by Will Durant
Euclid (fl. 300 B.C.), 548–49, 633, 654
Eude, Frans van den (d. 1676), 621
Eudoxia Lopukhina, Empress, consort of Peter the Great (1669?–1731), 379, 394, 406
Eugene of Savoy, Prince (1663–1736), 425, 426, 669, 704, 706, 707, 708, 710, 713, 714, 717
Eugène Maurice, Prince, see Soissons, Comte de
Euripides (480–406 B.C.), 139, 142, 144, 162
Evelyn, John (1620–1706), 244, 246, 249, 269, 271, 274, 279, 331–32, 457, 463, 487, 491, 518
arrested for attending Anglican services, 194
plan for air-pollution control, 260–61, 332
quoted on London fire (1666), 262
his diary, 332
host to Peter the Great, 382
and Royal Society of London, 495, 496, 497
reference to Spinoza as “infidel,” 656
Evcrard, William (fl. 1649), 185
Examiner (periodical), 313, 345, 353
Exclusion Bill (England, 1679), 282
Exeter, 35
cathedral, 267
Fable of the Bees (Mandeville), 486
Fables (La Fontaine), 145
Fabritius, Barent, 168*
Fabritius, Johann (fl. 1673), 631
Fâcheux, Les (Molière), 19
Facnza, 439
Fagel, Kaspar (1629–88), 295
Faguet, Émile (1847–1916), 611, 613
Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel (1686–1736), 498
faïence, 95
Fairfax. Thomas, 3d Baron (1612–71), 185, 188
Fairy Queen, The (opera by Purcell), 267–68
Faiseur d’oreilles, Le (La Fontaine), 144*
Falcone, Aniello (1600–65), 433
Fanshawe, Lady (fl. 1660), 269
Far East, trade with, 26
Farquhar, George (1678–1707), 315
fashion magazine, first, 27
Faversham, England, 297
Fawkes, Guy (1570–1606), 257
Fehrbellin, battle of (1675), 368, 413
Félix, surgeon (fl. 1686), 527
Fell, Thomas (1598–1658), 198
Femmes savantes, Les (Molière), 125, 150
Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe- (1651–1715), 74, 75, 81–86, 131, 162, 487, 602, 604, 687, 695–97, 716
Feodor III, Czar of Russia (r. 1676–82), 377
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1556–1564), 464
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1619–1637), 464
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1637–1657), 367, 420, 511
Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1620–70), 434, 506, 508
Fermat, Pierre de (1601–65), 57, 498, 499, 500, 534
Ferrara, duchy of, 456
Ferry, Paul (fl. 1650), 75–76
Festin de pierre, Le (Molière), 118–20, 129
Fielding, Henry (1707–54), 338
Fifth Monarchy sect, 190–91, 194, 246, 459
Filicaia, Vincenzo de (1642–1707), 438
Filmer, Sir Robert (d. 1653), 253, 286, 563, 579–80, 582
Finland, 369, 390
Fiorelli, Tiberio (1605–94), 105
First Dayes Entertainment (Davenant), 267
Fischer von Erlach, Johann (1656–1723), 418, 426, 427
Five Mile Act (England, 1665), 253
Flamsteed, John (1646–1719), 498, 504, 505, 513, 525
Flanders, 8, 42, 43, 45, 115, 164, 175, 277, 439, 704, 710
Fleetwood, Maj. Gen. Charles (d. 1692), 201, 202, 231
Fleury, Claude (1640–1723), 161
Florence, Italy, 216, 434, 435, 436, 445, 470, 506
Florinda (Handel), 419
Flying Post, The (daily newspaper), 313
Foe, James (fl. 1660), 335
Fonseca, Isaac Aboab da (1605–93), 459
Fontainebleau. 35, 93, 94, 96, 114, 440
Fontanges, Marie Angélique de Scorraille de Roussilles, Duchesse de (1661–81), 38
Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de (1657–1757), 86, 132, 151, 161, 162, 505, 541, 564, 576, 601, 613–19, 677
predicts man flying to moon, 530
Fontpcrtuis, M. (fl. 1680), 68
Ford, Charles (fl. 17:5), 358
Forli, cathedral at, 434
Fortunate Mistress, The (Defoe), 337
Fouquet, Nicolas (1615–80), 18–20, 87, 92, 96, 101, 131, 144, 151, 161
Four Articles (Gallican statement), 49, 79
Fox, George (1624–91), 196–99, 256, 416
Fracastoro, Girolamo (1483–1553), 526
France: army, 17, 41–44, 71–72, 74–75, 176, 180, 296, 691, 693, 706, 710, 712, 717
and the arts, 87–103 (see also architecture; painting; sculpture)
Church and state, 48–50 (see also Catholic Church in France; Gallicanism; Huguenots)
colonies, 26, 693, 699, 711, 713, 714, 715
commerce and industry, 22–26, 69, 74, 166, 448, 690, 698, 700
crime in, 16–17, 482
economic conditions and organization, 20–26, 690, 693–95, 697–98, 708–12, 720 (see also commerce and industry. above)
education, 52, 485, 486, 495, 496
and England, 11, 36, 175, 200–1, 273, 276, 277–78, 286, 290, 291, 296, 304–11
passim 330, 692, 693, 694, 699–705
passim, 710–11, 713, 714
and Europe, relative position in, 3, 41, 45, 163, 411, 412, 693, 703, 706
Fronde, 5–11
and Germany, 180, 296, 416, 664, 691–692
government apparatus, 16–20
and Grand Alliance, 691–93, 699
and Holy Roman Empire and Austria, 43–45, 175, 178, 179, 180, 296, 383, 414, 421, 422, 425, 464, 691, 693, 699–708, 710–15
and Hungary, 423
and Italian states, 44
literature, see literature, French; manners and morals, 27–31, 32, 34, 69, 75, 416
navy, 17, 25–26, 43, 74–75, 176, 179, 693
nobility, 5–11, 15–16, 89, 711, 712
and Palatinate, invasion of, 14, 43–44, 417, 425, 426, 631, 691–92, 699, 715, 720
and Poland, 372, 373
population of, 3, 22, 257, 695
and Portugal, 25, 446, 706
regency of Anne of Austria (1643–51), 4–9
religion, 46–86, 598–619 (see also Catholic Church in France; Gallicanism; Huguenots; Jansenists; Jesuits; Nantes, Edict of)
and Spain, 11, 34, 41–45
passim, 200, 699, 704–15
in Spanish Netherlands, 21, 42–43, 69, 175, 277, 422, 704, 710
and Spanish succession, 453, 699–715
States-General, 5–6
and successor to Louis XIV, 716
and Sweden, 368, 388
taxation, 20–21, 690, 693, 698, 709, 712
and Turks, 373, 383, 422, 425, 661–62
and United Provinces, 44, 164, 167, 175, 176, 178, 179, 276, 277, 368, 691, 699
Franche-Comté, 43, 44, 179, 201, 699
Francis I. King of France (r. 1515–47), 49, 88
Franciscans, religious order, 429, 635
Francis of Assisi, Saint (1182–1226), 66
Francke, August (1663–1727), 416, 485
Franconia. Congress of (1650), 411
Frankfurt-am-Main, 411, 416, 463, 464
Franklin, Benjamin (1706–90), 515
Frascari, 415
Frederick I. Elector of Bandenburg (r. 1417–1440), 412
Frederick III. Elector of Brandenburg, see Frederick I, King of Prussia
Frederick II, King of Denmark (r. 1559–68), 394
Frederick III, King of Denmark (r. 1648–70), 365, 367
Frederick IV, King of Denmark (r. 1699–1730), 369, 383, 384
Frederick V, Elector Palatine (r. 1610–23), King of Bohemia (r. 1619–20), 464
Frederick I, King of Prussia (r. 1701–13), 380, 414, 418, 660
Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (r. 1740–86), 161, 392, 412, 413, 485, 613, 656, 660, 679, 715
quoted on Peter the
Great, 391
Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony, see Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland
Frederick William the Great Elector of Brandenburg (r. 1640–88), 71, 73, 412–14, 418, 483, 484, 659, 691
wars against Sweden, 366–67, 368, 413
gives asylum to Jews, 464
Frederick William I, King of Prussia (r. 1713–1740), 387, 393
Fredrikssten, Norway, 389
free will, 238, 239, 571, 621, 625, 673
Calvinist credo on, 53, 54, 643
Hobbes’s position on, 552
Jansenist credo on, 53, 54, 55, 69
Locke’s position on, 586
Malebranche on, 603–4
Spinoza on, 639, 643
Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 44
French Academy (Académie Française), 105, 130, 132, 138, 142, 143, 146, 147, 160, 161–62, 618
dictionary of, 130–31, 598
French language, 3, 131, 168, 416, 489
dictionary of, 130–31
Racine’s use of, 142
French Revolution, 6, 19, 25, 469, 582, 680
Frères Chrétiens, religious order, 486
Friends, Society of, and Friends of Truth, see Quakers
Fronde (1648–53), 5–10, 12, 15, 30, 31, 35, 39, 41, 54, 151, 156
origin of name, 6
Huguenot loyalty during, 69
Louis’ bitter memories of, 91, 711
Hobbes’s conclusions from, 549
Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de (1620–1698), 26
Froude, James Anthony (1818–94), 657
Fugger family, 470
Fulda, cathedral at, 418
Fulda river, 517
Fuller, Thomas (1608–61), 330
Fulton, Robert (1765–1815), 517
furniture, 88, 94, 102
Freemasonry, 569
free will: Calvinist beliefs on, 53, 54, 643
Cresca’s formulation on, 621
Descartes’ views on, 625
Hobbes on, 552
Jansenist beliefs on, 53–55, 69
Leibniz’ views on, 673
Locke on, 586
Malebranche on, 603
Milton’s beliefs on, 238, 239
Spinoza on, 639, 643
Fumifugium (Evelyn), 260, 332
Furnes, Flanders, 712
Gagarin, Prince Matvei (d. 1721), 402
Galen (Claudius Galenus: 130–200?), 524
Galilei, Galileo (1564–1642), 217, 374, 474, 481, 495, 519, 681
as astronomer, 62, 498, 528, 617
ecclesiastical decree against, 60, 484, 566, 617, 666
meeting with Hobbes, 549
meeting with Milton, 216
as physicist, 510, 512, 543, 585, 643, 675*
portrait of, 434
Galleria Borghese, Rome, 91
Gallicanism, 48, 49, 69, 79, 81, 83, 483, 664, 689
Galway, Ireland, 303
Gama, Esteban da (fl. 1593), 460
gambling, 269, 475
in England, 250, 271, 305
in France, 31, 32
Gardie, Magnus de la, Count (1622–86), 367–68
Garrick, David (1717–79), 317
Gascard, Henri (fl. 1665), 37
gas engine, first, 517
Gassendi, Pierre (1592–1655), 55, 85, 106, 161, 374, 549, 577, 600, 602
Gastaldi, Monsignor (fl. 1656), 528
Gaulli, Giovanni Battista (“II Baciccio”: 1639–1709),’ 435
Gaulthier, Abbé (fl. 1711), 713
Gay, John (1685–1732), 312, 354, 360
Gazette of St. Petersburg, 403
Gelderland, province, 176, 179
Geneva, 73, 430, 616
University of, 605
Genoa, 433, 444, 470
Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse Rodet (1699–1777), 619
geography, 498, 508–9
geology, 497, 498, 500, 507–8
geometry, 55–57, 131, 500, 501, 528, 548
analytical, 499
as basis of natural beauty, 264
method of, in philosophic exposition, 131, 529, 533, 572, 620, 636, 654
George, Prince of Denmark (1633–1708), consort of Queen Anne of England, 297, 306
George I, King of England (r. 1714–27), Elector of Hanover (r. 1698–1727), 310, 356, 359, 389, 415, 678
George III, King of England (r. 1760–1820), 583
George Dandin, ou le Mari confondu (Molière), 124
George William, Elector of Brandenburg (r. 1619–40), 412
Gerhardt, Paul (1607–76), 419
German language, 168, 416, 417, 485, 659, 663
Germantown, Pennsylvania, 256
Germany, 3, 22, 41, 365, 411–20
arts in, 418–20
Catholicism in, 71, 414, 415, 464, 483, 664–667
education and learning in, 414–15, 485, 486
and French attack on Dutch (1672), 176, 178
French designs on (1667), 41–42
French invasion of (1674), 43–45, 692, 715, 720
French invasion of (1688), 180, 296, 425, 426, 691–92, 720
Jews in, 414, 463–65
literature in, 416–17, 485
Manners and Morals in, 416–18
Peter the Great’s visits to, 380, 405
philosophy in, 658–80
Pietism in, 53, 83, 417, 485, 660
population of, 257, 411, 412
Protestantism in, 71, 75, 80, 413–16
passim, 464, 483, 664–67
and Spanish-succession conflict, 700, 706–7, 713, 714, 715
superstition in, 481, 659
Sweden, struggles with, 175, 366–69, 412, 413
Thirty Years’ War in, 411, 412, 415, 417, 420, 464, 485, 660
unification of, 412–13, 414
Gesù, II, Church of, Rome, 435
Gesù e Maria, Church of, Rome, 434, 435
Geulincx, Arnold (1625–69), 602–3, 672
Gex, province of, 71
Ghazati, Nathan, see Nathan Ghazati
Ghent, 44, 97, 179
ghetto, 456, 457, 463, 470, 471
Gibbon, Edward (1737–94), 161, 571
Gibbons, Grinling (1648–1720), 265
Gibraltar, 693, 707, 713, 714, 715
Gilbert, William (1540–1603), 514, 537
Giordano, Luca “Fa Presto” (1632–1705), 436–37, 451
Giornale de’ letterati, of Rome, 484, 498
Giornale Veneto, 484
Girardon, François (1628–1715), 88, 99, 162
Glanvill, Joseph (1636–80), 482, 574–75
Glasgow, 257
glassmaking, 23, 95, 419
Glencoe, Scotland, 305
Glessker, Julius, sculptor (17th cent.), 418
Glisson, Francis (1597–1677), 524, 669
Glorious Revolution (England, 1688–89), 242, 259, 288, 295–99, 303, 318, 331, 563
Locke’s philosophical basis for, 579–82
Gluck, Christoph Willibald (1714–87), 445
Glück, Pastor (fl. 1702), 395
Gobelin tapestries, 23, 87, 89, 93, 94, 95, 377
Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry (1621–78), 280–281, 335
Godolphin, Mrs. (fl. 1680), 269, 332
Godolphin, Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of (1645–1712), 307, 336, 341, 352, 713
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), 444, 593, 656, 720–21
goldsmiths, 23, 95, 259
Golitsyn, Prince Boris (1654–1714), 378
Golitsyn, Prince Vasili (1643–1714), 377, 378
Golovin, Russian general (fl. 1670), 379
Gondi, Jean François Paul de, see Retz, Cardinal de
Gonzaga family, 456, 708
Gordon, Patrick (1635–99), 378–79
Görtz, Baron Georg von (fl. 1715), 389
Gosse, Sir Edmund (1849–1928), 319
Götz von Berlichingen (Goethe), 656
Goujon, Jean (1510?–68?), 99
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco José de (1746–18
28), 451
Goyen, Jan van (1596–1656), 169
Graaf, Regnier de (1641–73), 522
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (Bunyan), 210
Gramont, Comte Philibert de (1621?–1707), 16, 39, 250, 271, 274, 312
Gramont, Comtesse de (fl. 1679), 28
Gran (Esztergom), battle of (1685), 424
Granada, Spain, 454
Grand Alliance, 178, 305, 307, 432, 690–99, 702–6, 712
Grand Cyrus, Le (Scudéry), 150
Grand Dictionnaire historique (Moréri), 609
Grand Trianon, 92
Graunt, John (1620–74), 501–2
Gravelines, 11
gravitation, 503, 507, 532, 536–42, 547, 675
Great Case of Liberty of Conscience, The (Penn), 255
Great Coalition (1672–78), 43
Great Is Diana of the Ephesians (Blount), 567
Great Northern War (1700–21), 384–90
Greatrakes, Valentine (1628–66), 525
Great Rebellion (1642–49), see Civil Wars, English
Greece, 162, 163, 425, 570
Greek language, 132, 168, 489, 491, 576
Green, Nan, 502*
Green Ribbon Club, 279
Greenville, Sir John (fl. 1660), 204, 205
Greenwich, England, 504
Greenwich Hospital, London, 265
Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni), Pope (r. 1572–85), 456
Gregory, David (1661–1708), 498, 500
Gregory, James (1638–75), 498, 500, 504, 535
Gresham College, London, 263, 496, 502, 507
Grew, Nehemiah (1641–1712), 519, 520
Grey, Lord (fl. 1679), 283
Griffenfeld, Peder Schumacher, Count (1635–1699), 365, 368
Grignan, Comte de (fl. 1670), 152
Grignan, Françoise Marguerite, Cjmtesse de (1646–1705), 152, 155, 598
Grignan, Marie Blanche de, 152, 154
Grignan, Pauline de, 154
Grimaldi family, 470
Grimaldi, Francesco (1618–63), 514
Grimaud, Mme. (fl. 1725), 619
Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel von (1625?–76), 416
Grodno, 385
Groningen, battle at (1673), 179
Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645), 458, 459, 658
Guardian, The (periodical), 345
Guarini, Guarino (1624–83), 433
Guarneri, Andrea (c.1626–1698), 443
Guarneri, Giuseppe I (1666–c 1739), 443
Guarneri, Giuseppe II “del Gesù” (1687–1745), 443
Guarneri, Pietro “de Mantua” (1655–c.1740), 443
Guarneri, Pietro “de Venezia” (1695–1765), 443
Guénot, physician to Mazarin (fl. 1660), 12
Guericke, Otto von (1602–86), 498, 506, 511, 512, 528
Guida spirituaîe (Molinos), 429
Guide to the Perplexed (Maimonides), 626
Guidi, Carlo Alessandro (1650–1712), 438, 441
Guienne, province of, 106
