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PERIODICALS AND PRESS RELEASES
The Albany Times-Union; All Things Considered (radio); Asian Affairs: An Historical Review; Asian Outlook; Asia Week; Associated Press; The Atlanta Constitution; The Atlanta Journal; The Atlantic Monthly; Blade (Toledo, Ohio); Boston Herald; Boston Post; Bridgeport Post; Buffalo Evening News; Buffalo News; The Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars; Canada Evening Star; CBI Roundup; China Monthly; China Post; The China Quarterly; China Times; The China Weekly Review; Chinese News; The Chinese Press; The Christian Science Monitor; Cincinnati Times-Star; Collier’s; Da Gong (newspaper); The Evening Star; Eastern Economic Review; The Far Eastern Mirror; Foreign Affairs; Fortune; Harper’s Monthly; The Herkimer, N.Y. Telegram; The Honolulu Advertiser; Journal of Asian Studies; Liberty; Life; Look; Los Angeles Times; Maclean’s; Magazine Digest; Modern China; The Nation; National Review (London); New York Herald Tribune; New York Herald-Tribune Magazine; The New Republic; News (San Francisco, California); Newsday; The News & Observer; Newsweek; New York Post; The New York Times; The New York Times Book Review; The New York Times Magazine; The New Yorker; New York Sun; The North-China Herald; North-China Daily News; The Outlook; Pasadena Star News; Passaic Herald News; The Peiping Chronicle; People’s Daily (Beijing); The Philadelphia Inquirer; The Piedmont Announcements; Raleigh Christian Advocate; The Reader’s Digest; Reporter; San Francisco Chronicle; The Saturday Evening Post; Shanghai Star; Shanghai Times; St. Louis Post Dispatch; Sino-American Relations; Star-Times (St. Louis, Missouri); A Study of Modern Chinese Women; Taipei Times; Taiwan Journal; Texas Monthly; Time; The Times (London); Times (Reading, Pennsylvania); Times-Union (Rochester, New York); Toronto Star; The Union (Taiwan); USA Today; U.S. News & World Report; United Press; United States Naval Institute Proceedings; Vogue; The Wall Street Journal; Wan Xiang (magazine); The Washington Post; Washington Times Herald; The Week; Weekend Standard; The Wellesley Magazine; The Wesleyan; The Wilson Quarterly; Worchester Telegram; World Journal; World Outlook.
WEB SITES
www.talesofoldchina.com; www.chinadaily.com; www.trumanlibrary.org; www.sina.com.cn; www.chairmanmao.org/eng/wen/wen23.htm; www.thestandard.com.hk/; www.jean-monnet.net; www.usmm.org; www.guardian.co.uk; www.nl.newsbank.com; www.eisen howermemorial.org; www.pbs.org; www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/; www.members.aol.com/WELSTA12/last.htm; www.newyorksocialdiary.com; www.sfgate.com; www.cnn.com.
ARCHIVAL SOURCES
Academia Historica, Taipei
Chiang Kai-shek Diary
Telegrams between Chiang Ching-kuo and Soong May-ling: 1943–1965
Telegrams between Chiang Kai-shek and Soong May-ling: 1928–1955
Central Intelligence Agency, Documents Concerning
Madame Chiang Kai-shek
T. V. Soong
H. H. K’ung
Columbia University, Butler Library
Oral History Research Office (COHO)
Reminiscences of Sebie Biggs Smith
Reminiscences of H. H. Kung
Reminiscences of Frank Rounds
Reminiscences of George Sokolsky
Reminiscences of Roger W. Straus
Reminiscences of Dorothy Thomas
Reminiscences of Wu Kuo-chen (K.C. Wu)
Rare Book and Manuscript Library (RBML)
Harold K. Hochschild Papers
Helen Hull Papers
Wellington Koo Papers
Cornell University, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections
James Marshall McHugh Papers
William Reginald Wheeler Papers
Duke University, Rare Book, Manuscript and Special Collections Library
James Gordon Hackett Papers
Charles Jones Soong Collection
&n
bsp; James A. Thomas Papers
Basil Lee Whitener Papers
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Documents Concerning
Madame Chiang Kai-shek
Hsiang-hsi Kung (H. H. Kung)
Tse Ven Soong (T. V. Soong)
Georgetown University Library
Special Collections Division
Edwin W. Martin Papers
Grace Perkins Oursler Papers
Thomas M. Wilson Papers
Foreign Affairs Oral History Project (FAOHP)
Frank H. Burnet, interviewed by C. S. Kennedy
Leonard Ungar, interviewed by C. S. Kennedy
Hagley Museum and Library, Manuscripts and Archives Department
Daniel Rochford Papers
Harvard Law School Library
Joseph Keenan Papers
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library (HHPL)
George S. Drescher Logbooks
Madame Chiang Kai-shek in Post Presidential Individual Files
Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace (HA)
Chiang Kai-shek Diaries
Claire Lee Chennault Papers
Lauchlin Currie Papers
Frank Dorn Papers
Stanley K. Hornbeck Papers
Walter H. Judd Papers
Alfred Kohlberg Papers
Thomas Edward LaFarge Papers
Paul Linebarger Papers
Roger J. Sandilands Papers
George E. Sokolsky Papers
T. V. Soong Papers
Joseph W. Stilwell Papers
Nym Wales Papers
Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers
Arthur N. Young Papers
The University of Indiana, the Lilly Library, Manuscripts Department
Emily Hahn Papers
Wendell Willkie Papers
Library of Congress, Manuscript Division (LC)
Averell Harriman Papers
Roy W. Howard Papers
Nelson T. Johnson Papers
Owen Lattimore Papers
Clare Booth Luce Papers
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., Papers
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
New York Public Library
Oberlin College Archives
The University of Oklahoma
Western History Collections
Patrick J. Hurley Collection, China Papers
Paley Center for Media
Princeton University Library, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library
Hamilton Fish Armstrong Papers
Allen Dulles Papers
James Forrestal Papers
George Kennan Papers
Arthur Krock Papers
Karl L. Rankin Papers
Whiting Willauer Papers
The John Foster Dulles Oral History Collection:
Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek
W. Averell Harriman
Walter H. Judd
Henry Luce
Richard M. Nixon
George K. C. Yeh
Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, The Arthur and Elizabeth Schesinger Library
Mary Dingman Papers
Frances Fineman Gunther Papers
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
Harry Hopkins Papers
F.D.R. Papers
Eleanor Roosevelt Papers
Harry S. Truman Library
President’s Secretary’s Files
Oral History Interviews:
Arthur Ringwalt
Wellesley College (WCA)
Emma DeLong Mills Papers
Class of 1917: Madame Chiang Kai-shek
Wesleyan College Archives
Soong Sisters Collection
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
THE CHINESE, as I discovered early in this venture, are not prone to talk about themselves or anyone they know. Nonetheless, I am indebted to the following people who helped me—some with personal knowledge, some with books or articles of interest, and some with research. A few of them are no longer with us. Listed in alphabetical order, they are:
Marcia Allert, Anthony Appiah, Tom Blanton, Susan Braddock, Ralph Buutjens, Schuyler Chapin, Richard Cohen, Ann Coleman, David Patrick Columbia, Fleur Cowles, Jan Cowles, Ruda Dauphin, Robert Davis, Jimmy Davison, Richard Defendorf, Elizabeth Drew, Laurette Feng, David From-kin, Frances Gabriel, Betsy Gotbaun, The Hon. Henry Grunwald, Richard Kent Heller, Ted Herman and members of the Class of 1936 of the Shanghai American School, Townsend Hoopes, David Kahn, Dr. Henry Kissinger, Mrs. Wellington Koo, William and Corinne Kreisel, Ron Kwan, Eleanor Lambert, The Hon. Winston Lord and Betty Bao Lord, The Hon. William Luers, Sidney Lumet, Dr. Paul Marks, Boaz Mazor, Tex McCrary, Donald Newhouse, Kip Bleakley O’Neill, Desiree Quintero, Eleanor Randolph, William D. Sare, Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Beverly Sills, Bickley Simpson, Liz Smith, Leo and Shirley Soong, Phillips Talbot, May Tan, John Taylor, Daniel Teas, Deborah Toll, Bradford Trebach, Lionel Tsao, Robert Viau, Hugo Vickers, Shirley Young,
Most of all, I want to thank my beloved editor, Alice Mayhew, for her enthusiasm, expertise, and devotion; my big troubleshooter, Roger Labrie; my agent, Lynn Nesbit, who has put up with me for a long time; my wonderful assistant, Arlene Tucker; and my Chinese researcher and translator, without whom I could not have written this book. As always, there is my friend Barbara Davis, who travels with me to odd places, manages to read too many drafts of my work—and to whom I have dedicated this book.
INDEX
Page numbers beginning with 683 refer to notes.
Abend, Hallett, 190–91, 203, 228, 334
Acheson, Dean, xi, 553, 578, 581, 599
Aero Commission, 285
Ainsworth, Eloise, 23
Ainsworth, W. N., 23
Air Force, American, 379n, 452, 454
Air Force, Chinese, 283–91, 611–13
Air Transport Command (ATC), 397, 398, 461
Alexander, Harold, 389
Allen, Young J., xi, 7, 13
Allied Syndicates, 579, 580
Alsop, Joseph, xi, 288n, 330, 369, 446–47, 450–51, 464, 489, 492, 498n, 499–500, 520, 555, 574n
Alsop, Stewart, 573, 574
American Bar Association, 621
American Bible Society, 15
American Bureau for Medical Aid to China, 348, 596, 629
American Chemical Society, 619
American College Women’s Club of Shanghai, 113
American Export-Import Bank, 536
American Technical and Military Advisory Group, 612
American Trade Commission, 100
American Trade Exhibition, 640n
American Transport Command, 461
American Volunteer Group (AVG), see Flying Tigers
Amoy, China, 34
ANAKIM, Operation, 446, 450
ancestral worship, 55
Anti-Opium Information Bureau, 106–7, 234
Armstrong, George, 629
Army Air Corps, U.S., 283
Army Air Defense School, U.S., 635
Arnold, H. H. “Hap,” xi, 335, 390, 430, 446, 454, 474
Arnstein, Daniel, 366
Art of War, The (Sun Tzu), 89
Asian Outlook, 663
Associated Press, 307, 567, 568, 630
Atchley, Dana, 416
Atkinson, Brooks, 511
Atlantic Conference, 365, 469
Atlantic Constitution, 379
Atlantic Monthly, 114, 378–79, 395–96
atomic bomb, 516, 525, 526, 527, 603, 627
Auden, W. H., 223, 296
Autumn Harvest Uprising, 197
Baldwin, Hanson, 460, 629
Bank of China, 334–35, 363, 505, 579, 709
Bank of Communications, 334–35
Barnes, Bart, 679
Barr, David, 566
Barrett, David, 513
Beal, John Robinson, 529, 538, 545, 548, 549
Belden, Jack, xi, 391, 447
Berkson, Seymour, 434
Biddle, Francis,
648n
Birnie, Mr., 117n
Bishop, Jimmy, 432
Bissell, Clayton L., 396
“Black Book,” 380, 394, 449, 461
“Black Saturday,” 287
Black Stuff Company, 106
Bland, J. O. P., 103
Blücher, Vasily Konstantinovich (Galen), xi, 127, 141, 163, 174
Blue Shirts, 218, 219–20, 233, 253, 272
Blum, John Morton, 478, 489n
boat people, 661
Book of Odes, 72
Boorman, Howard, 535
Borodin, Mikhail, xi, 123–24, 125, 131, 136, 138, 140, 142, 145–46, 147–48, 154, 161, 162, 164, 171, 174, 210
Boston Globe, 630
Boston Herald, 305
Boxer Rebellion, 43, 58, 61, 75, 284
Braddock, Susan, 677–78
Bradley, Omar, 630
Brazil, 504–5, 508
Brest-Litovsk, 121n
Bretton Woods Conference, 505–6
Bridges, Styles, 577, 578
British East India Company, 32–33
Brooke, Alan Francis, xi, 471–72
Buck, Pearl, 100, 315, 321, 327, 337n–38n, 443
Bullitt, William, 551, 557
Burke, Addie Gordon, 20–22
Burke, William B., xi, 9, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 65
Burma, 370–71, 372, 375, 376, 379–80, 383–93, 397, 398, 402–3, 404, 413, 446, 448, 454, 471, 473, 474, 475–76, 477, 483, 487, 491–94, 530, 622
Burma Road, 358, 359, 362, 366, 370, 380, 452, 459, 497, 523, 555–56
Bush, George H. W., 673
Byrd, Harry F., 637, 638
Cairo Conference, 464, 469–75, 482, 483, 490, 649
Caldwell, Oliver J., xi, 383, 454, 482
Canada, 334, 439–40
Cantlie, James, xi, 47, 51, 52
Canton, China, 33, 34, 50, 61, 80, 95, 97, 115, 128–30, 134–35, 136–37, 138, 141, 152, 568, 574, 575
Communist uprising in, 197–98
financial problems of, 157–58
Japanese occupation of, 310–11
Carr, Julian Shakespeare, xi, 7, 8, 9, 15, 100
Carr, Nancy Shakespeare, 16
Carroll, Raymond, 245
Carter, Jimmy, 664
Casablanca Conference, 415, 445, 447
CAT airline, 557, 602–3
CBI Roundup, 494–95
CC Clique, 313, 314, 543
Celanese Corporation, 309
Central Bank of China, 147, 330, 331, 334–35, 338, 350, 369, 459, 570–71
Central China Economic Investigation Bureau, 241
Central Daily News, 225, 347
The Last Empress Page 100
