p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1
frequency of genotype BB frequency of genotype Bb frequency of genotype bb
Science and Statistics
Carcinogens are a potential hazard, with one of the most recognizable carcinogens smoking. Have students analyze the graph and following comments and write a paragraph on what this information tells us. Students need to include all statistical data presented, and discuss the importance of these numbers.
As a class, discuss the importance of these numbers and the need for controlled experimentation when determining the consequences of cigarette smoke.
See the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) web site ( http://www.cdc.gov/NCCDPHP/publications/aag/osh.htm) for more information.
Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. For every person who dies from smoking, about 20 more people suffer from at least one serious tobacco-related illness.
The harmful effects of smoking do not end with the smoker. More than 126 million nonsmoking Americans, including children and adults, are regularly exposed to secondhand smoke. Even brief exposure can be dangerous because nonsmokers inhale many of the same carcinogens and toxins in cigarette smoke as smokers. Secondhand smoke exposure causes serious disease and death, including heart disease and lung cancer in nonsmoking adults and sudden infant death syndrome, acute respiratory infections, ear problems, and more frequent and severe asthma attacks in children.
Maps and Models
Have students interpret the information shown on the map below.
Figure 26.3
Epidemiologists study how diseases spread. The above map shows where humans contracted West Nile Virus between 2000 and 2006.
Have students interpret the data in the model below and make a testable prediction based on the information presented in the model.
Figure 26.4
This graph shows a model of a relationship between a population of coyotes (the predators) and a population of rabbit, which the coyotes are known to eat (the prey).
You use models for many purposes. A volcano model, is not the same as a volcano, but it is useful for thinking about real volcanoes. We use street maps to represent where streets are in relation to each other. A model of planets may show the relationship between the positions of planets in space. Biologists use many different kinds of models to simulate real events and processes. Models are often useful to explain observations and to make scientific predictions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CK-12 License
Chapter 1: Studying Life
Chapter 2: Introduction to Living Organisms
Chapter 3: Cells and Their Structures
Chapter 4: Cell Functions
Chapter 5: Cell Division, Reproduction, and DNA
Chapter 6: Genetics
Chapter 7: Evolution
Chapter 8: Prokaryotes
Chapter 9: Protists and Fungi
Chapter 10: Plants
Chapter 11: Introduction to Invertebrates
Chapter 12: Other Invertebrates
Chapter 13: Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles
Chapter 14: Birds and Mammals
Chapter 15: Behavior of Animals
Chapter 16: Skin, Bones, and Muscles
Chapter 17: Food and the Digestive System
Chapter 18: Cardiovascular System
Chapter 19: Respiratory and Excretory Systems
Chapter 20: Controlling the Body
Chapter 21: Diseases and the Body's Defenses
Chapter 22: Reproductive Systems and Life Stages
Chapter 23: From Populations to the Biosphere
Chapter 24: Ecosystem Dynamics
Chapter 25: Environmental Problems
Chapter 26: Appendix: Life Science
CK-12 Life Science
CK-12 Life Science Page 74
