by Miles Taylor
33. G. T. Haly, Appeal for the Sufferers by the Present Famine in Orissa (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1866), 2; Arthur Cotton, The Famine in India . . . Lecture Read at the Social Science Congress at Manchester, October 12, 1866 (London: Trübner & Co., 1866), 38.
34. James Murphy, ‘Fashioning the Famine Queen’ in Peter Gray (ed.), Victoria’s Ireland?: Irishness and Britishness, 1837–1901 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2004), 15–26; Christine Kinealy, ‘Famine Queen or Faery?: Queen Victoria and Ireland’ in Roger Swift and Christine Kinealy (eds), Politics and Power in Victorian Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006), 21–53; R. Arthur Arnold, History of the Cotton Famine (London: Saunders, Otley & Co., 1864), 196.
35. Pol. Despatches (Madras), 3 (25 February 1863), IOR.
36. Charles Grey to Queen Victoria, [21 March 1868], RA VIC/MAIN/N/27/85, Charles Grey to Stafford Northcote, 21 March 1868, RA VIC/MAIN/N/27/87; Stafford Northcote to Charles Grey, 23 March 1868, RA VIC/MAIN/N/27/88.
37. B. M. Bhatia, Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic history of India with Special Reference to Food Problem 1860–1990 (Delhi: Konark, 1991), ch. 3; Edward C. Moulton, Lord Northbrook’s Indian Administration, 1872–1876 (London: Asia Publishing House, 1968), ch. 4; Richard Temple, Men and Events of my Time in India (London: John Murray, 1882), ch. 17.
38. For the queen’s speech, see: The Times, 20 March 1874, 5. For details of the two funds, see: G. Colvin to Henry Ponsonby, 20 January 1874 (telegram), RA VIC/MAIN/N/29/45; Lord Northbrook to Queen Victoria, 30 January 1874, RA VIC/MAIN/N/29/49; Lord Northbrook to Queen Victoria, RA VIC/MAIN/N/29/54; ToI, 9 February 1874, 3; ILN, 21 February 1874, 167; ibid., 27 June 1874, 598–9; ‘Minute by . . . Sir Richard Temple’ (31 October 1874), IOR Mss Eur. F86/127, p. 80. For Hamilton’s end-of-session flourish, see: HC Debs, 221 (3 August 1874), 1190.
39. ‘Deputation of the British India Association to His Excellency the Viceroy and His Honour the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal’ (29 December 1874), British India Association of Calcutta papers, NMML, Delhi, 2. For the Maharaja of Burdwan, see: DIB, 60–1, and Mary Ann Steegles, Statues of the Raj (London: BACSA, 200), 180. For the song of praise, see: Lord Northbrook to Queen Victoria, 1 January 1875, RA VIC/MAIN/N/30/1; Lord Northbrook to Queen Victoria, 5 February 1875, RA VIC/MAIN/N/30/21.
40. For the queen’s speech, see: The Times, 9 February 1877, 6; Bhatia, Famines in India, ch. 3.
41. William Digby, The Famine Campaign in Southern India (Madras and Bombay Presidencies and Province of Mysore) 1876–1878 (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1878); Arthur Cotton, The Madras Famine (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1876); Florence Nightingale, ‘The People of India’, Nineteenth Century, 4 (August 1878), 193–221; Graphic, 6 October 1877, 329; Hyndman, The Indian Famine and the Crisis (London: Edward Stanford, 1877), 5.
42. Punch, 1 September 1877, 91.
43. QVJl., 3 January 1877, 2 February 1877, 25 July 1877, 17 August 1877. Lytton to Salisbury, 1 March 1878, Mss Eur, E218/20, fol. 146 (the ‘famine’ Gazette).
44. For Canadian and Australian donations, see: ToI, 19 March 1897, 5; Bhatia, Famines in India, ch. 9; McAlpin, Subject to Famine: Food Crisis and Economic Change in Western India, ch. 6; Georgina Brewis, ‘“Fill Full the Mouths of Famine”: Voluntary Action in Famine Relief in India, 1896–1901’, Modern Asian Studies 44 (2010), 887–918; David Hall-Matthews, Peasants, Famine and the State in Colonial Western India (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005).
45. The Times, 11 January 1897, 6. The queen noted the Bishop of Winchester collecting donations at Windsor: QVJl., 19 January 1897.
46. ‘Papers Regarding Famine and Relief Operations in India, 1896–7 (Resolutions on the Administration of Famine Relief in the North-West Provinces and Oudh)’, Parl. Papers (1899), Cd. 8739, p. 73; ‘Report of the Indian Famine Commission’ (1898), Appendix, vol. I (Bengal), Minutes of Evidence, Parl. Papers, (1899), Cd. 9252, p. 196 (evidence of Babu Grish Chander Ghosal); ibid., vol. III (Bombay), 235 (evidence of Edulji Rumstromji).
47. For Wilson, see: Ruth Dudley Edwards, ‘Wilson, James (1805–1860)’, ODNB. For an intellectual history of these shifts in liberal political economy, see: Andrew Sartori, Liberalism in Empire: An Alternative History (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2014), esp. ch. 5.
48. Robert Knight, editor of the Bombay Times, claimed that ‘no other country in the civilised world is so lightly taxed’: The Indian Empire and our Financial Relations Therewith, etc., (London: Trübner & Co., 1866), 9; cf. W. E. Forster, How We Tax India: A Lecture on the Condition of India under British Rule, More Especially as Affected by the Mode of Raising the India Revenue: Delivered before the Leeds Philosophical & Literary Society, March 30th, 1858 (London: A. W. Bennett, 1858), 36; J. M. Maclean, The Indian Deficit and the Income Tax (London: F. Algar, 1871), 6–9.
49. James Wilson, Financial Statement (Calcutta: G. A. Savielle, 1860), 31; The Economist, 19 February 1859, 193–4. On the background, see: C. L. Jenkins, ‘1860: India’s First Income Tax’, British Tax Review 1 (2012), 87–116.
50. Proceedings of the Native Inhabitants of Madras Held at the Hindoo Debating Society, on the 7th May 1860 (Madras: Caxton Press, 1860), 5–6.
51. Samuel Laing, ‘Crisis in Indian Finance’, Nineteenth Century 7 (June 1880), 1075. For Trevelyan’s opposition to the income tax, see: Statement by Sir Charles Trevelyan of the Circumstances Connected with his Recall from the Government of Madras (London: Longmans, 1860), 19.
52. [James Wilson], Cries from the East, Being Lispings from High Life and Groans from the Poor (London: H. W. Foster, 1870), 50. Wilson’s pamphlet was dedicated to Queen Victoria as ‘Empress of Hindostan’. He was a different James Wilson from the late financial member of the Viceroy’s Council. For other criticism of the income tax, see: ‘Report of the Select Committee on East India Finance’, Parl. Papers (1871), Cd. 363, q. 337 (evidence of Henry Stewart Reid); ‘Second Report of the Select Committee on East India Finance’, ibid. (1873), Cd. 194, qq. 70–1 (Charles Trevelyan); ibid., 195, 199 (Sir Charles Wingfield).
53. Abhay Charan Das, The Indian Ryot, Land Tax, Permanent Settlement and the Famine (Howrah: Howrah Press, 1881), ii.
54. ‘A native’, Nil Darpan, or the Indigo Planting Mirror, a Drama (Calcutta: C. H. Manuel, 1861), 2. On the drama and its influence, see: Amiya Rao and B. G. Rao (eds), The Blue Devil: Indigo and Colonial Bengal (Delhi: Oxford University Press 1992), chs 6–7. Ranajit Guha reads the play very differently, describing Mitra’s appeal to the liberal rule of British law as an example of ‘middle-class grovelling’ and a ‘canker that has eaten into elite nationalism at this early formative stage’: Guha, ‘Neel Darpan: The Image of a Peasant Revolt in a Liberal Mirror’ in David Hardiman (ed.), Peasant Resistance in India, 1858–1914 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992), 76–8.
55. Trial of the Rev. James Long for the Publication of ‘Nil durpan’: With Documents Connected with its Official Circulation (London: James Ridgway, 1861), 19–21. Mitra had been a pupil at Long’s school in Calcutta. For the background, see: Blair King, The Blue Mutiny: The Indigo Disturbance in Bengal, 1859–62 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966); Geoffrey A. Oddie, Missionaries, Rebellion and Proto-nationalism: James Long of Bengal 1814–87 (Richmond: Curzon, 1999), chs 7–8.
56. ‘Report of the Commission Appointed in India to Inquire into the Cause of the Riots which Took Place in the Year 1875, etc.’, Parl. Papers (1878), Cd. 2071, p. 54. On the Deccan riots, see: Ravinder Kumar, ‘The Deccan Riots of 1875’, Journal of Asian Studies 24 (1965), 613–35; Neil Charlesworth, Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency, 1850–1935 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), ch. 4.
57. ‘Second Report of the Select Committee on East India Finance’, Parl. Papers (1873), Cd. 194, p. 58 (Trevelyan); [Henry Fawcett], ‘The Financial Condition of India’, Nineteenth Century 5 (February 1899), 193–218; idem., ‘The New Departure in Indian Finance’, ibid. 6 (October 1879), 639�
�63.
58. Calculated from data derived from East India (Finance and Revenue Accounts), Parl. Papers (1861), Cd. 259; (1871), Cd. 10; (1881), Cd. 221 (1890–1), Cd. 225, (1900), Cd. 225.
59. On the customs line, see: Roy Moxham, The Great Hedge of India (London: Constable and Robinson, 2001). Salt manufacture under the Raj awaits its historian. For a brief overview, see: W. W. Hunter, The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products (London: Trübner & Co., 1886), 453–4, 622–3; Bhattacharya, Financial Foundations of the British Raj, 97, 356–61.
60. Lady Hobart (ed.), The Salt Tax in Southern India: Letters (London: Macmillan, 1878); HC Debs, 239, (2 April 1878), 457 (Lyon Playfair); John Dacosta, ‘The Financial Causes of the French Revolution and their Present Bearing upon India’ [1893] reprinted in Dacosta, Essays on Indian Affairs, 1892–1895 (n.p., c. 1895), 1–12.
61. George Balfour, Trade and Salt in India Free: With a Preface on the Commercial, Political, and Military Advantages in all Asia (London: Harrison and Sons, 1875), 35–7.
62. QVJl., 16 July 1851.
63. ‘Who is Responsible?’, Friend of China 2 (April 1876), 75–6. For the background, see: J. B. Brown, ‘Politics of the Poppy: The Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, 1874–1916’, Journal of Contemporary History 8 (1973), 97–111; John F. Richards, ‘The Opium Industry in British India’, Indian Economic and Social History Review 39 (2002), 149–80; idem., ‘Opium and the British Indian Empire: The Royal Commission of 1895’, Modern Asian Studies 36 (2002), 375–420.
64. Arthur Evans Moule, The Use of Opium and its Bearing on the Spread of Christianity in China, etc. (Shanghai: ‘Celestial Empire’ Office, 1877), 13; Samuel S. Mander, Our Opium Trade with China (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1877), 24–5.
65. The Poppy Poison in Burma (Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, London: P. S. King, 1892), 8–9; James F. B. Tinling, A Century of False Policy (London: Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, 1893), 7.
66. Sunderbai H. Powar, An Indian Woman’s Impeachment of the Opium Crime of the British Government. A Plea for Justice for her Country [sic] People (London: Dyer Brothers, 1892).
67. ‘Royal Commission on Opium: Minutes of Evidence, Appendices’, Parl. Papers, (1894), Cd. 7471, vol. iv, qq. 75–6 (evidence of Louise Dryman), 356–60 (evidence of Captain Harold Sewallis Blackburne).
68. Meaning both the sale of intoxicating alcohol or drugs and the excise levied.
69. Lucy Carroll, ‘The Temperance Movement in India: Politics and Social Reform’, Modern Asian Studies 10 (1976), 417–47; Robert Eric Colvard, ‘A World Without Drink: Temperance in Modern India, 1880–1940’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Iowa, 2013).
70. Speech on the Liquor Traffic in India . . . at a Meeting Held by the . . . United Kingdom Alliance, May 19, 1870 in Sophia Dobson Collet (ed.), Keshub Chunder Sen’s English Visit (London: Strahan & Co., 1871), 150.
71. On the Salvation Army in India, see: Andrew Eason, ‘Religion Versus the Raj: The Salvation Army’s “Invasion” of British India’, Mission Studies 28 (2011) 71–90.
72. [Thomas Evans], A Brief Sketch of our Indian Excise Administration, by a Loyal Briton, and a Friend to the Indian People (Mussoorie, n.p., 1895), 3; cf. Abkari, 14 (July 1893), 182–4. On Evans, see: D. Hooper (ed.), A Welshman in India: A Record of the Life of T. Evans (London: James Clarke, 1908).
73. Lord Northbrook to Queen Victoria, 13 September 1875, RA VIC/MAIN/N/30/21.
74. For Wilberforce’s trip, see: Hampshire Advertiser, 19 April 1890, 6. For the queen’s objections to Wilberforce, see: Queen Victoria to William Gladstone, 10 February 1894, Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd ser., iii, 359.
75. Mahim Chandra Chakrabati, Dina janani (Dacca: Luchmohan Basak, 1880), QLB (Bengal).
7 Royal Tourists
1. Canning to Wood, 22 May 1861, IOR Mss Eur. F78/55/9 fols 55.–9; Charles Wood to Prince Albert, 22 May 1861, RA VIC/MAIN/N/25/30–1; Prince Albert to Wood, 26 June 1861, RA VIC/MAIN/N/25/33.
2. Chandrika Kaul, ‘Monarchical Display and the Politics of Empire: Princes of Wales and India 1870–1920s’, Twentieth Century British History 17 (2006) 464–88; Charles Reed, Royal Tourists, Colonial Subjects and the Making of a British World, 1860–1911 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016).
3. For the world tour, including the Indian subcontinent, see: Anon., ‘The Cruise of the Galatea’, Dublin University Magazine 73 (1869), 72–7; John Capper, The Duke of Edinburgh in Ceylon: A Book of Elephant and Elk Sport (London: Provost & Co., 1871); Michaela Appel, Martin Eberle and Bernd Schäfer, Ein Prinz entdeckt die Welt: Die Reisen und Sammlingen Herzog Alfreds von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1844–1900) (Gotha: Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein Gotha, 2008).
4. Prince Alfred to Queen Victoria, 24 January 1879, RA VIC/ADDA20/1306.
5. Gordon Pentland, ‘The Indignant Nation: Australian Responses to the Attempted Assassination of the Duke of Edinburgh in 1868’, English Historical Review 130 (2015), 57–88; Mark Stocker, ‘An Imperial Icon Indigenised: The Queen Victoria Memorial at Ohinemutu’ in Katie Pickles and Catherine Coleborne (eds), New Zealand’s Empire (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016), 28–50.
6. ‘Note by Capt. W. B. Birch’, 10 February 1870, Mayo papers, Cambridge University Library, Add. Ms. 7490/80/7 (Fenian suspect). For the original itinerary in 1868: Henry Lennox to Lord Mayo, 22 October 1868, Mayo papers, National Library of Ireland, Dublin, Mss 11,223, fol. 4.
7. Mayo to Queen Victoria, 1 September 1869, RA/VIC/MAIN/N/27/129; Mayo to Argyll, 12 August 1869, IOR Mss Eur. B380/2, fols 265–72; C. U. Aitchison to T. H. Thornton, 8 December 1869, Mayo papers, Cambridge University Library, Add. Ms. 7490/81/25.
8. Prince Alfred to Mayo, 7 April 1870, RA VIC/MAIN/N/28/8; Benares Gazette, 27 December 1869, NNR (North-West Provinces) IOR L/R/5/47, p. 3; Indian Daily News, 13 December 1869, 3 (compulsory illuminations); Bombay Gazette, 19 February 1870, 3 (cost of lights). For the Bengal regiments, see: ‘Copy of Correspondence Relative to the Military Arrangements with Reference to the Reception of H. R. H, the Duke of Edinburgh in the North-West Provinces, etc.’, Judicial Proceedings B (June 1869), 271, West Bengal States Archives, Kolkata. For hunting preparations, see: Capper, Duke of Edinburgh in Ceylon, 2. For Indian royalty and hunting, see: Thomas Cox, ‘Diplomacy on Dangerous Ground: Aristocratic Hunts in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Nepal’, South Asia 33 (2010), 258–75; Julie E. Hughes, Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment, and Power in the Indian Princely States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), ch. 2.
9. O. T. Burne, ‘Memorandum’ (20 December 1869), Mayo papers, Cambridge University Library, Add. Ms. 7490/82/1
10. Sambhuchandra Mukhopadhya, The Prince in India, by an Indian. A Description of the Duke of Edinburgh’s Landing, and Stay at Calcutta, etc. (Calcutta: Berigny & Co., 1871); N. A. Chick (comp.), The Prince in Calcutta; Memorials of H. R. H the Duke of Edinburgh’s Visit in December, 1869, etc. (Calcutta: Barham, Hill & Co., 1870); Mayo to Queen Victoria, 27 December 1869, 3 January 1870, RA VIC/MAIN/N/27/135, 137. Nicholas Chevalier’s depiction of the ball on the Galatea is at RCIN 920379.
11. ‘Note on the Investiture of H. R. H. the Duke of Edinburgh as Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India’, (20 November 1869), Mayo papers, Cambridge University Library, Add. Ms 7490/83/5; ‘Revised Note on the Investiture of H. R. H. the Duke of Edinburgh, etc.’, ibid.
12. Mukhopadhya, Prince in India, 102–3; Chick (ed.), Prince in Calcutta, 97–9. The Gazette of India (30 December 1869) describing the investiture is at IOR L/PS/15/3.
13. Mayo to Argyll, 4 January 1870, IOR Mss Eur. B380/4, fols 9–18.
14. Mayo to Queen Victoria, 17 January 1870, RA VIC/MAIN/N/27/140 (‘native city’); Taranatha Tarkavcaspati, Rajaprasastih (Calcutta: Sarasvatiyantra, 1876); Harischandra, An Offering of Flowers . . . to H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh (Benares., n.p., 1870); Pioneer, 22 January 1870, 3.
15. Prince Alfred to Queen
Victoria, 16 January 1870, RA VIC/ADDA20/1305.
16. J. W. Kaye to T. M. Biddulph, 28 March 1869, RA PPTO/PP/VIC/MAIN/1870/12912.
17. Pioneer, 11 February 1870, 3; Englishman, 14 February 1870, 3 (address).
18. Pioneer, 19 February 1870, 3; Englishman, 21 February 1870, 2; Prince Alfred to Queen Victoria, 20 February 1870, RA VIC/ADDA20/1310 (shawls); J. W. Kaye to T. M. Biddulph, 28 March 1870, RA PPTO/PP/VIC/MAIN/1870/129127.
19. Prince Alfred to Queen Victoria, 20 February 1879, RA VIC/ADDA20/1310 (flowers); Anon., H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh in the Oudh and Nepal Forests. A Letter from India (privately printed, 1870); Pioneer, 24 February 1870, 3. On mutiny tours, see: Manu Goswami, ‘“Englishness” on the Imperial Circuit: Mutiny Tours in Colonial South Asia’, Journal of Historical Sociology 9 (1996), 54–84; David Petts, ‘Landscapes of Memory: Lucknow and Kanpur in Colonial India’ in Adrian Green and Roger Leech (eds), Cities in the World, 1500–2000: Papers Given at the Conference of the Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology, April 2002 (Leeds: Maney, 2006), 195–212.
20. Speeches Made at the Jubbulpore Banquet on the Occasion of the Opening of the Through Line of Railway Communication between Calcutta and Bombay 8 March 1870 (n.p., n.d.), Mayo papers, Cambridge University Library, Add. Ms. 7490/83/17.
21. Mayo to Argyll, 28 December 1869, ibid., Add. Ms. 7490/151, fols 377–8.
22. Bombay Gazette, 12 March 1870, 2; Englishman, 24 March, 2; Captain Clerk to O. T. Burne, 18 March 1870, Mayo papers, Cambridge University Library, Add. Ms. 7490/84/25 (Sailors’ Home); Clerk to Burne 22 March 1870, ibid. Add. Ms. 7490/84/26 (‘run up the score’); An Address in Pahlavi and Zend with its English and Gujarati Translations Presented to H.R.H. . . . the Duke of Edinburgh (Bombay: Duftur Ashkara Press, 1871). The cost of the Bombay illuminations alone were four times over budget: MSA, Pol. Proceedings (1871), vol. 30, 117.
