by Miles Taylor
37. Andrew N. Porter, ‘Religion, Missionary Enthusiasm, and Empire’ in idem. (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 3: The Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 222–46; idem., Religion Versus Empire?: British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004); P. Van der Veer, ‘The Moral State: Religion, Nation, and Empire in Victorian Britain and British India’ in Van der Veer (ed.), Religion and Nationalism in Europe and Asia (1999), 15–43; R. E. Frykenberg, ‘Christian Missions and the Raj’ in Norman Etherington (ed.), Missions and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 107–31; Jeffrey Cox, The British Missionary Enterprise since 1700 (London: Routledge, 2008), esp. ch. 4; Penelope Carson, The East India Company and Religion, 1698–1858 (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2012); Ian Copland, ‘Christianity as an Arm of Empire: The Ambiguous Case of India under the Company, c. 1813–1858’, Historical Journal 49 (2006), 1025–54.
38. R. Hartley Kennedy, ‘The Suttee: The Narrative of an Eye-witness’, Bentley’s Miscellany 13 (January 1843), 256. On sati and its suppression, see: Lata Mani, Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Andrea Major, Sovereignty and Social Reform in India: British Colonialism and the Campaign against Sati, 1830–60 (London: Routledge, 2011).
39. Kenneth Ingham, ‘The English Evangelicals and the Pilgrim Tax in India, 1800–62’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 3 (1952), 191–200; Nancy Cassels, Religion and the Pilgrim Tax under the Raj (New Delhi: Manohar, 1988).
40. Leeds Mercury, 7 July 1838, 6; Lant Carpenter, A Discourse on Christian ‘Patriotism’: Delivered to the Society of Protestant Dissenters in Hanover Square, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on the Sunday after the Coronation of Her Majesty (London: Longman, 1838), 26.
41. The Times, 28 April 1841, 6. For Blomfield’s role, see: A Letter to His Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, upon the Formation of a Fund for Endowing Additional Bishoprics in the Colonies (London: B. Fellowes, 1840) and A Memoir of C. J. Blomfield, Bishop of London, with Selections from his Correspondence, ed. A. Blomfield, 2 vols (London, 1863), i, 288–9. For the background, see: Rowan Strong, Anglicanism and the British Empire 1700–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), ch. 4; idem., ‘The Resurgence of Colonial Anglicanism: The Colonial Bishoprics Fund, 1840–1’, Studies in Church History 44 (2008), 196–213; Hilary M. Carey, God’s Empire: Religion and Colonialism in the British World, c. 1801–1908 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), ch. 3; Joseph Hardwick, An Anglican British World: The Church of England and the Expansion of the Settler Empire, c. 1790–1860 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014), ch. 3.
42. The Times, 18 June 1841, 13. For Blomfield’s encouragement, see: Blomfield to Wilson, 14 October 1844, Letter-books Diocesan, Blomfield papers, Lambeth Palace Library, vol. 41, fols 222–5; A Memoir of C. J. Blomfield, ii, 87–8.
43. ‘Memorandum of the Bishop of Calcutta on the Subject of a Bishop’s See at Agra’, 25 October 1845, BL, Add. Ms. 40,874, fols 96–104; Entries for 22 January, 24 January, 11 February, 23 May, 23 July, 27 August, Wilson diaries, Ms. Eng. Misc. e. 9, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, reprinted in The Journal of Bishop Daniel Wilson of Calcutta, 1845–1857, ed. Andrew Atherstone (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2015); Wilson to Hobhouse, 30 October 1847, IOR Mss Eur. F213/22. Joseph Bateman, The Life of the Right Rev. Daniel Wilson, D.D., Late Lord Bishop of Calcutta . . . with Extracts from his Journals and Correspondence, 2 vols (London: John Murray, 1860), ii, ch. 18; Bengal ecclesiastical despatches, 1852–3, 10 November 1851, IOR E/4/817, p. 1168; ibid., 1853–4, 29 March 1854, E/4/824, p. 1143.
44. For example, Sarah Tucker’s South Indian Missionary Sketches: Containing a Short Account of some of the Missionary Stations, Connected with the Church Missionary Society in Southern India, in Letters to a Young Friend, 2 vols (London: James Nisbet, 1843), was in Queen Victoria’s library, whilst the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel’s The Colonial Church Atlas, Arranged in Dioceses: With Geographical and Statistical Tables (London: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1842) was in the library of Prince Albert.
45. QVJl., 24 September 1839.
46. Ibid., 18 March 1839.
47. Bengal despatches, 29 April 1840, IOR/F/4/1932/83331.
48. ‘Address from meeting of inhabitants of Bombay held at the Town Hall on 21st April 1840’, Bombay despatches, IOR/F/4/1902/81001; ‘Address to Queen Victoria on Occasion of Marriage’, Madras despatches, IOR/E/4/956, Bombay Times, 26 February 1842, 134.
49. There is a copy of the Bombay government’s acknowledgment of the address on the marriage, dated 28 December 1840, in Jejeebhoy letterbooks, vol. 355, University of Mumbai Library.
50. ‘Letter from the Naib-i-Mukhtar of the Carnatic to Her Majesty Queen Victoria and the Court of Directors on the Occasion of the Birth of the Heir Apparent’, 31 March 1842, Madras despatches, IOR/F/4/1997/88626; Alex Speirs [Gwalior] to T. H. Maddock, 9 February 1842, Foreign Dept Proceedings, 11 September 1837, F. C. 40, NAI.
51. Bombay Times, 12 September 1840, 589, ibid., 13 July 1842, 452.
52. Hermione Hobhouse, Prince Albert: His Life and Work (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983), and Stanley Weintraub, Albert: Uncrowned King (London: John Murray, 1997), remain the standard accounts.
53. The Principal Speeches and Addresses of . . . the Prince Consort. With an Introduction, Giving some Outlines of his Character, ed. Sir Arthur Helps (London: John Murray, 1862), 81–2.
54. The Times, 15 April 1841, 6; John Scoble, Slavery and the Slave Trade in British India: With Notices of the Existence of these Evils in the Islands of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang, Drawn from Official Documents (London: Thomas Ward, 1841); The Export of Coolies from India to Mauritius (London: British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1842).
55. Peel to Prince Albert, 15 February 1842, in Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., i, 382.
56. Principal Speeches . . . of the Prince Consort, 134; The Times, 18 June 1851, 8; Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts . . . Jubilee Commemoration (London: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 1851).
57. David J. Howlett, ‘Ramsay, James Andrew Broun, First Marquess of Dalhousie (1812–1860)’, ODNB; Thomas R. Metcalf, ‘Canning, Charles John, Earl Canning (1812–1862)’, ibid.
58. E. C. B. Lindsay, ‘The Arrival of Queen Victoria in Scotland, 1842: Extracts from the Diary of Lord Dalhousie’, Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian & Field Naturalists’ Society 12 (1970), 32–45; idem., ‘Queen Victoria in Scotland, 1842: Extracts from the Diary of Lord Dalhousie, pt. 2, ibid. 13 (1972), 61–76; Alex Tyrrell, ‘The Queen’s “little trip”: The Royal Visit to Scotland in 1842’, Scottish Historical Review 82 (2003), 47–73.
59. QVJl., 18 March 1842, 16 June 1842. Tagore followed the royal party to Scotland in April: The Times, 30 April 1842, 5.
60. The Times, 1 March 1842, 5; ILN, 1 November 1842, 440.
61. See Miles Taylor, Wellington’s World: The Duke of Wellington and the Making of the British Empire, Fifteenth Wellington Lecture, University of Southampton, 2003, 19–20; Edward Ingram, ‘The Role of the Duke of Wellington in the Great Game in Asia 1826–1842’, Indica 25 (1988), 131–42.
62. Hew Strachan, Wellington’s Legacy: The Reform of the British Army, 1830–1854 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), 35–6.
63. David Steele, ‘Law, Edward, First Earl of Ellenborough (1790–1871)’, ODNB; A. H. Imlah, Lord Ellenborough: A Biography of Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough, Governor-General of India (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939).
64. His first letter from India was dated 18 March 1842: Lord Colchester (ed.), History of the Indian Administration of Lord Ellenborough, etc. (London: Richard Bentley, 1874), 16–25. On being told that the queen corresponded with Ellenborough, Hobhouse confided his objections to this ‘irregularity’: ‘[h]e is not Viceroy, he represents the
Company, not the Queen!!’: entry for 24 May 1844, Broughton, Recollections, vi, 107.
65. Ellenborough to Queen Victoria, 18 January 1843, in History of the Indian Administration of Lord Ellenborough, 64–5.
2 Warrior Queen
1. The ship’s log books are at: IOR/L/MAR/B/810B.
2. For an overview, see: Gerald S. Graham, Great Britain in the Indian Ocean: A Study of Maritime Enterprise, 1810–1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967) and idem., The China Station: War and Diplomacy, 1830–1860 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), chs 4–8; Kaushik Roy, The Oxford Companion to Modern Warfare in India: From the Eighteenth Century to Present Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 262–4.
3. ‘Copies of Treaties, Conventions, and Arrangements with the Native States of India Made since the 1st day of May 1834’, Parl. Papers (1856), Cd. 341; Walter Arnstein, ‘The Warrior Queen: Reflections on Queen Victoria and her World’, Albion 30 (1998), 1–28; Paul McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta: New Zealand Law and the Treaty of Waitangi (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1991), ch. 2; John M. Willis, ‘Making Yemen Indian: Rewriting the Boundaries of Imperial Arabia’, International Journal of Middle-East Studies 41 (2009), 23–38; Paul J. Rich, Creating the Arabian Gulf: The British Raj and the Invasions of the Gulf (Plymouth: Lexington, 2009), ch. 2; R. Derek Wood, ‘The Treaty of Nanking: Form and the Foreign Office, 1842–3’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24 (1996), 181–96.
4. Peel to Lord Fitzgerald, 20 November [1841], BL, Add. Ms. 40,462.
5. QVJl., 29 October 1841; Ellenborough to Queen Victoria, 21 April 1842, in Lord Colchester (ed.), History of the Indian Administration of Lord Ellenborough, etc. (London: Richard Bentley, 1874), 28–30.
6. On the final stages of the first Afghan war, see: Edward Ingram, ‘India and the North-west Frontier: The First Afghan War’ in A. Hamish Ion and Elizabeth Errington (eds), Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power (Westport: Praeger, 1993), 31–52; Ben Hopkins, The Making of Modern Afghanistan (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2008), ch. 3; Frank H. Wallis, A History of the British Conquest of Afghanistan and Western India, 1838–1849 (Lampeter: Edwin Mellen, 2009), ch. 10; William Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), ch. 10.
7. QVJl., 15 April 1842. For the role of Indian forces in the first China war, see: Robert Johnson, ‘The East India Company, the Indian Army and the China Wars, 1839–1860’, in Peter Lorge and Kaushik Roy (eds), Chinese and Indian Warfare, from the Classical Age to 1870 (London: Routledge, 2015), 347–67.
8. Asiya Siddiqi, ‘The Business World of Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy’, Indian Economic and Social History Review 19 (1982), 301–24; John F. Richards, ‘The Opium Industry in British India’, Indian Economic and Social History Review 39 (2002), 149–81; Amar Farooqui, ‘Opium and the Trading World of Western India in the Early 19th Century’ in James Mills and Patricia Barton (eds), Drugs and Empire (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007), 83–100. For the involvement of the Tagores, see: Blair B. Kling, Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), ch. 3.
9. Queen Victoria to Leopold, 13 April 1841, Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., i, 329; QVJl., 24 November 1842.
10. Steele, ‘Law, Edward, First Earl of Ellenborough (1790–1871)’, ODNB; A. H. Imlah, Lord Ellenborough: A Biography of Edward Law, Earl of Ellenborough, Governor-General of India (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939), 99–122.
11. Imlah, Lord Ellenborough, 108–11; Foreign Dept Proceedings (11 November 1842), S. C. 5–12, NAI.
12. Imlah, Lord Ellenborough, 115–19.
13. Ellenborough to Queen Victoria, 10 June 1844, in History of the Indian Administration of Lord Ellenborough, 131–2; Imlah, Lord Ellenborough, 123–47; Robert A. Huttenback, British Relations with Sind: 1799–1843: An Anatomy of Imperialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), ch. 5.
14. Bombay Times, 7 December 1842, 788; Romila Thapar, Somantaha: The Many Voices of a History (London: Verso, 2005), 166–76.
15. Political Sketches by H. B., 10 vols (London: Thomas McLean, 1829–51), viii, 754: ‘The Modern Sampson Carrying off the Gates of Somnauth’ (1843); ibid., 760: ‘Alarming Situation! in India from an Old Tame Elephant Running Wild!!!’ (February 1843); ix, 805: ‘A Lesson in Elephant Riding! Studied from Nature in the Zoological Gardens’ (14 May 1844); ibid., 824: ‘A Wild Elephant Trumpeting. Or A Scene from Paradise Lost!’ (28 December 1844); cf. ‘The “Christian” Bayadere Worshipping the Idol “Siva”’, Punch iv (1843), 97.
16. Anon., India and Lord Ellenborough (London: W. H. Dalton, 1844), 83; A Bengal civilian, Lord Ellenborough and Lord Auckland (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1845); Anon. ‘Lord Ellenborough’s Indian Policy’, Foreign Quarterly Review 34 (January 1845), 479–514; Anon., ‘Lord Ellenborough’s Government of India’, British and Foreign Review 17 (July 1844), 646–67; The Times, 6 May 1844, 4.
17. HC Debs, 66 (9 February 1843), 358–64 (Inglis); ibid. (9 March 1843), 364–73 (Peel); Peel reported his misgivings about Ellenborough to the queen on several occasions: QVJl., 28 January 1843, 22 February 1843, 17 March 1843; as did Aberdeen: ibid., 8 December 1842.
18. HC Debs, 72 (8 February 1844), 342–458; Sarah Ansari, ‘The Sind Blue Books of 1843 and 1844: The Political “Laundering” of Historical Evidence’, English Historical Review 120 (2005), 35–65.
19. Stanley to Queen Victoria, 23 November 1842, Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., i, 552–3; Fitzgerald to Queen Victoria, 1 March 1842, ibid., i, 382–3. Lady Florentia Sale’s Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan, 1841–2 was published in 1843.
20. QVJl., 8 December 1842; ibid., 22 August 1843; Queen Victoria to Peel, 23 April 1844, in Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., ii, 10.
21. QVJl., 15 March 1843, 30 October 1844.
22. Ibid., 14 April 1844, 2 May 1844.
23. Ripon to Ellenborough, 5 July 1843, BL, Add. Ms. 40, 865, fols 113–14.
24. Ellenborough to Queen Victoria, 27 January 1843, History of the Indian Administration of Lord Ellenborough, 65–6. For the history of the regiment, see: Richard Brett-Smith, The 11th Hussars (Prince Albert’s own) (London: Leo Cooper, 1969).
25. ‘Memorandum’ (9 December 1842), Wellington papers, Hartley Library, University of Southampton, Wellington papers, WP2/95/41–5; Queen Victoria to Peel, 29 November 1842, Letters of Queen Victoria, 1st ser., ii, 10.
26. The Waterloo Medal Roll (Dallington: Naval & Military Press, 1992).
27. J. W. Adams, ‘The Peace Medals of George III’ in A. M. Stahl (ed.), The Medal in America, 2 vols, (New York: American Numismatic Society, 1999), ii, 1–15.
28. ‘Lists of the Medals and Clasps Issued by the Indian Government (1778–1876)’, TNA, MINT 16/71. For Wyon, see the family entry: Philip Attwood, ‘Wyon Family (per. c. 1760–1962)’, ODNB. For images of and further details about the medals referred to in this section, see: John Horsley Mayo, Medals and Decorations of the British Army and Navy, 2 vols (London: Constable, 1897); Andrew Whittlestone and Michael Ewing, Royal Commemorative Medals, 1837–1977, 7 vols (Llanfllin: Galata Print, 2008), i.
29. For the correspondence giving her approval, see: Ripon to Queen Victoria, 29 May 1843, BL, Add. Ms., 40, 864, fols 311–12; Queen Victoria to Ripon, 30 May 1843, ibid., fols 313–14.
30. Bombay Times, 7 October 1843, 645.
31. Prince Albert to Lord Stanley, 28 February 1844, Derby papers, Liverpool Record Office, 920 DER (14) 101/7. A proof copy of the rejected medal to which Prince Albert refers can be seen in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: Lester Watson Collection, item no. 53.
32. Hobhouse to Queen Victoria, 20 May 1848, IOR Mss Eur., F.213/19; Hobhouse to Wyon, 4 July 1850, ibid.
33. Hobhouse to Earl Grey, 28 October 1848, IOR Mss Eur. F.213/19.
34. Bengal Military Despatches, 5 March 1851, IOR/E/4/808; Charles Winter, ‘The Army of India Medal’, British Numismatics Journal 18 (1925), 165–7
2.
35. ‘Earl Grey’s Letter. Medals’, (n.d., c. 1849), IOR Mss Eur. F213/107.
36. Queen Victoria to Henry Hardinge, 8 April 1845, Hardinge papers, McGill University Library, C5/17, fols 30–1; Hardinge to Emily Hardinge, 23 June 1846, in The Letters of the First Viscount Hardinge of Lahore to Lady Hardinge and Sir Walter and Lady James, 1844–1847, ed. Bawa Satinder Singh, Camden 4th ser., 42 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1986), 177; Charles Hardinge to Walter James, 2 January 1847, in My Indian Peregrinations: The Private Letters of Charles Stewart Hardinge, 1844–1847, ed. Bawa Satinder Singh (Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 2001), 130. The original sketches are now in the Royal Collections: RCIN 1070417.
37. The sequence commenced with Dalhousie to Queen Victoria, 3 July 1848, BL Add. Ms., 36, 476, fols 140–9. Hobhouse objected to the separate correspondence about Gough: Hobhouse to Queen Victoria, 15 March 1849, IOR Mss Eur. F213/13.
38. Queen Victoria to Hardinge, 6 April 1846, Hardinge papers, McGill University Library, C5/17; Queen Victoria to Hobhouse, 26 May 1849, RA VIC/MAIN/N/14/54.
39. Hardinge to Queen Victoria, 28 July 1847, BL, Add. Ms. 36, 475, fols 343–50; QVJl., 24 October 1848, 18 August. 1854. For the first Sikh war, see: J. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab (rev. edn, Cambridge, 1998), 123–4; Amarpal Sidu, The First Anglo-Sikh War (Stroud: Amberley, 2010).
40. Dalhousie to Queen Victoria, 7 April 1849 [copy], BL, Add. Ms., 36, 475, fols 505–7. For the second Sikh war, see: Andrew J. Major, Return to Empire: Punjab under the Sikhs and the British in the Mid-nineteenth Century (New Delhi: Sterling, 1996); Grewal, Sikhs of the Punjab, 126–7.
41. Hardinge told the queen that Jung Bahadur had personally committed the murders: Hardinge to Queen Victoria, 20 April 1847, IOR Mss Eur. F213/21; Hardinge to Queen Victoria, 1 June 1849, BL, Add. Ms., 36, 475, fols 244–5; Dalhousie to Hobhouse, 7 November. 1849, ibid., Add. Ms. 36, 477, fols 103–6.
42. Lord Elphinstone, who had met Jung Bahadur in Kathmandu, and given him a ring, vouched for him: Hobhouse to Carpenter, 28 June 1850, IOR Mss Eur. F213/19; Hobhouse to Queen Victoria, 17 June 1850, ibid., F213/13; Hobhouse to Queen Victoria, 11 July 1850, ibid., F213/13. See also: ILN, 8 June 1850, 401–2; Orfeur Cavenagh, Reminiscences of an Indian Official (London: W. H. Allen, 1884), ch. 4; John Whelpton, Jang Bahadur in Europe: The First Nepalese Mission to the West (Kathmandu: Sahayogi Press, 1983), 188–92.
