by Amy Knight
12. Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, p. 12.
13. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-113, 119. Both memorandums were in response to telephone calls, presumably with Canadian authorities.
14. WMK Diary, February 1, 1946.
15. Transcripts of Pearson's broadcasts about the Gouzenko affair are available in Personal Papers of Drew Pearson, Box G-182, 1, Lyndon B. Johnson Library.
16. The commission was officially called the Royal Commission to Investigate the Disclosures of Secret and Confidential Information to Unauthorized Persons, but it was referred to as the Royal Commission on Espionage.
17. WMK Diary, Tuesday, February 5, 1946, p. 107. Also see his entry for Feb. 4: “this business has become known to too many people. The President's office, the Secretary of State's office, the F.B.I., etc.”
18. This was suggested in an internal FBI memorandum, citing a source (blacked out in the file) who claimed to have talked with Pearson about the leak. See FBI Gouzenko, 342972-125.
19. As quoted in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 159; on Truman and Byrnes also see McCullough, Truman, pp. 278-280.
20. Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Personal Papers of Drew Pearson: folder Hoover, J. Edgar; Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 216.
21. TNA, KV 2/1015, no. 984 from New York, January 10, 1946. Sir William Stephenson actually took partial credit for the leak in a statement made some forty years later, claiming that he had consulted with Hoover and a White House official and that the three had agreed that Pearson should be told about the Corby case. As others have pointed out, however, Stephenson's claim (if accurately quoted) is questionable, mainly because he and Hoover did not get along. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 60.
22. FBI Gouzenko, 342972-139, memorandum from D.M. Ladd to Hoover, dated February 13, 1946.
23. Lamphere, The FBI–KGB War, p. 41.
24. LAC, RG 25, vol. 2620, file N1, note from Canadian intelligence attaché Tommy Stone.
25. TNA, KV 2/1423, letter to Hollis from J.A. Cimperman, dated October 9, 1946.
26. TNA, KV 2/1015, telegram no. 122 sent through the bsc in New York. Although the telegram was unsigned, as most were, it seems to have been sent by Dwyer.
27. The Washington Post, February 16, 1946.
28. See www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/part1.htm; and FBI Silvermaster, 65-56403.
29. Craig, Treasonable Doubt, p. 246.
30. This telegram and the story behind it was unearthed in Canada's National Archives by Mark Kristmanson and described in his book Plateaus of Freedom, pp. 126-132, 264-266, citing LAC, RG 25, vol. 8561, file 50303-40, part 1.1. Kristmanson was not supposed to see these files because they are still top secret, but an archivist gave them to him by mistake.
31. Lamphere, The FBI–KGB War, p. 127.
32. Director to Tolson, Tamm, and Ladd, February 21, 1946, FBI, 65- 56402-497.
33. The Mackenzie King Records, p. 134.
34. See, for example, James Barros, “Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White: The Canadian Connection,” Orbis, vol. 21, no. 3, 1977. Barros had obviously not seen the archival material that shows that the Canadians were getting the reports on “Lady Corby” or the originals of King's diary.
35. WMK Diary, February 15, 1945.
36. Ibid. Pavlov recalls this meeting in his memoirs, Operatsiia “sneg,” pp. 84-85, but he places it wrongly in the summer of 1946, shortly before he was recalled back to Moscow.
37. WMK Diary, February 20, 1946.
38. As reported in the Ottawa Citizen, February 21, 1946.
39. Pravda, February 24, 1946; Tass statement as reported by the Canadian Chargés d’Affaires, Moscow, March 3, 1946, LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 390, no. 274734-274-735 (microfilm no. H1552).
40. WMK Diary, February 22, 1946.
41. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 58.
42. RC Report, p. 650.
43. One of the suspects, Fred Poland, had reportedly seen Vitalii Pavlov on several occasions after the defection, but Pavlov was from the NKVD and Poland was accused of spying for the GRU. Given that Pavlov socialized with many people in Ottawa, these meetings could have been innocent, especially since Pavlov was aware of the changed circumstances since Gouzenko departed and was on his guard.
44. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram 165, February 19, 1946.
45. www.rcespionage.com: “The Royal Commission on Espionage.”
46. Lunan, The Making of a Spy, p. 11.
47. Harvison, The Horsemen, p. 157.
48. Lunan, The Making of a Spy, pp. 21-29; 162-167; Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, p. 148.
49. Lunan, The Making of a Spy, pp. 140-148; author's interview with Lunan, Hawkesbury, Ontario, August 2, 2003.
50. Ibid.
51. Harvison, The Horsemen, p. 161.
52. TNA, KV 2/1421, top secret telegram no. 163, February 18, 1946.
53. TNA, KV 2/1421, top secret telegram no. 180, February 20, 1946; no. 186, February 21, 1946. These telegrams, all unsigned, were probably from Peter Dwyer.
54. RC Report, p. 671.
55. As quoted in Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, p. 149.
56. LAC, RG 25, box 2620, N-1, memorandum from Hume Wrong, dated February 17, 1946.
57. June Callwood, Emma: A True Story of Treason (New York: Beaufort Books, 1984), pp. 85-118.
58. RC Report, pp. 495-504.
59. Ibid., Callwood, Emma, pp. 85-118.
60. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 201 via New York, February 23, 1946.
61. LAC, MG 30, C421, Vol. 19/15, J. King Gordon Papers, Report of a Fact-finding Committee, Ottawa Civil Liberties Association, 1946.
62. Callwood, Emma, pp. 163-194.
Chapter 5: COLD WAR JUSTICE
1. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram 324, March 8, 1946.
2. TNA, KV 2/1426, telegram no. 140, February 14, 1946.
3. TNA, KV 2/1427.
4. LAC, RG 33/62, Transcripts of the hearings of the Royal Commission, February 14, 1946, pp. 146-147.
5. Ibid.
6. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram no. 181, February 18, 1946.
7. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram no. 161 of February 18, 1946; telegram 178 of February 20, 1946.
8. RC Report, pp. 651-655.
9. LAC, RG 25, series A-12, vol. 2081, file, AR 13/13, pt. 1. Letter from Robertson to Pearson, October 29, 1946.
10. Granatstein, A Man of Influence, p. 174-175.
11. LAC, RG 33/62, Transcripts of the hearings of the Royal Commission, February 26, 1946.
12. RC Report, p. 254.
13. RC Report, pp. 227-260.
14. RC Report, p. 217, glossed over this stage of “Ernst's” employment, claiming that no proper translation could be made because the paper had been torn. But in his testimony before the commission (which was kept secret), Gouzenko made it clear that the words were all there and that this translation was accurate. See transcript of Royal Commission testimonies, Gouzenko, p. 143.
15. LAC, MG 30, J.L. Cohen papers, file 3155, “The King vs. Eric George Adams,” pp. 20-29.
16. M.H. Fyfe, “Some Aspects of the Report of the Royal Commission on Espionage,” The Canadian Bar Review, vol. xxiv, 1946, p. 778.
17. Report of a Fact-Finding Committee, 1946, LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 329, file 3495.
18. Lunan, The Making of a Spy, p. 176.
19. Harvison, The Horseman, p. 162; Lunan, The Making of a Spy, p. 182. Harvison does not come right out and say that he was advising the commission, but he acknowledges that he was in contact with them and even lunched with the commission's counsel Williams.
20. Letter dated February 28, 1946, nara, 861.20242/2-2846 citing the Ottawa Journal.
21. WMK Diary, February 27, 1946; Globe and Mail, February 27, 1946.
22. Ibid.
23. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 2, 1946.
24. RC Report, pp. 693-696.
25. LAC, MG 26, N1, vol. 13.
26. Ibid.
28. WMK Diary, March 3, 1946.
29. WMK Diary, March 5, 1946.
30. Ibid.
31. Jenkins, Churchill, pp. 812-813.
32. TNA, KV 2/1421, dated February 19, 1946.
33. LAC, RG 25, vol. 2620, file N-1.
34. TNA, KV 2/1426, report dated February 25, 1946.
35. TNA, KV 2/1422, memorandum dated March 1, 1946.
36. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 260, March 2, 1946.
37. TNA, KV 2/1411, telegram no. 502, March 3, 1946.
38. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram 280, March 2, 1946.
39. The New York Times March 5, 1946; Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, p. 153.
40. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 321, March 8, 1946.
41. As cited in Dominique Clement, “The Royal Commission on Espionage, 1946–8: A Case Study in the Mobilization of the Post-wwii Civil Liberties Movement in Canada,” p. 8, January 1, 2003, at www.circ.jmellon.com/history/gouzenko.
42. The Toronto Daily Star, March 8, 1946.
43. On CASCW and the RCMP, see Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 84-91.
44. RC Report, p. 406.
45. RC Report, pp. 377-409 (quotations, p. 378, 406); TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 196, February 22, 1946; no. 324, March 8, 1946.
46. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegrams 229 of February 27 and 240 of February 28, 1946; RC Report, pp. 319-353.
47. Toronto Daily Star, March 16, 1946.
48. Callwood, Emma, p. 168.
49. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram no. 164, Feb. 18, 1946; KV 2/1422, telegram 306, March 5, 1946; RC Report, p. 701.
50. RC Report, p. 292.
51. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram 242, February 28, 1946.
52. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 335, March 9, 1946.
53. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 338, March 11, 1946; RC Report, p. 702.
54. LAC, John Diefenbaker Papers, 1940–1956 Series, vol. 82. Letter from Shugar to Diefenbaker, dated July 21, 1946.
55. Callwood, Emma, p. 212.
56. Telephone interview with Dr. Shugar, May 2005, and e-mail correspondence.
57. TNA, KV 2/1422, draft of telegram no. 555, March 13, 1946. The telegram was drafted by the director of public prosecutions and sent to Philby for his perusal.
58. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram no. 444, March 28, 1946, for Hollis from Cussen.
59. nara, Record Group 59, 861.20241/52241.
60. Ibid.
61. LAC, RG 25, box 2620, N-1 (temporary).
62. LAC, RG 24, file 6265-94/6265-25, reel C 11672.
63. The Guardian (London), January 27, 2003.
Chapter 6: ANTI-COMMUNIST AGENDAS
1. Toronto Daily Star, March 15, 1946.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. LAC, AH 2003/00019 (CSIS Fred Rose files), parts 9 and 10.
5. LAC, RG 25, A-12, vol. 2081, File AR/13/13, pt. 1. Reports from the press analysis section, the Canadian Embassy.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid; Gregg Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence and Edward Teller (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 159.
8. Jessica Wang, American Science in an Age of Anxiety: Scientists, Anti-communism and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 21.
9. Wang, American Science, p. 44.
10. LAC, RG 25, A-12, vol. 2081, File AR 13/13, pt. 1. Reports from press analysis section, the Canadian Embassy, special report no. 29, supplement no. 15.
11. Clement, “The Royal Commission on Espionage,” p. 9.
12. TNA, KV 2/1015, RCMP report dated December 27, 1928.
13. TNA, KV 2/1015, Letter to the RCMP dated August 1, 1930, from the ship's interpreter.
14. Venona Decrypt, telegram no. 1328, New York to Moscow, August 12, 1943.
15. Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, p. 209.
16. FBI Silvermaster, 65-56402-8, office memorandum on informant “Gregory.”
17. Ibid. Bentley embellished her story about Rose and the Canadians over the years. In 1951, she told HUAC that in 1939 she was already acting as a “post office box for Canadians, such as Fred Rose.” HUAC Hearings. House of Representatives. Eighty-Second Congress, First Session, October 11, 1951.
18. FBI Silvermaster, 65-564402-8.
19. www.agentura.ru/dosie/gru/imperia/atomspy, p. 12; Vladimir Lot, “Kliuch ot Ada,” Sovershenno sekretno, August 1999.
20. Lamphere, FBI–KGB War, p. 22.
21. The New York Journal, December 3–5, 1945.
22. TNA, KV 2/1425, telegram dated December 4, 1945.
23. TNA, KV 2/1015, telegram dated March 21, 1946.
24. Ibid.
25. As cited in Lunan, Making of a Spy, p. 191.
26. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, pp. 92-93.
27. As quoted in Lunan, Making of a Spy, 192.
28. Callwood, Emma, p. 202.
29. LAC, MG 30, series A94, vol. 45, Rose preliminary hearing.
30. Ibid.
31. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 22, 1946.
32. Sawatsky, Gouzenko, p. 95 citing Merrily Weisbord.
33. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 22, 1946.
34. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-30, memorandum dated March 25, 1946.
35. LAC, RG 25, a-12, vol. 2081, file AR/3/13, pt. 1. Report from the press analysis section, the Canadian Embassy, March 26–28, 1946.
36. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram to MI6 dated March 22, 1946.
37. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-354; 100-342972-355; memorandums dated March 28, 1946.
38. Report from press analysis section, March 26-28.
39. FBI Gouzenko, 100-342972-30, memorandum from Ladd to Hoover, March 29, 1946.
40. Ibid., memorandum from Ladd to Hoover, April 1, 1946.
41. Copy of a letter from Wood to the U.S. Secretary of State, June 12, 1946, nara, HUAC files, folder on Gouzenko.
42. Winnipeg Tribune, March 19, 1946.
43. WMK Diary, March 18, 1946.
44. King's speech to House of Commons, March 18, 1946. Hansard, March 1946, p. 56.
45. WMK Diary, March 19, 1946.
46. WMK Diary, March 23, 1946.
47. AVP RF (Foreign Affairs Archives of the Russian Federation), Fond 012, Opis 7, delo no. 286. As cited in Aggeeva, “Kanada i nachalo kholodnoi voiny,” p. 32.
48. LAC, MG26, J4, vol. 390, micr. no. 1552, C272270; C274500.
49. Venona decrypt, telegram no. 76, Moscow to Canberra (and elsewhere), April 7, 1946. The telegram was signed “Petrov,” which the Americans assumed was Beria, but Beria had relinquished his post as head of the NKVD three months earlier.
50. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegrams dated February 2 and 4, 1946; KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 25, 1946; KV 2/1423, telegram dated March 29, 1946.
51. Venona decrypt, telegram no. 76.
52. See Amy Knight, Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 132-140; 176-229.
53. WMK Diary, March 21, 1946.
54. As cited in Callwood, Emma, p. 174.
55. As cited in Paul Dufour, “‘Eggheads’ and Espionage: The Gouzenko Affair in Canada,” Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 16, nos. 3-4, Fall- Winter, 1981, p. 193.
56. TNA, KV 2/1421, telegram no. 163, 164, February 18, 1946; telegram 178 of February 20, 1946.
57. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 1, file 7, interview with Wes Harvison, December 27, 1983.
58. As cited in Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 70-71.
59. CSIS Gouzenko, 004589-004609; RC Report, pp. 153-160.
60. TNA, KV 2/1422, telegram dated March 1, 1946.
61. Callwood, Emma, p. 206.
62. RC Report, pp. 138-140.
63. RC Report, p. 143; CSIS Gouzenko, 000496 (from Gouzenko documents given as evidence).
64. Lunan, Making of a Spy, p. 145.
65. “The Princeton Mathematics Community in the 1930s,” Transcript no. 18 (PMC 18),
The Trustees of Princeton University, 1985.
66. LAC RG 33/62, transcripts of the Royal Commission Hearings, March 22, 27, and 28, 1946; TNA, KV 2/1423, telegram dated March 29, 1946.
67. Dufour “‘Eggheads’ and Espionage,” pp. 190–191. Given the assumption of guilt by association that became widespread after the spy scare began, it is not surprising that the accusations against Halperin tainted others. The FBI cast a net of suspicion over those who had signed the petition in support of Halperin, requesting, in 1950, a copy for the use of the American Loyalty Review Board, which investigated federal employees. After getting permission from the Liberal government, the RCMP duly complied, with the admonition that the document be used with discretion. See Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 104-105.
68. RC Report, addendum dated June 18, 1947.
69. Wang, American Science, pp. 96-98.
70. Whitaker and Marcuse, Cold War Canada, pp. 103-106; www.nyas.org/about/newsDetails.asp?newsID=122&year=1999.
71. Clement, “The Royal Commission on Espionage,” pp. 14-15.
Chapter 7: THE RIGHT WING UNLEASHED
1. TNA, KV 2/1423, report on the trial by a witness from Britain's Special Branch.
2. Harvison, The Horsemen, pp. 164-165. Harvison was in the courtroom. The transcript of the Rose trial is unavailable.
3. LAC, AH 2003/00019 (CSIS Fred Rose files), vol. 4161, box 25, letter dated July 9, 1946.
4. Weisbord, The Strangest Dream, pp. 164-169.
5. Lunan, Making of a Spy, p. 191.
6. LAC, MG 30, series A94, vol. 45, file 3156.
7. Sawatsky Papers, 84-38, box 2, interview with Vera Rosenbluth, April 17, 1984.
8. Judith A. Alexander, “Agatha Chapman (1907–1963),” www.yorku.ca/cwen/chapman.htm.
9. Sidney Shallet, “How the Russians Spied on Their Allies,” The Saturday Evening Post, January 23, 1947.
10. TNA, KV 2/1423, unsigned memorandum, “Appendix I.”
11. WMK Diary, July 12, 1946; LAC, MG 26, J4, vol. 390, Microfilm H- 1552, C 274505.
12. Ibid.
13. Pavlov, Operatsiia “sneg,” pp. 84-85. Pavlov says he attended the July 1946 meeting with King, but he apparently confused this meeting with the one he and Belokhvostikov had with King in February 1946.
