City Tavern, 188, 194, 202, 303
Clark, George Rogers, 366
Clarke, Gedney, 26–27
Clinton, George, 274, 313, 359, 382
Clinton, Henry, 253, 256, 257–58, 258, 262–63, 266, 268
Clymer, George, 338
Coercive Acts, 181–85, 191
Commissary General’s Office, 226–27
Committee on Propositions and Grievances, 117, 135, 139
Compromise of 1790, 340–44, 416, 514n24
Concord, Massachusetts, 199
Congress. See Congress of the Confederation (1781–1789); First Continental Congress (1774); Second Continental Congress (1775–1781); United States Congress (1789–present)
Congress Hall (Philadelphia), 346, 357, 373
Congress of the Confederation (1781–1789)
and Constitutional Convention, 294, 302–3
and Jay’s background, 376
and lack of federal powers, 274
and peace negotiations, 273
and postwar economic challenges, 289–90, 290–91
and postwar geopolitical challenges, 292
and Potomac navigation project, 284
and ratification of the Constitution, 305–6, 309, 310
and soldier pay and pensions, 268–72, 282
Washington’s arrival, 297–98
and Washington’s career trajectory, 297–99
and Washington’s resignation from command, 275–76
Constitutional Convention
and appointment powers, 502n15
and Bank of the United States debate, 347
and incorporation powers, 516n16
and Jackson, 337
and monarchical presidency, 506n51
and regional interests, 322
and residence-of-the-government debate, 509n5
and Shays Rebellion, 293–95
and slavery issue, 405
and style of American presidency, 315–16
and Washington’s career trajectory, 10, 391
and Washington’s inaugural address, 314
Washington’s influence, 297–304, 501n13
See also Unites States Constitution
Continental Army, 10, 152, 204–7, 207–8, 343, 403, 416. See also specific battles; specific units and persons
Conway, Thomas, xiv, 231–35, 236–37, 237–39, 249, 266, 486n37
Conway Cabal, 232–35, 237–39, 248, 270, 359, 374, 485n24
Cornwallis, Charles, 267
Costin, Will, 532n4
Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville, Joseph, 42–43, 46–47, 436n3, 437n4, 437n8
courts-martial, 78, 85–86, 226, 265, 481n17
Coxe, Tench, 338, 513n13
Craik, James, 285
biographical sketch of, xiv
and Conway Cabal, 231–32, 234
and Indian tale on Washington, 66
and Potomac navigation project, 284–85
and Washington’s death, 410–12, 531n1
and Washington’s illness while president, 324
and Washington’s land acquisitions, 163, 469n22
and Washington’s military ties, 122
Crawford, William, 162, 163, 164, 167, 466n1
Creek Indians, 325, 367
currency crises, 138–39, 146–48, 166, 290, 299, 460n16, 469n1
Custis, Daniel Parke, 115, 120
Custis, Eleanor (Nelly), 281, 282
Custis, George Washington Parke, 281
Custis, John (Jacky) Parke
biographical sketch of, xiv
children of, 281–82
death, 268, 492n4
education, 158, 176
engagement and marriage, 175–76, 178–79
and family life at Mount Vernon, 118
and family portraits, 173
lands and estates, 147, 176
and remarriage of mother, 90
and sister’s death, 176–77
and Virginia Convention, 184
and Washington’s appointment to army command, 207
Washington’s frustrations with, 123, 175
Washington’s guardianship of, 114–15
Custis, Martha. See Washington, Martha Dandridge
Custis, Patsy, 90, 114–15, 122, 158, 170, 173, 176–79, 235, 268
Dagworthy, Thomas, 70, 73, 76–77, 83
Dana, Francis, 236, 243–44, 245
Dandridge, Bartholomew, 413
Deane, Silas, 189–90
Declaration of Independence, 220, 242
Declaration of Rights and Grievances, 145
Defoe, Daniel, 19
Delaware, 403
Delaware Indians, 54, 79, 433n13
democratic societies, 367, 369, 372, 373, 382, 520n8
desertions, 41, 49, 69, 71, 73, 78, 85–86, 235–36, 256. See also mutinies
Dick, Elisha, 411, 531n1
Dickinson, John, 156, 170, 192, 197, 200, 470n7, 475n24
Dinwiddie, Robert
background, 29
and Battle of Fort Necessity, 41, 43–44, 47
biographical sketch of, xiv
and Braddock expedition, 49–50, 63–64
and currency shortage in Virginia, 71
and Forks of the Ohio campaign, 33–34, 36, 37–40
and Indian alliances, 30–31, 85
and Indian raids on frontier, 67–68, 70, 76, 79
interest in western lands, 28
and land grants, 466n1, 468n21
and Logstown conference, 31
and military appointments, 452n12
military orders to Washington, 438n32
and patronage appointments, 452n12
and problems with Virginia Regiment, 73, 76, 78, 448n10
and resistance to Coercive Acts, 181
title and responsibilities, 432n28
and veterans’ land claims, 138, 161–62, 164, 468n21
and Washington’s career trajectory, 6, 32, 53, 92, 390
Washington’s conflict with, 82–88, 97, 102–3, 107, 211
and Washington’s conflict with Dagworthy, 74–75
Dismal Swamp Company. See Great Dismal Swamp project
“dower” slaves, 406, 413–14, 532n4
Duane, James, 187, 191
Duer, William, 338, 513n17, 527n19
Dunbar, Louise Burnham, 506n51
Dunbar, Thomas, 62, 63–64
Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 164, 176–77, 181, 184, 198–99, 403
Duportail, Louis, 221, 222
dysentery, 3–4, 6–7, 8, 58–59, 88, 92, 106
East India Company, 180–81
Ellicott, Andrew, 343
emancipation, 358, 403–6, 407–8, 413–15, 530n20
Embrey Dam, 427n14
“emissions” (currency), 139, 460n16
enumerated powers, 347, 349–50
excise taxes, 346, 360, 368–70
Executive Council (Virginia)
and character of Williamsburg, 115
and complexity of land grants, 161
and currency crises, 139, 166–67
and Dinwiddie’s background, 29
and Forks of the Ohio campaign, 33, 36, 436n13
and Fort Duquesne campaign, 49, 50
and Robinson scandal, 147
and Washington’s command of Virginia Regiment, 68
and Washington’s land acquisitions, 162, 163, 469n22
and Washington’s legislative efforts, 135
and Washington’s quarrel with Dinwiddie, 82
Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Q. (Quintus), 221
Fairfax, Anne, 108. See also Washington, Anne Fairfax
/> Fairfax, Bryan
biographical sketch of, xiv–xv
and Fairfax Resolves, 183–85
and fox hunting, 155
and military strategizing at Mount Vernon, 200
and patronage appointments, 452n12
Washington as godfather to, 456n12
Washington’s correspondence with, 255
and Washington’s death, 412
and the Washingtons’ social life, 121
Fairfax, Ferdinando, xv, 407, 456n12
Fairfax, George William
biographical sketch of, xv
church service of, 150, 464n5
and Fairfax Resolves, 183
and land surveying, 22–23
move to England, 4, 173–74, 178
and repairs at Mount Vernon, 108
and resistance to Coercive Acts, 182
and Virginia militia forces, 67
and Washington’s career trajectory, 6, 71–73
Washington’s correspondence with, 203, 283
and Washington’s land acquisitions, 162
and the Washingtons’ social life, 105–6, 121, 154–55
Fairfax, Sarah (Sally) Cary
biographical sketch of, xv
marriage, 23
move to England, 173, 178
Washington’s correspondence with, 105–9, 453n3, 453n6, 454n9
and the Washingtons’ social life, 121, 155
Fairfax, Thomas, Lord
biographical sketch of, xv
and Braddock expedition, 50
and fox hunting, 21, 465n4
land holdings, 21–23, 24–25, 98, 174, 428n5
political influence of, 118
and Virginia militia forces, 67
and Washington’s career trajectory, 6, 108
and Washington’s formative years, 19–21
and Washington’s personal finances, 53
Fairfax, William (“Colonel Fairfax”)
and Barbados connections, 26–27
and Battle of Fort Necessity, 47
biographical sketch of, xv
and Braddock expedition, 55
daughter’s marriage, 18
death, 86
and Forks of the Ohio campaign, 33, 40
and patronage appointments, 452n12
and Stephen’s military career, 38
and Washington’s career trajectory, 6, 64, 92, 108, 390
and Washington’s childhood, 5
Washington’s correspondence with, 49
and Washington’s family background, 16, 429n7
and Washington’s formative years, 19–20
and the Washingtons’ social life, 105, 174
and Washington’s surveying work, 22, 24, 430n3
Fairfax County, Virginia, 150–51, 167, 170, 196, 199–200, 463n4
Fairfax County Court, 244, 368
Fairfax Resolves, 183–85, 188, 193, 211–12, 402, 463n4, 477n7
Farquhar, George, 157
Fauchet, Jean Antoine Joseph, xv, 380–81, 381–83, 523n22
Fauntleroy, Elizabeth, 31–32
Fauquier, Francis
and economic conflicts with Britain, 139–40
and Forbes’s expedition, 97, 101
influence in Virginia politics, 116
and Proclamation of 1763, 138
and resistance to the Stamp Act, 141, 144, 146, 166
and Robinson scandal, 147
and soldier pay and pensions, 135
and Virginia’s currency shortage, 460n16
and Washington’s career trajectory, 109, 117
Federal Hall (New York City), 313, 313
Federalist Papers, 306, 347, 349, 368, 503n6
Federalists, 307, 358, 378, 388, 400
Ferry Farm, 16–17, 19, 21, 24, 33, 80, 124, 158–59, 427n14, 428n6
First Continental Congress (1774), 11, 185, 187–94, 197–98, 402
fishery resources, 126–27, 197
Flexner, James Thomas, 516n2, 517n8
Folsom, Nathaniel, 487n19
Forbes, John, 92–93, 94–97, 96, 101–3, 106, 210–11
Forbes’s Road, 57
Forks of the Ohio
and Battle of Fort Necessity, 41–48
and bounty lands granted to soldier, 162
British control of, 102–3
early French incursions, 32
and Forbes’s expedition, 92–93, 94–97, 100–101, 103–4
and land grants to soldiers, 431n12
and military logistical challenges, 37–40
and site of French forts, 436n14
and Washington’s correspondence to governors, 436n13
and Washington’s first military engagements, 33, 37
See also Battle of Monongahela; Fort Duquesne
Fort Cumberland, 55–57, 70, 73, 76–77, 82, 85, 447n1
Fort Duquesne
and Braddock expedition, 55–58
and Forbes’s expedition, 92–93, 94–97, 100–104
preparations for British attack, 49–51
strategic significance of, 7, 79, 83, 85–86
and Virginia’s frontier fort strategy, 79
and Washington’s career trajectory, 7, 9, 99, 109
Fort George, 275
Fort Le Boeuf, 34
Fort Loudon, 85–86, 87–88, 98
Fort Necessity, 41–50, 53, 56, 84, 92, 104, 135–36, 162–63, 210–11
Fort Pitt, 104
Fort Ticonderoga, 203, 205
fox hunting, 21, 155, 465n4
Franklin, Benjamin
and Braddock expedition, 53–54, 55
and Constitutional Convention, 297, 299, 301, 502n25
and correspondence styles, 109
on divisions within the colonies, 188
and First Continental Congress, 391
on Loudon, 84
on monarchical presidency, 315
and political pamphleteering, 156
return from England, 201
and Second Continental Congress, 202
and social life in Philadelphia, 301–2
and Steuben, 249
Washington’s consultations with, 75
and Washington’s inauguration, 315
and Washington’s land acquisitions, 163
Frederick County, Virginia, 72–73, 97–98, 135, 138, 149, 451n15
Frederick II, King of Prussia, 248, 251
Fredericksburg, Virginia, 15–16
French and Indian War, 104, 146, 188, 205, 266, 297. See also specific battles and campaigns
French neutrality crisis, 362–65
French Revolution, 11, 360
French West Indies, 375
friendly fire incidents, 59–60, 481n17
Fry, Joshua, 38, 40
Gage, Thomas, 53, 59, 93, 180–81, 190, 193, 197–99
Gale, George, 344
Gallatin, Albert, 369
Galloway, Joseph, 188, 191–92, 475n24
gambling, 25, 157, 228–29, 430n8
Gardoqui, Diego de, 291, 376
Gates, Horatio
and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 261, 264, 266
biographical sketch of, xv
and Braddock expedition, 53
and British southern strategy, 267
and Conway Cabal, 230–39, 247
and early battles of the Revolution, 221
and military strategizing, 196, 200, 251
and Potomac navigation project, 286
and Saratoga victory, 230–31, 233, 238, 244, 248
and soldier pay and pensions, 270–72
and Valley Forge, 24
3–44, 251
and Washington’s resignation from command, 276
Gay, John, 157
General Assembly (Virginia), 37–38, 67, 69, 77, 92, 166, 498n35
Genêt, Edmond-Charles
biographical sketch of, xvi
and conflict over American neutrality, 369, 379, 382, 391
and Democratic Societies, 367, 369, 382, 520n8
and diplomatic norms, 519n12
and French neutrality crisis, 362–65
replacement as minister, 380, 519n13
and Spanish invasion scheme, 366–67, 371, 519n22
Gentleman’s Magazine, The, 36
George II, King of Great Britain, 43, 117, 135
George III, King of Great Britain
and Jay Treaty, 384
and land rush in western frontier, 161
Lee’s criticisms of, 205
and Northwest Territory conflict, 375
and onset of Revolution, 144–45, 180–81, 197, 203
and peace negotiations, 270
and Proclamation of 1763, 138
and Virginia’s currency crisis, 167
Georgia, 187, 197–98, 330, 335, 403, 405
Germantown, Pennsylvania, 330–32, 337. See also Battle of Germantown
Gerry, Elbridge, 242, 243, 303
Gist, Christopher, xvi, 30, 33–36, 41, 56, 431n12
Graham, Catharine Macaulay, 328
Grand Banks, 197
Grand Council of the American colonies, 191
Gray, Davy, 132
Great Dismal Swamp project, 161–62, 167, 461n27, 466n1
Great Kanawha River, 162
Green, Charles, 4, 108
Greene, Nathanael
background, 220–21
and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 262–63, 264, 266
biographical sketch of, xvi
and British military strategy, 258–59, 267–68
and conclusion of Revolution, 275
and Constitutional Convention, 294
and Conway Cabal, 233, 235, 238
death, 497n20, 500n28
and military appointments of Washington, 257, 453n15
and postwar economic challenges, 291
quartermaster appointment, 246
and Society of the Cincinnati, 497n20
and Valley Forge, 224–25, 228, 241, 246
Washington’s correspondence with, 268
Gunn, James, 324
Hamilton, Alexander
and assumption-of-debt debate, 332–34, 515n31
and Bank of the United States debate, 346, 348–50
biographical sketch of, xvi
and British evacuation of Philadelphia, 259
and Compromise of 1790, 338–40
and conclusion of Revolution, 275
conflict with Burke, 512n3
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