progress,” February 1963, papers of Merwin L. Bohan, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.
46. The American College Dictionary (New York: Random House, 1963), p. 616.
47. Cited in “The New Military,” Newsweek, January 5, 1970, p. 27.
48. Council for Latin America, Report 6 (January 1990), pp. 6–7; see also American Chamber of Commerce in Peru, Bulletin, April 1970, p. 3.
49. Alfred Stepan, The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 31–42, 167–68.
50. See “The New Military,” pp. 27–28; Stepan, The Military in Politics, p. 129.
51. General Aurelio de Lyra Tavares served as a liaison officer with U.S. forces invading Germany. Admiral of the Fleet Augusto Hamman Rademaker Grunewald served in South Atlantic escort duty.
52. See “The New Military,” p. 102.
53. Branford and Glock, The Last Frontier, p. 45.
54. Brazil: A New Economic Survey by First National City Bank, pamphlet (New York: First National City Bank, 1974), p. 42.
55. Rockefeller Foundation Archives, RG 1.2, Projects, Box 122, Hudson Institute (1970–1976) folder, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, New York. Nelson had given more than $50,000 to the Hudson Institute (New York Times, October 20, 1974, p. 66).
56. Darcy Ruato, “Brasil proyecto un Gigantesco Lago Artificial en la Amazonia,” El Espectador (Bogotá), December 26, 1971.
57. Memorandum, Report on “Tembe and Urubús-Kaapor Indians” (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1972).
58. Indígena and American Friends of Brazil, Supysáua: A Documentary Report on the Conditions of Indian Peoples in Brazil (Berkeley, Calif., 1974).
59. Shelton Davis, “Custer Is Alive and Well in Brazil,” Indian Historian, Winter 1973, p. 58; see also Joseph Novitski, “Brazil Seen Moving Toward Forced Relocation of Tribes,” New York Times, July 14, 1971.
60. IBEC, Annual Report, 1971.
61. Robert G. Hummerstone, “Cutting a Road Through Brazil’s ‘Green Hell,’” New York Times Magazine, March 5, 1972, p. 38.
62. Ibid.
63. Folha da Tarde, March 10, 1971.
64. Hummerstone, “Cutting a Road.”
65. Ibid.
66. “The Amazon Basin—New Mineral Province for the ’70s,” Engineering and Mining Journal, February 1972, p. 82. W. R. Grace participated in a joint tin-mining venture in Rondônia with CESBRA (Companhia Estanifera do Brasil), a firm controlled by the Patino tin-mining group of Bolivia. “Rondônia, Capital do Estanho,” Visão, August 28, 1972, pp. 96, 100. The CESBRA group controlled five of seven companies reportedly allowed by FUNAI to explore Cintas Largas lands in the Aripuanã Indian Park. A Folha de São Paulo, April 28, 1970; Jornal do Brasil, November 21, 1972; Brazilian Information Bulletin, no. 13 (Spring 1974), p. 16; Shelton H. Davis, Victims of the Miracle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 86; “Brazil: More Tin,” Mining Journal, February 25, 1972, p. 160; “Tin Road Sparks Boom,” Brazilian Bulletin, August 1972, p. 8; and Secretaria de Planejamento da Presidéncia da República, Atlas de Rondônia (Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Instituteo Brasíleiro de Geografia e Estatística and
Governo do Territorio Federal de Rondônia, 1975), pp. 31–32. The atlas carried a foreword by Colonel Humberto da Silva Guedes, then military governor of Rondônia territory.
67. “La Política de Genocidio Contra los Indios de Brasil,” a forty-six-page report smuggled out of Brazil and submitted to the Forty-first International Congress of Americanists convened in Mexico City in September 1974. It was signed “by a group of Brazilian anthropologist-patriots who cannot for the moment reveal their names, due to the fascist regime in Brazil.” A copy is in the authors’ possession.
68. Rockefeller Report, pp. 63–64.
69. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, United States Policies and Programs in Brazil, Hearings, 92nd Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office), p. 7.
70. Agency for International Development, U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants of Assistance from International Organizations, Obligations and Loan Authorizations, July 1, 1945–June 30, 1972 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1974).
