feedback and, 260–61
genetic factors in, 133–34, 246, 247
mood regulation and, 130–33
rates of, 245–46
spectrum of, 253–54
bistable systems, 131–32
Blake, William, 112
blame, 181
Blanchard, Ray, 206–7
Bonanno, George, 179
Bonaparte, Marie, 213–14
borderline personality disorder, 123
Bowlby, John, 89–90
Boyd, Robert, 170
brain
abnormalities, 119–20
addictive substances and, 236–37
circuits, 25–26
as computer, 260
depression and, 130
gene transmission and, 268
infections and, 254
mechanic’s model of, 249–50
OCD and, 195
panic attacks and, 77
sexuality and, 206–7
size of, 62, 189
triune, 52
weight control and, 221
Brakel, Linda A. W., 191
Breslau, Naomi, 80
Briand, Aristide, 213
Brinkman, Baba, 29
British East India Company, 240
Broken Brain: The Biological Revolution in Psychiatry, The (Andreasen), 22–23
Brown, George, 92, 148
Bruch, Hilde, 226
Brüne, Martin, 267
Buddha and Buddhism, 15–16, 117, 124, 268
bulimia, 224–27, 228
Burns, George, 207–8
Buss, David, 50
C
caffeine, 237
Cannon, Walter, 73, 77
Cantor, Chris, 80
Caraco, Thomas, 99
carfentanil, 241
caring, 177–78
Carr, Deborah, 179
Car Talk (radio program), 250
Carver, Charles, 107
case studies, 145
castration anxiety, 92
caudate nucleus, 195
cautiousness, 256
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, 183
Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) project, 179–80
Charnov, Eric, 96–97
cheating, 167, 177
checklists, 21–22, 148–49
chemical imbalance, 136
China, 240
cliff-edged fitness functions, 257–59
climaxes, sexual, 210–14
clinical evaluations, 20, 21, 22–23
clinician’s illustion, 47
closed groups, 171
cocaine, 237, 240
coca leaves, 240
cognition, unconscious, 192–93
cognitive therapy, 136–37
commitment, 170–72
communal relationships, 171–72
communes, 50
comorbidity, 23
competition
in altruism, 174
between hosts and pathogens, 258
in pastimes, 175–76
resources for, 39–40
responses to, 91
status, 104
complexity, 26–27, 58, 134–35, 247, 249
Concept of Anxiety, The (Kierkegaard), 67
Concorde Effect, 108
confirmation bias, 260
consciousness, 193–94
conservation state, 99
conservation-withdrawal, 90
conspicuous consumption, 175
cooperation, 163–64, 166–69, 174, 184
Corbett, Stephen, 253
cortex, 52
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 77
Cosmides, Leda, 171
Coyne, James, 90
crack cocaine, 240
creativity, 252
Crespi, Bernard, 231, 251, 255
criminalization, 243
Cross, John, 135
cues, 79–80, 181–82, 209, 241
cultural group selection, 170
culture, 57–58
Curtis, George, 69
cybernetics, 129–30
Cybernetics; or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Wiener), 129, 245, 260
cyclothymia, 131
cynicism, 162, 193
cystic fibrosis, 247
D
Darwin, Charles, 51, 84
Darwinian fitness
maximizing, 32, 95–96, 110, 183, 191, 209
models of, 255–57
term, 10
Darwinian Psychiatry (McGuire and Troisi), 267
“Darwin’s Anti-Darwinism in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” (Fridlund), 52
Dawkins, Richard, 161
“Dawn of Darwinian Medicine, The” (Williams and Nesse), 14
deCatanzaro, Denys, 90–91
deceit, 183, 184, 193
deceiving down, 91–92
decision making, 95–98, 151–52, 196
defection, 167–68
defense mechanisms, 188
defensive responses, 35, 40–41, 69, 80
delayed grief, 179
depression
bipolar, 114, 130–33
causes of, 134
chronic, 112, 135
distorting reality, 109
endogenous and exogenous, 121
GAD and, 81
genetic factors in, 127–29
grief and, 180
hope as root of, 107
immune responses and, 103
infection and, 102–3
kindling future episodes, 130
memories of, 125
postpartum, 90
prediction of, 141
psychotic, 112–13
rates of, 85–86, 125–26, 141
rumination and, 93–94
social navigation and, 94
symptoms of, 110
unproductive, 94
depressive realism, 109
Desideri, Ippolito, 117
desires, 124, 194, 207–9, 242
Devil’s Dictionary, The (Bierce), 205
diagnosis
categories in, 25
checklists in, 17–18, 21–22
comorbidity and, 23
inconsistency in, 9, 20–21
medical model of, 26–28
questions asked in, 3–5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
debate over, 8, 17
DSM-III, 21–24
DSM-III-R, 24
DSM-IV, 24, 47, 86
DSM IV-TR, 24
DSM-5, 24, 47, 86
diagonal psychology, 65
diametric disorders, 255
diathesis (vulnerability), 158
Dill, Lawrence, 78
“Disappointment” (Hoagland), 108
disease(s)
as adaptations, 14, 41, 119–21, 228, 263
chronic, 35–36
control systems and, 220
defensive responses to, 40–41
infection and, 36–38
mismatch and, 35–36, 41
reproduction and, 39–40
symptoms as, 27, 47–48, 118
trade-offs and, 38–39
vulnerability to, 31–41, 41–42
disorders. See mental disorders
dissonance, 196
distillation, 239
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 183
dopamine, 98, 236–37
drugs
from plants, 237–39
sexual arousal and, 209–10
synthetic, 240–41
as treatments, 83, 98, 114, 156
DSM. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
DSM: Saving Normal: An Insider’s Revolt Against Out-of-Control Psychiatric Diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life (Frances), 8
Dunbar, Robin, 62, 189
dysfunction, 26
dysregulated control systems, 27
dysthymia (chronic low mood), 122
E
eating disorders
anorexia, 224–27, 228
bulimia, 224–27, 228
evolutionary psychology and, 227–28
genetic factors in, 226–27
modern society and, 228–29
positive feedback and, 219
sugar addiction, 219–24
vulnerability to, 226–27
Ecclesiastes 3:4, 45
economics, 161
ego defenses, 190
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus, 57
Einstein, Albert, 3, 262
Ekman, Paul, 54
Ellet, Charles, Jr., 262
emotional disorders, 64–66
emotional learning, 61
emotion(s). See also negative emotions; positive emotions
brain and, 52
culture and, 57–58
in decision making, 151–52
definitions of, 53–54
evolutionary view of, 54
in exchange relationships, 168
in facial expressions, 57–58
functions of, 52–53
goals and, 59–60
meaning of, 65
natural selection and, 57–58
phylogeny of, 55
regulating, 62–64
reproduction and, 48–49
situations and, 58, 155
study of, 45–46, 49, 50–53
subjective feeling and, 56
translation of word, 57
universal, 58
usefulness of, 48, 55
Engel, George, 8, 90, 267
entrapment, 92
environments. See also modern environments
mismatch with, 35–36, 237
natural selection and, 230–31
Epicureanism, 233
Epicurus, 15
error management theory, 209
evil, 15–16
evolution. See also natural selection
bacteria and, 37
fundamentals of, 31–34
evolutionary biology, xi–xii, 10–15, 162, 262–63
evolutionary medicine, 14–15, 31
evolutionary psychiatry, 264–67
Evolutionary Psychiatry (Brüne), 267
evolutionary psychology, 227–28
Evolution of Cooperation, The (Axelrod), 167–68
exchange relationships, 168–69, 172
exercise, 127
explanations, 144–45
exposure therapy, 69–71
Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), 51
externalizing, 197
extroversion, 80
eye, design flaws of, 38
F
facial expressions, 57–58
failure, 133, 150, 257–58
failure to yield, 91
false alarms, 73–74
“fast versus slow life” theory, 184
fathers, 249, 251–52
fear(s), 72–73, 75–76. See also phobias
feedback, 129, 260–61. See also positive feedback
feeling, 56, 58
Feierman, Jay, 254
female sexual dysfunction, 212
fermentation, 239
fertility, 214–15
Festa di Scienza e Filosofia, 31
fetishes, 208
Fields, W. C., 84
fight-or-flight response, 73, 267
Fisher, Helen, 215
Fisher, Ronald, 165
fitness. See Darwinian fitness
fitness costs, 252
fitness landscape, 255–59
“fleeing famine” theory, 228
flight, 77
food, 36
Frances, Allen, 8, 23–24
Frank, Robert, 161
Fredrickson, Barbara, 104
free association, 190
free love, 50
freezing, 73
Freud, Sigmund, 180, 185, 196, 213, 240
Fridlund, Alan, 52
Fried, Eiko, 110–11
fundamental attribution error, 47, 118
Further Along the Road Less Travelled (Peck), 201
G
GAD. See generalized anxiety disorder
game theory, 170
gangs, 171
Gardner, Russell, 91
Gazzaniga, Michael, 192
Gefühl, 57
Gelernter, Joel, 253
gender, anxiety and, 82
generalizations, 144
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 81
Genesis 9, 234
Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, The (Fisher), 165
genetic factors
in autism, 47, 246, 251–52
in bipolar disorder, 133–34, 246, 247
in depression, 127–29
in eating disorders, 226–27
in mental disorders, 9, 247–50
in schizophrenia, 246, 247
in substance abuse, 243
genetic research, 247–50
genomic imprinting, 230
geographical proximity, 169
Ghiselin, Michael, 193
Gibbard, Allan, 60
Gilbert, Paul, 91, 137, 267
giving up, 84–111
Gluckman, Peter, 230
goals
behavior in pursuit of, 94–95
emotions and, 59–60
low mood and, 106–7
Marginal Value Theorem and, 100–101
prioritizing, 149–51
status and, 93
unreachable, 102, 136
Gopnik, Alison, 116–17
gossip, 170
Gould, Stephen Jay, 31
Greden, John, 13
grief, 88, 179–81
groups, 161, 171, 198
group selection, 34, 164–66
Gut, Emmy, 94
Guyer, Melvin, 135
H
Hagen, Edward, 90, 239
Haig, David, 251
Haldane, J. B. S., 33
hallucinogens, 237
Hamburg, David, 90
Hamilton, William, 32–33, 166
Hammerstein, Peter, 174
happiness, 88
harmful dysfunction, 26
Harris, Tirril, 92, 148
Harrison Act of 1914, 240
Hart, Benjamin, 103
Hartmann, Heinz, 185
Hartung, John, 91–92
Haselton, Martie, 209
Hatcher, Robert, 190
Heckhausen, Jutta, 107
hedonism, 233
helping, 167
heritability, 248
heroin, 240
hierarchy, 93
high mood, 88, 95, 103–4, 122–23
Hill, Kim, 125
Hinde, Robert, 89
Hoagland, Tony, 108
Hobbes, Thomas, 175
Holmes, Thomas, 148
homeostatic control systems, 220
homosexuality, 21, 206–7
hope, 107
Horwitz, Allan, 47
House
, James, 179
“How an 18th-Century Philosopher Helped Solve My Midlife Crisis” (Gopnik), 116–17
Hrdy, Sarah, 174, 176
human genome, 247
human nature, 162
Hume, David, 15, 116–17
humiliation, 92
hunter-gatherer society, 78, 205, 207
Huntington’s chorea, 247
hypomania (chronic high mood), 122–23
hypophobia (insufficient anxiety), 64, 72–73, 82
hypothalamus, 77
I
identical twins, 246
idiographic explanations, 144–47, 150–51
“If Depression Were Cancer” (article), 113
immune responses, 103, 195, 258
imprinting, 251
individual, 141–59. See also person
infection, 36–38, 102–3, 238, 254
inflammation, 38, 103
information processing, 259–61
Insel, Thomas, 9–10, 24
Institute for Social Research, 141, 178–79
insulin, 229
interdiction, 243
interferon, 103
internalizing, 197
involuntary yielding, 91, 92
“Is Depression an Adaptation?” (Nesse), 102
Izard, Carroll, 54, 57
J
Jackson, Eric, 106
James, William, 51, 132
jealousy, 49–50, 217
Johnson, Virginia, 211
Journal of the American Medical Association, The, 212
K
Keller, Matthew, 110, 251
Kendler, Kenneth, 134, 248
Kennair, Leif, 94, 267
Kenrick, Douglas, 205
Kessler, Ronald, 23
Khan, Genghis, 216
Kierkegaard, Søren, 67
kindling, 130
kin selection, 33, 34, 165, 166, 169
Kinsey, Alfred, 201
Klinger, Eric, 106–7, 153
L
Landis, Carney, 213
learned helplessness, 101–2
learning, substance abuse and, 236–37, 241
LeDoux, Joseph, 52
legalization (of drugs), 243
lemmings, 33–34
Lewin, Kurt, 115
Lewis, Aubrey, 90, 121
Life Events and Difficulties Scale, 148
life events and situations
depression and, 92, 115, 121
describing, 117–18, 120–21
diagnosis and, 47
research into, 148
severe, 92
symptoms associated with, 158–59
life stress, 147–49
Lima, Steven, 78
limbic system, 52
Lloyd, Elisabeth, 210, 213
locus coeruleus, 77
Lorenz, Konrad, 89
losses, 179–81
love, 180, 205–6
Low, Bobbi, 11
low mood
characteristics of, 88
chronic, 122
evolutionary functions of, 89–94
as mild depression, 88
normal, 86–87
as psychic pain, 135
Good Reasons for Bad Feelings Page 41
