56. Yellin, Harriet Jacobs, 158.
57. Ibid., 176.
58. Ibid., 177, 161.
59. Frances E. W. Harper, “We Are All Bound Up Together,” in A Brighter Coming Day: A Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Reader, ed. Frances Smith Foster (New York: The Feminist Press, 1990), 217.
60. Yellin, Harriet Jacobs, 202–209.
61. Michele Currie Navakas, Liquid Landscape: Geography and Settlement at the Edge of Early America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017), 142; Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe, 335, 307.
62. Stowe, The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe, 400.
63. Louise Michele Newman, White Women’s Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 26; Peggy Pascoe, Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874–1939 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). See also Judith Ann Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women’s Politics in Transition (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2006).
64. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Palmetto-Leaves (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1873), 301.
65. Ibid., 306.
66. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Catharine Beecher, The New Housekeepers’ Manual (New York: J. B. Ford, 1873), 327, 330, 318; John T. Foster Jr. and Sarah Witmer Foster, eds., Calling Yankees to Florida: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Forgotten Tourist Articles (Cocoa, FL: Florida Historical Society Press, 2011), 116; “The New Housekeepers Manual,” Andrews McMeel Publishing, https://publishing.andrewsmcmeel.com/book/the-new-housekeepers-manual-catharine-beecher/.
67. Stowe calls her Minnah in Palmetto-Leaves and Winnah in “Our Florida Plantation.” Stowe, Palmetto-Leaves, 308–314.
68. Harriet Beecher Stowe, “Our Florida Plantation,” The Atlantic, May 1879, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1879/05/our-florida-plantation/538932/.
69. Navakas, Liquid Landscape, 137; Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe, 330; Foster and Foster, Calling Yankees, 116.
70. Stowe, Palmetto-Leaves, 272, 283, 317.
71. Shana Klein, “Those Golden Balls Down Yonder Tree: Oranges and the Politics of Reconstruction in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Florida,” Southern Cultures 23, no. 3 (2017): 30.
72. Yellin, Harriet Jacobs, 221, 161, 220; Jean Yellin, ed., The Harriet Jacobs Family Papers, vol. 2 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 746.
73. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe, 245.
CHAPTER THREE: SETTLER MOTHERS AND NATIVE ORPHANS
1. Zitkala-Ša, American Indian Stories (Washington, DC: Hayworth Publishing, 1922), 22, 8.
2. “Yankton Sioux Treaty Monument,” National Parks Service, April 10, 2015, www.nps.gov/mnrr/learn/historyculture/yankton-sioux-treaty-monument.htm.
3. Ša, American Indian Stories, 41–42.
4. Ibid., 66; Wolfgang Mieder, “‘The Only Good Indian Is a Dead Indian’: History and Meaning of a Proverbial Stereotype,” Journal of American Folklore 106, no. 419 (1993): 38; Richard Henry Pratt, “The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites,” in Americanizing the American Indians: Writings by the “Friends of the Indian,” 1880–1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), 261.
5. Statistics as of October 2020. Anna Flagg and Andrew R. Calderón, “500,000 Kids, 30 Million Hours: Trump’s Vast Expansion of Child Detention,” The Marshall Project, October 30, 2020, www.themarshallproject.org/2020/10/30/500-000-kids-30-million-hours-trump-s-vast-expansion-of-child-detention.
6. Joan T. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land: Alice Fletcher and the American Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 19–20; Association for the Advancement of Women, Souvenir Nineteenth Annual Congress of the Association for the Advancement of Women Invited and Entertained by the Ladies’ Literary Club (Washington, DC: Todd Brothers, 1877), 123.
7. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 19, 28.
8. Alice Fletcher, “Standing Bear,” Southern Workman 38 (1909): 78.
9. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 124, 197. Fletcher’s biographical entry in the Library of Congress notes that she worked extensively with the Omaha tribe, as well as the Pawnee, Sioux, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Chippewa, Oto, Osage, Nez Perce, Ponca, and Winnebago tribes; “Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923),” Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200196222/. Margaret D. Jacobs, White Mother to a Dark Race: Settler Colonialism, Maternalism, and the Removal of Indigenous Children in the American West and Australia, 1880–1940 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009).
10. Other scholars who have suggested this term include Jennifer Henderson and Maile Arvin. See Jennifer Henderson, Settler Feminism and Race Making in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003); Maile Arvin, “Indigenous Feminist Notes on Embodying Alliance Against Settler Colonialism,” Meridians 18, no. 2 (2019): 335–357.
11. The US government usually ascribed this victory to Red Cloud alone, due in part to a refusal to acknowledge the communal structure of Lakota culture and politics. See Catherine Price, The Oglala People, 1841–1879: A Political History (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996); “Invisible Nation: Mapping Sioux Treaty Boundaries,” Northlandia blog, February 18, 2017, https://northlandia.wordpress.com/2017/02/18/invisible-nation-mapping-sioux-treaty-boundaries/.
12. Little Bighorn is known as the Battle of Greasy Grass among the Lakota. O. C. Marsh, A Statement of Affairs at Red Cloud Agency, Made to the President of the United States (New Haven, CT: O. C. Marsh, 1875), 4–5.
13. Nick Estes, Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock Versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance (New York: Verso, 2019), 78, 110; Alice C. Fletcher, Life Among the Indians: First Fieldwork Among the Sioux and Omahas, ed. Joanna C. Scherer and Raymond J. DeMallie (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013), 207.
14. Alice Fletcher, “The Indian Woman and Her Problems,” Woman’s Journal 32, no. 44 (1900): 354. Fletcher’s article paraphrases Sitting Bull’s words.
15. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 61–62; Fletcher, “The Indian Woman and Her Problems,” 354.
16. Fletcher, “The Indian Woman and Her Problems,” 354. Fletcher’s transcription of this scene, published in 1900, was a considerable embellishment of her 1882 account “Among the Omahas.” See Alice Fletcher, “Among the Omahas,” Woman’s Journal 13, no. 6 (February 11, 1882): 46–47.
17. Joy Rohde, “‘From the Sense of Justice and Human Sympathy’: Alice Fletcher, Native Americans, and the Gendering of Victorian Anthropology,” History of Anthropology Newsletter 27, no. 1 (2000): 10.
18. Ibid.
19. Fletcher, Life Among the Indians, 122.
20. Peggy Pascoe, Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874–1939 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 58.
21. Fletcher, Life Among the Indians, 163–164. See also Russell Means, “Patriarchy: The Ultimate Conspiracy; Matriarchy: The Ultimate Solution: History—or His-Story,” Griffith Law Review 20, no. 3 (2011): 520–521; J. Owen Dorsey, “Omaha Sociology,” Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1884), 267; Robert A. Williams Jr., “Gendered Checks and Balances: Understanding the Legacy of White Patriarchy in an American Indian Cultural Context,” Georgia Law Review 24, no. 4 (1990): 1019–1044.
22. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 108.
23. Ibid., 117; Louise Michele Newman, White Women’s Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 119.
24. Newman, White Women’s Rights, 119.
25. Ša, American Indian Stories, 50.
26. Ibid., 52–54.
27. Ibid., 57, 54, 56.
28. Ibid., 66; Ruth Spack, “Dis/engagement: Zitkala-Ŝa’s Letters to Carlos Montezuma, 1901–1902,” MELUS 26, no. 1 (2001): 182; Tadeusz Lewandowski, Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016), 11.
29.
Ša, American Indian Stories, 60–61.
30. Richard Henry Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom: Four Decades with the American Indian, 1867–1904, ed. Robert M. Utley (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 312; Pratt, “Advantages of Mingling,” 263, 269.
31. Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom, 220, 223; “Address to a Weekly Meeting of Protestant Ministers in Baltimore, 1891,” Richard Henry Pratt Papers, Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
32. Amy E. Kaplan, “Manifest Domesticity,” American Literature 70, no. 3 (1998): 581–606; Margaret D. Jacobs, “The Great White Mother: Maternalism and American Indian Child Removal in the American West, 1880–1940,” in One Step over the Line: Toward a History of Women in the North American Wests, ed. Elizabeth Jameson and Sheila McManus (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2008), 197.
33. Ibid.
34. Paula Gunn Allen, “Who Is Your Mother? Red Roots of White Feminism,” Sinister Wisdom 25 (1984).
35. Luther Standing Bear, Land of Spotted Eagle (Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 2006), 232; Spack, “Dis/engagement,” 186.
36. Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom; George Hyde, A Sioux Chronicle (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956), 57.
37. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 79, 84–85; Jacobs, “A Great White Mother,” 197.
38. Alice Fletcher, “The Sun Dance of the Ogallala Sioux,” Proceedings for the American Association for the Advancement of Science 31 (1883): 580; Kyla Schuller, “The Fossil and the Photograph: Red Cloud, Prehistoric Media, and Dispossession in Perpetuity,” Configurations 24, no. 2 (2016): 259; Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 81.
39. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 80; Alice C. Fletcher and Francis La Flesche, The Omaha Tribe, vol. 2 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 455.
40. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 95; Adrienne Mayor, Fossil Legends of the First Americans (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 301.
41. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 85; Mark Rifkin, “Romancing Kinship: A Queer Reading of Indian Education and Zitkala-Ša’s American Indian Stories,” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 12, no. 1 (2006): 31.
42. Rifkin, “Romancing Kinship,” 69, 72–73.
43. Lewandowski, Red Bird, 21.
44. Zitkala-Ša, “Side by Side (March 1896),” in American Indian Stories, Legends, and Other Writings, ed. Cathy N. Davidson and Ada Norris (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 221–226.
45. Ša, American Indian Stories, 79.
46. Spack, “Dis/engagement,” 175; Ša, American Indian Stories, 83.
47. Ibid., 82–83.
48. Ibid., 85.
49. Ibid., 95, 99.
50. Ibid., 96; Zitkala-Ša, Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and the Sun Dance Opera, ed. P. Jane Hafen (Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 2005), 125.
51. Dexter Fisher, “Foreword,” in American Indian Stories, by Zitkala-Ša (Lincoln, NE: Bison Books, 1985); Cathy Davidson and Ada Norris, eds., “Introduction,” in American Indian Stories, Legends, and Other Writings, by Zitkala-Ša (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), xviii, xiii; Jacqueline Emery, ed., Recovering Native American Writings in the Boarding School Press (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017), 254; Lewandowski, Red Bird, 46.
52. Emery, Recovering Native American Writings, 258.
53. Ša, American Indian Stories, 96, 14.
54. Lakota scholar Nick Estes stresses her commitment to Native cultural renewal. See Estes, Our History Is the Future, 208; Lewandowski, Red Bird, 51.
55. Ša, American Indian Stories, 101–103.
56. Lewandowski, Red Bird, 56; Rifkin, “Romancing Kinship,” 35; Ruth Spack, “Translation Moves: Zitkala-Ša’s Bilingual Indian Legends,” Studies in American Indian Literatures 18, no. 4 (2006): 43.
57. Estes, Our History Is the Future, 71.
58. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 87–88.
59. Alice C. Fletcher, “Our Duty Toward Dependent Races,” in Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United States, Washington D.C., February 22, 1891, ed. Rachel Foster Avery (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1891), 84.
60. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 118.
61. Rifkin, “Romancing Kinship,” 28.
62. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 88–89.
63. Ibid., 93.
64. Fletcher and La Flesche, The Omaha Tribe, vol. 2, 326.
65. Pascoe, Relations of Rescue, 58; Alice C. Fletcher, “On Indian Education and Self Support,” Century Magazine 4 (1883): 314.
66. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 106.
67. Ibid., 106–107; Newman, White Women’s Rights, 126.
68. Newman, White Women’s Rights, 121.
69. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 117–120.
70. Ibid., 200.
71. Rifkin, “Romancing Kinship,” 28. On “female moral authority” see Pascoe, Relations of Rescue, xvi. On “Boston marriages” see Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 15, 18. Jasbir K. Puar, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), 2.
72. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 253, 207, 152.
73. Ibid., 294.
74. Ibid., 203–204, 206.
75. Fletcher, “Our Duty Toward Dependent Races,” 81.
76. Ibid., 81–82.
77. Frances E. W. Harper, “Duty to Dependent Races,” in Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United States, Assembled in Washington, D.C., February 22 to 25, 1891, ed. Rachel Foster Avery (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1891), 86.
78. Ibid., 88, 91.
79. Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land, 203–256, 137; “Changing the Face of Medicine: Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte,” National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health, June 3, 2015, https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_253.html; June Helm, ed., Pioneers of American Anthropology: The Uses of Biography (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 50; Margaret Mead, The Changing Culture of an Indian Tribe (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932).
80. “Land Tenure Issues,” Indian Land Tenure Foundation, https://iltf.org/land-issues/issues/.
81. Brenda Child, Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families 1900–1940 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 2–4.
82. Lewandowski, Red Bird, 60–61; Spack, “Dis/engagement,” 191, 181.
83. Lewandowski, Red Bird, 82–83; Allen, “Who Is Your Mother?”
84. Estes, Our History Is the Future, 211, 214; Zitkala-Ša, “Editorial Comment: July–September 1918,” in American Indian Stories, Legends, and Other Writings, ed. Cathy N. Davidson and Ada Norris (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 182–183; Lewandowski, Red Bird, 164.
85. Lewandowski, Red Bird, 176, 178–179, 182; Davidson and Norris, “Introduction,” xxviii.
86. Lewandowski, Red Bird, 181; Estes, Our History Is the Future, 221.
87. “Mrs. R. T. Bonnin, an Indian Leader,” New York Times, January 27, 1938, 21; Lewandowski, Red Bird, 187.
CHAPTER FOUR: BIRTHING A BETTER NATION
1. Madeline Gray, Margaret Sanger: A Biography of the Champion of Birth Control (New York: Richard Marek Publishers, 1979), 55.
2. Margaret Sanger, My Fight for Birth Control (London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1932), 53.
3. Ibid.
4. Margaret Sanger, An Autobiography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1938), 91.
5. Ibid., 92.
6. Ibid.; Sanger, My Fight for Birth Control, 57.
7. Sanger, An Autobiography, 86–87.
8. Margaret Sanger, “The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda,” Birth Control Review (October 1921): 5; Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (New York: W. W. Norton, 1920), 229; Angela Franks, Margaret Sanger’s Eugenic Legacy: The Control of Female Fertility (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005), 13.
9. Margaret S
anger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s, 1922), 25.
10. Sanger, “The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda,” 5.
11. Jacqueline Trescott, “Making a Practice of Persistence: Dorothy Ferebee, the Elegant Doctor with a Social Conscience,” Washington Post, May 5, 1978, B4.
12. “Dorothy Ferebee. Transcript,” in Black Women Oral History Project, 1976–1981, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Punctuation slightly modified for emphasis.
13. Diane Kiesel, She Can Bring Us Home: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Civil Rights Pioneer (Sterling, VA: Potomac Books, 2015), 18.
14. Ibid., 31; “Ferebee,” Black Women Oral History Project.
15. Vanessa Northington Gamble, “‘Outstanding Services to Negro Health’: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Dr. Virginia M. Alexander, and Black Women Physicians’ Public Health Activism,” American Journal of Public Health 106, no. 8 (2016): 1399.
16. For a concise history of the reproductive justice movement in the United States, see Loretta Ross and Rickie Sollinger, Reproductive Justice: An Introduction (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017), 9–57.
17. “New York Urbanized Area: Population and Density from 1800 (Provisional),” Demographia, http://demographia.com/db-nyuza1800.htm; Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York (New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1890), 62.
18. Franks, Margaret Sanger’s Eugenic Legacy, 13.
19. “The ‘Feeble-Minded’ and the ‘Fit’: What Sanger Meant When She Talked About Dysgenics,” Margaret Sanger Papers Project, December 13, 2016, https://sangerpapers.wordpress.com/2016/12/13/the-feeble-minded-and-the-fit-what-sanger-meant-when-she-talked-about-dysgenics/.
20. In Sanger’s time, it was known as Hotel Plaza. Jean M. Baker, Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion (New York: Hill and Wang, 2012), 183; Ellen Chesler, Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), 202, 200.
21. American Birth Control Conference, Birth Control: What It Is, How It Works, What It Will Do: The Proceedings of the First American Birth Control Conference (New York: Graphic Press, 1921), 16.
The Trouble with White Women Page 33
