India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
Page 108
30
This paragraph is based on letters and papers in Subject Files 163, 225 and 229, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
31
Top Secret Note of 5 June 1971 in Subject File 89, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
32
‘Record of conversations between Foreign Minister and Mr A. A. Gromyko, Minister of Foreign Affairs, USSR, on 7th June 1971’, in Subject File 203, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
33
The text of the treaty is reproduced in A. Appadorai, ed., Select Documents on India’s Foreign Policy and Relations, 1947–1972, vol. 2 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 136–40.
34
Indira Gandhi, India: The Speeches and Reminiscences of Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975), pp. 162–4.
35
See Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 313, 336–9.
36
Robert Jackson, South Asian Crisis: India-Pakistan-Bangla Desh (London: Chatto and Windus,1975), p. 102.
37
Letter of 23 November, in Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 364–5.
38
Jackson, South Asian Crisis, pp. 106–7; Brian Cloughley, A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections (Karachi: Oxford University Press), pp. 148–9.
39
B. G. Verghese, An End to Confrontation: Restructuring the Sub-Continent (New Delhi: 1972), pp. 35–50.
40
Cloughley, A History of the Pakistan Army, p. 222.
41
Lt. Gen. A. A. K. Niazi, The Betrayal of East Pakistan (Delhi: Manohar, 1998), p. 132.
42
Ibid., p. 114.
43
D. R. Mankekar, Pakistan Cut to Size (New Delhi: Indian Book Co., 1972), pp. 54–63.
44
Jackson, South Asian Crisis, pp. 137–8.
45
Telegram quoted in Niazi, Betrayal, p. 180.
46
See Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 447, 449–50.
47
Niazi, Betrayal, pp. 187ff.
48
Lok Sabha Debates, 16 December 1971.
49
Living not far from the border then, I heard Yahya’s speech as it was delivered – he had (as Pakistani accounts also suggest) consumed a goodly amount of whisky before taking up the microphone.
50
Air Chief Marshal P. C. Lal, My Years with the IAF (New Delhi: Lancer International, 1986), p. 321.
51
Smith, Foreign Relations, pp. 439, 499, 594, 612, 674 etc. Cf. also the letters exchanged between Mrs Gandhi and Nixon after the end of the war, reproduced in Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 476–80.
52
Time, 3 January 1972; James Reston, ‘India’s Victory a Triumph for Moscow’, New York Times, undated (?20 December 1971) clipping in Subject File 217, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
53
Thought, 29 January 1972.
54
Quoted in C. M. Naim, Ambiguities of Heritage: Fictions and Polemics (Karachi: City Press, 1999), p. 139.
55
See ‘India After Bangla Desh: A Symposium’, Gandhi Marg, vol. 16, no. 2, 1972.
56
Letter of 8 December 1971, in Carol Brightman, ed., Between Friends: The Correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy,1949–1975 (New York: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1995), p. 303.
57
A. B. Vajpayee quoted in Thought, 20 May 1972.
58
Ranajit Roy, The Agony of West Bengal: A Study in Union-State Relations, 3rd edn (Calcutta: New Age Publishers, 1973), pp. 3–4; Sajal Basu, West Bengal the Violent Years (Calcutta: Prachi Publications, 1974), p. 78.
59
‘Message to Mrs Gandhi from Sir Alec Douglas-Home’, 20 March 1972, in Subject File179, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
60
As quoted in S. R. Sen to I. G. Patel, letter dated 2March 1972, in Subject File 225, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
61
Untitled note in Subject File 236, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
62
Sajjad Zaheer to P. N. Haksar, 23 March 1972, in Subject File 243, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML (emphasis in original). Mazhar Ali Khan was the father of the student radical, and later prolific author, Tariq Ali.
63
A. Raghavan, ‘Five Days that Changed History’, Blitz, 8 July 1972.
64
Note by Dhar dated 12 March 1972, in Subject File 235, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
65
The text of the Simla Agreement is reproduced in Appadorai, Select Documents, pp. 443–5.
66
The text of the speech is to be found in Subject File 93, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
67
Notes in ibid.
21. THE RIVALS
1
See Indira Gandhi, India: The Speeches and Reminiscences of Indira Gandhi Prime Minister of India (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975), pp. 215–16.
2
As reported in The Hindu, 16 August 1972.
3
A. Vaidyanathan, ‘The Indian Economy since Independence (1947–70), in Dharma Kumar, ed., The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
4
This paragraph summarizes several longitudinal studies of rural India, as in G. Parthasarathy, ‘A South Indian Village after Two Decades’, Economic Weekly, 12 January 1963; Kumudini Dandekar and Vaijayanti Bhate, ‘Socio-Economic Change During Three Five-Year Plans’, ArthaVijnana, vol. 17, no. 4, 1975; Robert W. Bradnock, ‘Agricultural Development in Tamil Nadu: Two Decades of Land Use Changes at Village Level’, in TimP. Bayliss-Smith and Sudhir Wanmali, eds, Understanding Green Revolutions: Agrarian Change and Development Planning in South Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
5
These studies are usefully summarized in M. L. Dantwala, Poverty in India: Then and Now (Madras: Macmillan India, 1971); and M. Mukherjee, N. Bhattacharya and G. S. Chatterjee, ‘Poverty in India: Measurement and Amelioration’, in Vadilal Dagli, ed., Twenty-Five Years of Independence – A Survey of Indian Economy (Bombay: Vora and Co., 1973). The Dandekar–Rath study was first published in the Economic and Political Weekly in January 1971.
6
J. P. Naik, ‘Education’, in S. C. Dube, ed., India since Independence: Social Report on India, 1947–1972 (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1977); Amrik Singh, ‘Twenty-five Years of Indian Education; An Assessment’, in Jag Mohan, ed., Twenty-five Years of Indian Independence (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1973).
7
‘Indian Economic Policy and Performance: A Framework for a Progressive Society’ (1973), reprinted in Jagdish N. Bhagwati, Essays in Development Economics (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985).
8
Anon., ‘Mummy Knows Best’, Thought, 2 October 1971.
9
Thought, 5 May 1971; D. R. Rajagopal, ‘Sanjay Gandhi’, Illustrated Weekly of India, July 1971.
10
Letter of 2 February 1971, Indira Gandhi Correspondence, P. N. Haksar Papers, NMML.
11
The Current, 28 July 1973.
12
The Star, 12 August 1973, clipping in Subject File 93, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
13
Note of29 June 1971, ibid.
14
See notes and correspondence in Subject Files 242 and 243, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
15
Unless otherwise stated, this section is based on the synthesis report of those studies: Status of Women in India (New Delhi: Indian Council of Social Science Research, 1974). Much of the data quoted there, and here, are taken from the 1971 Census of India.
16
D. R. Gadgil, Women in the Wo
rking Force in India (London: Asia Publishing House, 1965); Bina Agarwal, ‘Women, Poverty and Agricultural Growth in India’, Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, 1985–6.
17
Radha Kumar, The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women’s Rights and Feminism in India, 1860–1990 (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1993), chapter 6.
18
See, for more details, P. G. K. Pannikar and C. R. Soman, Health Status of Kerala (Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies, 1984).
19
Ronald J. Herring, ‘Abolition of Landlordism in Kerala: A Redistribution of Privilege’, Economic and Political Weekly, Review of Agriculture, June 1980; P. Radhakrishnan, ‘Land Reforms and Changes in Land System: Study of a Kerala Village’, Economic and Political Weekly, Review of Agriculture, September 1982.
20
See Lok Sabha Debates, 30 November 1971.
21
Justice K. S. Hegde, ‘Perspectives of the Indian Constitution’, Rajendra Prasad Memorial Lecture, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Bombay, March 1972, copy in Subject File 220, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
22
See the letter from Indira Gandhi to Jayaprakash Narayan of 9 June 1973 and his reply of 27 June 1973, both in Jayaprakash Narayan Papers, NMML.
23
A. G. Noorani, ‘Crisis in India’s Judiciary’, Imprint, January 1974.
24
Inder Malhotra, Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1989), pp. 152–3etc.
25
Thought, 1 January 1972.
26
Thought, 8 July 1972.
27
The Current, 8 July 1972; Thought, 23 September 1972.
28
The minutes of these talks are unavailable, but for some clues of what might have been discussed see the material in Subject Files 183 and 235, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
29
These paragraphs on Nagaland in the early 1970s are based on reports in the Kohima weekly Citizens Voice, issues of which are in Box VIII, Pawsey Papers, CSAS.
30
Thought, 2 March 1974.
31
See Ajit Bhattacharjea, Unfinished Revolution: A Political Biography of Jayaprakash Narayan (New Delhi: Rupa and Co., 2004), pp. 193ff.
32
The previous three paragraphs draw upon Ghanshyam Shah, ‘Revolution, Reform, or Protest? A Study of the Bihar Movement’, in three parts, Economic and Political Weekly, 9, 16 and 23 April 1977.
33
The correspondence between Narayan and Mrs Gandhi, very rich and largely unexplored by biographers of either party, is in the JayaprakashNarayan Papers, NMML. The correspondence between JP and Nehru – also less intensely mined than it mighthave been – is scattered between this collection and the Brahmanand Papers, also at the NMML.
34
Quoted in Bhattacharjea, Unfinished Revolution, pp. 205–6.
35
See reports in Subject File 272, Jayaprakash Narayan Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
36
English translation of speech in Everyman’s Weekly, 22 June 1974.
37
See Robert Jay Lifton, Revolutionary Immortality: Mao Tse Tung and the Cultural Revolution (Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1967). I offer this comparison knowing that it will be dismissed both by Marxists, who will see JP as a lily-livered reformist in comparison with the builder of the Chinese revolution, and by the Gandhians, who will profess shock at the lumping together of a man of non-violence with one known to have been responsible for so many deaths.
38
Anon., ‘Railway Strike in Retrospect’, Economic and Political Weekly, 18 January 1975.
39
S. Nihal Singh, Indira’s India: A Political Notebook (Bombay: Nachiketa Publications, 1978), pp. 215–16.
40
George Perkovich, India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 170–80; Thought, 25 May 1974; Aziz Ahmad (Foreign Minister of Pakistan) to Horace Alexander, 15 June 1974, in Alexander Papers, Friends House, Euston.
41
These paragraphs are based on the letters between Mrs Gandhi and JP in the Jayaprakash Narayan Papers, NMML.
42
Bhattacharjea, Unfinished Revolution, pp. 211f.; Everyman’sWeekly, 21 September 1974.
43
See correspondence between Acharya Ramamurti and JP in Subject File 273, Jayaprakash Narayan Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
44
Letter of 14 October 1974, in Subject File 277, Jayaprakash Narayan Papers, NMML. Patil’s letter – to which JP’s reply, if there was one, is untraceable – is reminiscent of the warnings uttered along these lines in the Constituent Assembly by his great fellow Maharashtrian, B. R. Ambedkar.
45
Bhattacharjea, Unfinished Revolution, pp. 216–17.
46
Everyman’sWeekly, 16 and 23 November 1974.
47
See B. S. Das, The Sikkim Saga (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1983).
48
Letter to JP dated 18 July 1974 from M. Shah, Adoni, Kurnool Dist., A. P., in Subject File 273, Jayaprakash Narayan Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
49
See statements in Subject File 272, Jayaprakash Narayan Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
50
For a sampling of the former view, see the pages of the Everyman’s Weekly for 1974–5; for the latter, see the Illustrated Weekly of India for the same period.
51
Katherine Frank, Indira: A Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi (London: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 368; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World was Going our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the World (New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 322–3.
52
Unless otherwise indicated, the rest of this section is based on reports and comments in the Indian Express, 1 February to 21 March 1975.
53
Anon., ‘The South Poses a Problem for JP’, Everyman’s Weekly, 4 May 1975.
54
Granville Austin, Working the Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 314–16.
55
Indian Express, 20 March 1975.
56
Unless otherwise stated, the rest of this section is based on reports in the Indian Express, 10 to 28 June 1975.
57
Prashant Bhushan, The Case that Shook India (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1978), pp. 98ff.
58
Ibid., p. 94.
59
Quoted in Dom Moraes, Indira Gandhi (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1980), p. 220.
60
Danial Latin, ‘Indira Gandhi Case Revisited’, undated typescript in Subject File 225, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
22. AUTUMN OF THE MATRIARCH
1
Indira Gandhi, Democracy and Discipline: Speeches of Shrimati Indira Gandhi (New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1975), pp. 1–2.
2
The note is reproduced in Pupul Jayakar, Indira Gandhi: An Intimate Biography (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), pp. 202–3.
3
K. R. Malkani, The Midnight Knock (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1978), p. 37.
4
Gandhi, Democracy and Discipline, pp. 18–19, 61 etc. This volume prints eleven interviews given in the first three months of the emergency – almost one a week by a prime minister never known to be over-fond of the press.
5
See D. V. Gandhi, comp., Era of Discipline: Documents on Contemporary Reality (New Delhi: Samachar Bharati, 1976), p. 254.
6
Indira Gandhi, Consolidating National Gains: Speeches of Shrimati Indira Gandhi (New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1976), p. 29. The speech was originally delivered in Hindi; I have used the official translation.
JoeElder, ‘Report on Visit to India, August 11–22, 1975’, in File 78, Horace Alexander Papers, Friends House, Euston.
8
Sharada Prasad to S. K. De, 16 September 1975, ibid.
9
P. N. Dhar, Indira Gandhi, the ‘Emergency’, and Indian Democracy (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 307–11.
10
Narayan to Sheikh Abdullah, 23 September 1975, reprinted in M. G. Devasahayam, India’s Second Freedom – An Untold Saga (New Delhi: Siddharth Publications, 2004), pp. 351–4.
11
For the circumstances of JP’s release, see ibid., chapters 29 and 30.
12
See table reproduced in K. Gangadharan, P. J. Koshy, and C. N. Radhakrishnan, The Inquisition: Revelations before the Shah Commission (New Delhi: Path Publishers, 1978), p. 260.
13
Note of 14 January 1976, in ‘Emergency File’, Hari Dev Sharma Papers, NMML.
14
Indira Gandhi to Verrier Elwin, 14 January 1963, letter in the possession of the Elwin family, Shillong.
15
See Ved Mehta, Portrait of India (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1970), pp. 545–6.
16
Granville Austin, Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 319–24.
17
Ibid., pp. 334–41.
18
New York Times, 30 April 1976.
19
Austin, Working a Democratic Constitution, pp. 373–4. Cf. also Nani Palkhivala, ‘Reshaping the Constitution’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 4 July 1976.
20
‘Notes on a Meeting with Indira Gandhi, 1, Safdarjung Road, 14th March 1976’, in Mss Eur F236/269, OIOC.
21
See the detailed list of forbidden subjects printed in Sajal Basu, ed., Underground Literature During Indian Emergency (Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1978), pp. 102–14.
22
Prakash Ananda, A History of the Tribune (New Delhi: TheTribune Trust, 1986), pp. 165–6.
23
Ram Krishan Sharma to Penderel Moon, 25 November 1975, in Mss Eur F230/36, OIOC.
24
Report in the Guardian, 2 August 1976.
25
John Dayal and Ajay Bose, The Shah Commission Begins (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1978), p. 208; Michael Henderson, Experiment with Untruth: India under Emergency (Delhi: Macmillan India, 1977), p. 89.
26