War by Other Means

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War by Other Means Page 53

by Robert D Blackwill


  Choucair, Mohammad, 72

  Christopher, Warren, 17, 251

  Churchill, Winston, 251

  CITIC, 45

  Clayton, Blake, 65, 285nn107

  Climate change, 218–219, 237

  Clinton, Bill/Clinton administration, 3, 82, 173–174, 196–197

  Clinton, Hillary, 7–8, 25, 37, 185, 187, 231, 251–252

  Cobden, Richard, 32, 262n6

  Coca-Cola, 63

  COCOM, 163, 164, 167, 169, 173

  Cohen, Benjamin, 30

  Cohen, Stephen, 30

  Cold War, 33, 34, 163, 164–173, 176–177, 253

  Columbia: energy industry in, 208; geoeconomics of, 34; Pacific Alliance with, 242

  Commission on Foreign Economic Policy, 3, 164

  Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), 57

  Committee on International Economic Policy, 169

  Commodities policies: as geoeconomic instruments, 85–87, 90, 147–148, 150

  Common Sense (Paine), 154–155

  Comprehensive Iran Accountability, Sanctions, and Divestment Act of 2010, 198

  Constant, Benjamin, 19

  Cook Islands: PALM participation by, 110

  Cooley, Alexander, 85

  Cooper, Richard, 153–154

  Correa, Rafael, 40

  Costa Rica: Chinese investment in, 56, 84

  Cox, Jeff, 292n191

  Crimea: Russian relations with, 5, 46, 210, 223

  Cross-Strait Services Trade Agreement, 101

  Crowdstrike, 68

  Cuba: Angola civil war involvement of, 170; sanctions against, 59, 196

  Curtis, Peter Theo, 72

  Cyberattacks: Chinese geoeconomics involving, 60, 61–63, 65, 68, 101–102, 109–110, 136, 191–192; detection and attribution of, 62, 67; as geoeconomic instrument, 29, 34, 47, 59–68, 101–102, 109, 136, 191–192, 225–226, 237–239, 282–283n72, 285–286n111; motives for, 62, 66, 67–68; nongeoeconomic, 60–61; responses to, 66–68; Russian geoeconomics involving, 60, 61, 65, 67, 191–192; scope and costs of, 63–64, 65–66, 67; sectors targeted for, 29, 34, 47, 63, 64–65; U.S. foreign policy in relation to, 225–226, 237–239; U.S. geoeconomics involving, 47, 60, 61–63, 64–68, 191–192, 225–226, 237–239, 285–286n111

  Cyprus: energy industry in, 205; EU bailout of, 80, 83, 133; Russian bailout of, 5, 39, 132, 133, 260–261n15

  Dadkhah, Kamran, 40

  Dalai Lama, 4, 129–130

  Dale, Reginald, 33

  Davies, Martyn, 41, 140

  Democratic Republic of the Congo: economic assistance to, 201, 242

  Deng Xiaoping, 78

  Denmark: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 129; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 157

  de Pontet, Philippe, 56

  Destler, I. M., 169, 176–177

  Dickinson, Elizabeth, 132, 133

  Di Dongshen, 143

  Dieteret, Jeff, 208

  Dimian, Hany, 242

  Dobson, Alan, 21, 22, 23, 36, 160, 169, 170

  “Dollar diplomacy,” 152, 153, 158

  Domestic market features, 89–90, 134–135, 136, 149–150

  Dow, 214

  Draper Report, 220

  Dreier, David, 240

  Drezner, Dan, 221

  DuPont, 63

  Du Yu, 101

  Dyer, Geoff, 78

  Earle, Edward Mead, 32

  Eastern Partnership, 51, 52–53

  Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement, 118

  Economic assistance: Chinese geoeconomics using, 70, 73–74, 102–104, 118, 125–126, 138–141, 200; as geoeconomic instrument, 5, 29–30, 68–74, 102–104, 110, 118, 122, 125–126, 132–133, 138–141, 162–164, 166, 200–201, 239, 240, 242–245, 288n151, 339nn75–76; humanitarian aid as, 29–30, 68–74, 110, 118; military aid as, 29–30, 68–74, 122, 163; U.S. geoeconomics using, 69, 70, 72, 118, 122, 125, 162–164, 166, 200–201, 239, 240, 242–245, 339nn75–76

  Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA), 97, 98

  Economic Policy Board, 170

  Economic sanctions. See Sanctions

  Economic Statecraft (Baldwin), 22–23

  Ecuador: geoeconomics of, 39, 40

  Egypt: economic assistance to, 5, 69, 71–72, 200–201, 239, 240, 339nn75–76; energy policies in, 6, 85, 90; financial and monetary policy impacting, 81; global market changes impacting, 38; Gulf countries’ investment in, 5, 28, 39, 71–72, 81, 88, 132, 200–201; Middle East peace process and, 194, 200–201; U.S. Arab Spring response in, 195–196, 239, 240, 241, 248, 252; U.S. trade policy with, 50

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 3, 163–164, 326n46

  Eizenstat, Stu, 172

  el-Sissi, Abdel Fattah, 71

  Embargoes: Russian geoeconomics using, 50; U.S. geoeconomics using, 27, 59, 121, 155–156, 157–158, 163–164, 171–172, 173–174, 267n44

  Embraers, 41–42

  Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act, 175

  Energy industry: Chinese geoeconomics related to, 42–43, 44–46, 53–54, 85–86, 87, 90, 103, 118–119, 131, 137, 147–148, 149–150, 183, 207, 212–213, 218, 236, 314n6, 323nn119–120, 342n36; contracts in, bolstering autocratic regimes, 45–46; cyberattacks related to, 62, 63, 64–65; diplomatic and market changes impacting, 42–43; energy policies as geoeconomic instruments, 85–87, 90, 103, 147–148, 150, 175, 201–202, 217–219; geoeconomic instruments unavailable to Western countries impacting, 40–41; geopolitically motivated deals related to, 44–45; global market changes in, 38, 42–43; investment policy related to, 43, 44–46, 53–54; North American energy revolution, 16, 38, 90, 201–202, 204–219, 235–236, 342n36, 343–344n50; oil crisis in, 169, 171, 175, 212; Pacific Energy Zone in, 236; Russia geoeconomics related to, 4–5, 38, 40, 42, 54, 59, 85–87, 90, 147, 150, 167, 206, 208, 209–210, 212–213, 217–218, 235, 236, 323nn119–120; sanctions impacting, 58, 199, 216, 343–344n50; state capitalist investments in, 36, 131, 147–148, 183; Strategic Petroleum Reserve in, 236; U.S. geoeconomics related to, 16, 38, 86, 90, 167, 175, 201–202, 204–219, 235–236, 316n35, 342n36, 343–344n50

  Epsilon, 63

  Estonia: Russian cyberattacks against, 61

  Ethiopia: Chinese relations with, 44; Italian invasion of, 36; U.S. assistance to, 46

  Eurasia Group’s African Practice, 56

  Eurasian Union: energy policies and, 85–86; Russian coercive geoeconomics for, 5, 34, 50, 70

  European Bank of Reconstruction and Development, 195, 241

  European Union: coercive geoeconomics response of, 41; cyberattack response in, 238–239; Eastern Partnership with, 51, 52–53; economic assistance by, 5, 242; energy policy in, 5, 6, 86–87, 209–210, 217, 236; eurozone crisis in, 21, 77, 80, 144, 294n202, 294n206; financial and monetary policy in, 76–77, 80–81, 82–83, 294n204; geoeconomic consequences of formation of, 28; global market changes impacting, 37–38; Russian strategies to fracture ties in/with, 5, 39, 50–53, 69–70, 133; sanctions by, 36, 58, 132, 197, 199–200, 234–235, 337–338nn67–68; trade policy in, 51, 153; Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership in, 153, 180–181, 184–185, 190–191, 217, 223, 229–230, 236, 238. See also specific countries

  Eurozone crisis, 21, 77, 80, 144, 294n202, 294n206

  Export Control Act, 168

  Export-Import Bank, 3, 159, 187, 249

  Exxon, 36

  Facebook, 136

  Feldstein, Martin, 209

  Fiji: PALM participation by, 110

  Financial and monetary policy: ability to impact another country’s borrowing costs in, 80–85, 144–147, 192; ability to raise funds at low cost in, 80; centrality to global financial system and, 90–92, 150–151; Chinese geoeconomics involving, 78–80, 82–84, 100, 109, 120, 136–137, 141–147, 150–151, 181–182, 318n64, 321n100; exchange rates in, 76, 100, 141, 145, 168–169, 192, 193; as geoeconomic instruments, 74–85, 90–92, 100, 109, 120, 136–137, 141–147, 150–151, 168–169, 181–182, 188–189, 192–193, 291n181, 292n184, 293n192, 294n204, 318n64, 321–322n100,
333n14, 347n32; global footprint of country’s currency in, 76–80, 90–91, 141–142, 193; gold standard in, 169, 291n181; reserve currency in, 78–79, 80–81, 83–84, 120, 136–137, 142–144, 181–182, 291n181, 292n184; U.S. geoeconomics involving, 75, 77–80, 82–85, 90–92, 144–147, 168–169, 182, 188–189, 192–193, 321–322n100, 333n14

  Financial crisis of 1997–1998 in Asia, 54, 82, 144

  Financial crisis of 2008–2009, 21, 37, 117, 207

  Financial sanctions. See Sanctions

  Finland: U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 157

  Ford, Gerald, 170

  Foreign policy: Chinese (see Chinese foreign policy); ends or objectives of, 26–27; foreign economic policy distinction from, 30, 153–154, 266n36; U.S. (see U.S. foreign policy)

  Foreign Policy, 25

  Fortescue Metals Group Ltd., 63

  Forum Energy, 148

  France: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 95–96; geoeconomics of, 26, 36, 199; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 155, 158, 159–160, 223, 338n69

  Franklin, Benjamin, 154, 157

  Friedman, Milton, 177

  Fumio Kishida, 73

  Gambia: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 96, 140, 280n51

  Gates, Robert, 175

  Gavin, Francis J., 22, 26

  Gazprom, 42, 54, 59, 85, 86, 210, 213

  “GDP Now Matters More than Force” (Gelb), 33

  Gelb, Leslie, 11, 33, 179

  Gelpern, Anna, 55–56, 81

  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 245

  General Electric, 63

  GeoEconomica, 57

  Geoeconomic instruments: boycotts as, 107, 108–109, 110, 158; centrality to global financial system as, 90–92, 150–151; cyberattacks as, 29, 34, 47, 59–68, 101–102, 109, 136, 191–192, 225–226, 237–239, 283n72, 285–286n111; domestic market features in, 89–90, 134–135, 136, 149–150; economic assistance as, 5, 29–30, 68–74, 102–104, 110, 118, 122, 125–126, 132–133, 138–141, 162–164, 166, 200–201, 239, 240, 242–245, 288n151, 339nn75–76; embargoes as, 27, 50, 59, 121, 155–156, 157–158, 163–164, 171–172, 173, 267n44; energy and commodities policies as, 85–87, 90, 103, 147–148, 150, 175, 201–202, 217–219; evaluating effectiveness of, 134–151; financial and monetary policy as, 74–85, 90–92, 100, 109, 120, 136–137, 141–147, 150–151, 168–169, 181–182, 188–189, 192–193, 291n181, 292n184, 293n192, 294n204, 318n64, 321–322n100, 333n14, 347n32; geoeconomic endowments as, 11, 28, 87–92, 148–152; humanitarian aid as, 29–30, 68–74, 110, 118; investment policy as, 27, 28, 34, 36, 39, 40, 43–46, 53–58, 87–89, 97, 99, 101, 104–105, 115–117, 119–120, 125, 132–133, 134–138, 148–149, 191, 227, 241, 242–245, 249, 269n20, 274n55, 279n39, 279–280nn44–46; leading, 10–11, 49–92; loans as, 3, 28, 34, 40, 45, 73–74, 79–85, 118, 125, 139–140, 144–147, 159–160, 162, 166, 192, 195, 248–249, 275n60; North American energy revolution sharpening, 216–219; overview of, 49; sanctions as, 36, 58–59, 66, 67, 78–79, 90, 91, 96, 105–106, 109, 132, 136, 138, 143–144, 152, 155–156, 189–190, 192, 196–200, 211–212, 216, 222, 223, 234–235, 244–245, 249, 267n44, 337–338nn67–68, 343–344n50; structural limitations of, 191–202; successful use of, 27–28; trade policy as, 5, 12, 27, 50–53, 97–98, 101, 107–109, 112–113, 115, 119–120, 131, 134–138, 153, 154–157, 161–162, 164, 165–166, 168–170, 173, 175–177, 180–185, 188, 189, 190–191, 217, 223, 228, 229–231, 235–236, 238, 240, 245–246, 276–277n10, 277n19, 293n201, 326n46, 330n101, 333n14; use of tools unavailable to Western countries, 40–41

  Geoeconomics: backfires in, 12, 133–134, 138, 153; borderline or hybrid cases of, 28–30; Chinese (see Chinese geoeconomics); coercive vs. positive, 27, 34, 41, 50–52, 73, 86–87, 131; definition and description of, 1, 8–9, 19–32, 261n2, 264n23; evaluating effectiveness of, 129–151; foreign economic policy, mercantilism, and liberal economic thought distinction from, 30–32, 153–154, 177, 266n36; foreign policy ends in relation to, 26–27 (see also Foreign policy); geoeconomic instruments in (see Geoeconomic instruments); geopolitics distinction from, 23–25, 265n28; international system and, 9–10, 33–48, 269n15; military power vs. (see Military power and actions); study of impacts of, 21–23, 265n25; United States’ (see U.S. geoeconomics)

  Geopolitics: definition and description of, 24; geoeconomics distinction from, 23–25, 265n28

  George (king), 83

  Georgia: Russian relations with, 5, 35, 46, 50, 60, 210

  Germany: geoeconomics of, 26, 28, 76–77, 82, 223, 243; Iranian relations with, 211; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 2–3, 157, 158–159

  Gerry, Elbridge, 154

  Ghana: economic assistance to, 242

  Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 165

  Gilpin, Robert, 31–32, 172

  Global Financial Centres Index, 53

  Goldman Sachs, 208

  Google, 62, 136

  Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC), 89

  Gray, John, 188

  Great Britain. See United Kingdom

  Greece: Libyan investment in, 56; Russian bailout of, 5, 39, 132

  Grewal, David, 145, 177

  Grey of Fallodon, Viscount, 157

  Guinea: geoeconomics of, 39, 40

  Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 37, 71–72, 132–133, 200–201, 241

  Gulf countries: economic assistance by, 5, 71–72, 200–201; energy industry in, 210–213; investment policy in, 28, 34, 39, 53, 56–57, 88, 132–133; state capitalism among, 37; U.S. foreign policy challenges with geoeconomics of, 224–225; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 188–189, 239–242. See also specific countries

  Hagel, Chuck, 123

  Haiti: U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 159

  Hamas, 132

  Hamilton, Alexander, 83, 155, 157

  Helms, Jesse, 196

  Hermitage Capital, 42

  He Yafei, 96

  Hezbollah, 69, 140

  Hinsley, Harry, 32

  Hitachi Metals, 107–108

  Hitler, Adolf, 160

  Hodler, Roland, 138

  Hu Jintao, 41, 139, 272n40

  Hull, Cordell, 161

  Humanitarian aid, 29–30, 68–74, 110, 118

  Hungary: Russian bailout of, 39, 132

  Huntington, Samuel P., 171, 179

  Huntsman, Jon, 96

  Hu Shisheng, 123

  Iceland: U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 157

  IHS, 214

  India: “Act East” initiative of, 5; Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank absence of, 115; Chinese geoeconomics related to, 94, 120–128, 313n237; domestic market features in, 149; economic assistance by, 118; economic assistance to, 71, 126; energy policies/consumption in, 90, 207, 212, 213, 342n36; geoeconomics in foreign policy of, 5, 126–127; Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor, 127, 233; sanctions against Iran impacting, 58; U.S. geoeconomics impacting, 121–123, 232–234

  Indonesia: Chinese geoeconomics impacting, 113, 114, 117; energy industry in, 208

  Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), 41, 45

  International Atomic Energy Agency, 199

  International Finance Corporation, 243

  International Monetary Fund (IMF), 4, 39, 53, 81, 107, 126, 142, 187, 224, 226, 249

  International system: contracts bolstering autocratic regimes in, 45–46; diplomatic and market changes in, 41–43; factors for geoeconomic resurgence in, 9, 33–38; geoeconomic instruments unavailable to Western countries in, 40–41; geoeconomics changing, 9–10, 38–48; geopolitically motivated deals impacting foreign policy in, 43–45; global market changes in, 37–38, 42–43; policy choices enabled in, 39–40; rising powers’ geoeconomic influence in, 33–36; security and economic tensions reinforcing one another in, 46–48; state capitalism impacts on, 36–37, 42–43, 269n15

  Investment policy: Chinese geoeconomics using, 27, 43–46, 53–54, 55, 56, 58, 97, 99, 101, 104–105, 115–117, 119–120, 125, 134–138, 148–149, 244, 274n55; energy industry-related, 43, 44–46, 53–54; foreign direct investment in, 53–54, 56; geoeconomic
endowment related to, 87–89, 148–149; as geoeconomic instrument, 27, 28, 34, 36, 39, 40, 43–46, 53–58, 87–89, 97, 99, 101, 104–105, 115–117, 119–120, 125, 132–133, 134–138, 148–149, 191, 227, 241, 242–245, 249, 269n20, 274n55, 279n39, 279–280nn44–46; inbound investments in, 57; infrastructure-related, 115–117, 119–120, 125, 227; Overseas Private Investment Corporation, 243–244, 249; reserve levels in, 54; sovereign wealth funds in, 54–57, 88, 89, 137, 269n20, 279n39, 279–280nn44–46; state-owned enterprises in, 53, 54, 55, 88, 116–117, 137, 148–149; U.S.-Chinese bilateral investment treaty, 136; U.S. geoeconomics using, 53, 56, 57, 88, 136, 191, 227, 241, 242–245

 

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