New World plant life described in, 264
possible model biographies for, 300–01
Lingua (Erasmus), 268
Lisbon, 14–16, 23, 106–07
literature, 147, 317
Erasmian literary style, 207
erotic, 152
Hernando’s tastes in, 122, 123, 152
Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans (Plutarch), 300
Llull, Ramon, 132–33, 135
London, 231–32, 261
Loredan, Leonardo, 218, 219
Louvain, 207, 208, 227, 281–82, 286, 287
Low Countries, 202, 204–06, 224, 232, 281, 314
Lozana Andaluza (novel), 151–52
Lucian of Samosata, 122, 206
Lucretius, 164, 166, 168, 268
Lugo, Alonso de, 46
lunar eclipse (1504), 107–09
Luther, Martin, 214–16, 217, 223, 274, 283
Lutheranism, 282–83, 286
Lutherans, Henry VIII’s tract against (1521), 292
Lyons, France, 43, 307–08, 310, 314
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 175
Macrobius, 122
Madeira archipelago, 23, 24, 63
Madrid, 48, 185, 252
Madrigal, Alfonso Fernández de (El Tostado), 64, 70
Magellan, Ferdinand, 189–90, 197, 234–35, 240–41, 244
magnetic variation, 80–81, 188–89, 329
Magnus elucidarius (Mure), 204
Mainz, 214, 224, 231
Malacca, 174, 196, 251, 253
manatees, 84–87, 84, 90, 122, 255, 308
Mannerism, 275
Mansa Musa (Malian king), 184
manta rays, 84, 86, 122
Manuel I, King of Portugal, 54, 55, 174, 189
Manutius, Aldus, 134, 146
Manzor, Rajah Sultan (Moluccan king), 241
maps, 6
Atlantic shipping routes on, 188
Chaves’s process for, 270–71
copies made of, 271–72
European tradition of, 90
Hernando’s cartography methods and, 181, 183–85, 270–71
Hernando’s dialogue on, 188–89, 270
Hernando’s map of Spain, 180–81, 183–86, 187–88
map presented to Henry VII, 24, 25
medieval cartography and, 184–85
More’s Utopia and, 227
of New World, 31, 91
ordering the world using, 90–91
Padrón Real (master maps; 1507) and, 188
Padrón Real (Hernando’s new version) and, 269–72
Portuguese techniques in, 188, 189, 190, 219, 250–51
Ptolemy’s influence on, 180–81, 182
Spanish problems with, 188–89
see also navigation
Marco Polo, 24, 30, 100, 120
Margalho, Pedro, 251
Margaret of Austria, 53, 54, 125, 177, 232
Maria, Princess, of Aragon, 55
Mariagalante island, 44
Marieni (cacique), 45
Marignano, Battle of (1515), 175
Marino, Giovanni Battista di, 337
Marriage of Philology and Mercury (Capella), 123
Mars, Venus, and Vulcan (Palumba), 159, 160, 167, 169
Martinez, Leonor, 324
Martinique, 81
Martyr d’Anghiera, Peter, 22, 41–42, 112, 135, 201
account of Columbus’s voyages by, 50, 86, 174
book on ancient Egypt by, 134
as tutor in Infante’s household, 37, 41, 42, 74, 122
Mary Tudor, Princess, of England, 231, 292, 304
mathematics, 123, 148–49, 164, 181, 183–84, 230, 238, 241, 273
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 53–54, 175, 177, 187, 193–94, 202
Mayan people, 87–90, 88, 234
Meckenem, Israhel van, 197
Medea (Seneca), 69, 74, 242
medical books, 122, 123, 148, 256, 257, 307, 308
Medici, Cosimo de’, 149, 171–72
Medici, Giovanni de’ (Pope Leo X), 149, 160–62, 174, 175, 182, 194, 214–15, 218, 230, 275
Medici, Giulio de’ (Pope Clement VII), 162, 231, 236, 273, 274, 276, 284, 285, 290–92, 318
Medici family, 149, 150, 162, 164, 171–72
medicine, 148, 266
Arabic, 266
Columbus’s voyage with, 47
drugs from New World plants and, 265–66
Erasmus and, 308
Hernando’s interest in, 307–08, 310
Hernando’s recipes for, 5, 120
library categorization and, 123, 172, 238, 257, 317, 320
medical publishing in France and, 307, 310, 314
native people of Americas and, 51, 52, 264–65
Medina del Campo, Spain, 33, 43, 55, 112, 126, 233, 293, 314
Melanchthon, Philipp, 214
Memoria de los dibujos o pinturas o Registrum C (Hernando Colón), examples of images in, 38, 118, 212, 290
Memorial de los Libros Naufragados (The Catalogue of Shipwrecked Books, Hernando Colón), 5, 239–40
Méndez, Diego, 103, 105, 110
Michelangelo, 153–55, 157, 318
Milan, 217, 273, 274, 285, 315
millenarian theories, 68–73, 75, 129
Mirabilia urbis Roma (guide to Rome), 139–40
Moctezuma, Emperor, 201–02, 233–34
Moleto, Giuseppe, 337
Molina, Argote de, 138–39, 326–27
Molucca islands, 189–90, 241, 244, 250, 251, 252–53, 269, 272
Monardes, Nicolás, 265–66
Moniz Perestrelo, Doña Filipa, 23, 27, 79
Monserrate, 44
Monte, Vincentio de, 281
Monterrey, Spain, 185
Montesinos, Antonio, 136
Montpellier, France, 307
Moors of Spain, 88
architecture and, 35, 79
north African trade routes and, 27
war against, 18, 21, 22, 26, 72
More, Thomas, 122, 202, 231, 301
translations by, 206, 300
Utopia, 224, 225–30, 228, 261, 292
Müntzer, Thomas, 283
Munzer, Hieronymus, 36, 46–47
Mure, Konrad von, Magnus elucidarius, 204
music, 3
Hernando’s collection with, 118–20, 118, 140, 260, 310, 313
printed, 3, 310, 313
street singers and, 151
“narrow Atlantic” hypothesis, 23–24, 182
national libraries, 328–29
nationalism, 329, 331
native people of Americas, 84
atrocities of conquistadors and settlers and, 53, 135–36, 310, 326
at Cariay (Central America), 92–93, 324
Columbus’s interpreters for, 30
conversion to Christianity and, 30, 50, 52, 59, 69, 70, 72, 129
currencies and, 88–90, 211
encomienda system and, 135–36, 137
European notions of naked innocence and, 17–18, 29, 47–48, 60
guanín pendants and, 92, 93
Hernando on the rights of, 136
La Navidad and, 14, 31, 44–46, 47
languages of, 18, 29, 30, 134–35, 228
Mayan people, 87–90, 88, 234
Pané’s survey of, 50–52, 264
Paria region and, 60, 62, 92
Taino people, 111, 121; on Hispaniola, 36, 46, 49–52, 62, 70, 83, 84, 86, 264; on Isla Mona, 134–35; on Jamaica, 103, 104, 105, 106–09, 110, 135
Natural History (Pliny), 51–52, 120
natural philosophers, 86, 166
navigation
Atlantic shipping routes and, 79–81, 188
Chaves’s cartographical process for, 270–71
Columbus’s circumnavigation proposal and, 82, 128–29
dead reckoning used in, 80
Harrison’s marine chronometer and, 329
Hernando’s circumnavigation proposal and, 129, 130, 132, 136
lack of accurate longitude me
asures and, 80, 90, 91, 107, 108, 245–48, 251–52, 329
Magellan’s circumnavigation and, 235, 241
magnetic variation and, 80–81, 188–89, 329
Padrón Real (1507) and, 188
Padrón Real (Hernando’s new version) and, 269–72
pilót mayor and, 188, 269–73
Portuguese techniques in, 188, 189, 190, 219, 250–51
Spanish problems with, 188–89
underlying order of world and, 90–91
see also maps
Nebrija, Antonio de, 40, 183, 192, 248
Nebuchadrezzar’s dream (Bible story), 182, 283
neoclassicism, 33, 42, 142, 181–82, 206, 262
Neoplatonism, 121
Netherlands, 125, 177, 223, 231, 282
New Atlantis (Bacon), 328
New World
atrocities of the conquistadors and, 53, 135–36, 310, 326
Bobadilla commission and, 57–58, 60
books from Hernando’s collection used in writing history of, 326
Christianity and, 18, 29–30, 50, 52, 59, 60, 62, 63–64
Columbus family claims to possessions and, 55–56, 112, 124, 125–26, 136–37, 175, 296–97, 300
customs and beliefs and, 49–52, 92–93
ethnographic accounts of, 50–52
European mapping of, 31, 90–91
failure of settlements in, 44–46, 47–48
first judicial commission on, 53
Jardines de la Reina in, 48, 101
judges’ verdict on Columbus family rights (1536) in, 310–11
native place names changed in, 18–20, 44, 81, 92, 95
printed voices from, 43–44, 52–53
slave trade in, 46, 47–48, 135–36, 309, 312
Spanish settlers in, 45–46, 53, 57, 82–83
systematic attempts to write about, 50
wildlife in, 84–87, 92–93, 94–95, 122
see also Hispaniola; native people of Americas; Santo Domingo, Hispaniola
Niccoli, Niccolò, 149
Nicholas V, Pope, 149–50, 171–72, 181
Nicholas of Cusa, 121, 184, 221
Nicholas of Lyra, 64, 70
Niña (Columbus’s ship), 14
Nuremberg, 202, 223, 224, 230, 314
Odyssey (Homer), 90
ombús (South American plant), 264
On the Fall of Illustrious Men (Boccaccio), 300
Opusculum de mirabilibus novae et veteris urbis Romae (Albertini), 140–41
ordering of knowledge see knowledge, ordering and organizing of
Orsha, Battle of (1514), 196
Ostrogoths, 275
Ottoman Turks, 27
expansion of, 222, 252, 284, 305
fall of Belgrade to (1521) and, 218–19
printing press banned by, 288
siege of Vienna (1529) and, 284
war with Persia, 196, 218
Ourense, Spain, 185
Ovando, Nicolás de, 60, 82–83, 109, 110, 111–12, 124
Ovid, 122, 171
Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de, 35, 36, 37–38, 198, 296, 299–300
Pacioli, Luca, 148–49, 164, 164, 176, 184, 230
Padrón Real (master maps), 188, 269–72
pagan world, 42, 155, 171, 208, 302
Palladio, Andrea, 142
Palos, Spain, 20, 27
Palumba, Giovanni Battista, 38, 159, 160, 166, 167, 169, 197
Panama Canal, 101
Pané, Ramón, 50–52, 264
Pantagruel (Rabelais), 289–90, 308
papacy, 138, 142, 275
Apostolic Palace in Rome and, 144–46, 154, 156
Landsknechts’ sacking of Rome (1527) and, 274–75, 290
Possesso festival in Rome and, 160–62
sale of indulgences and, 214, 215
see also Vatican
Paracelsus, 308
Paria region, 56, 60–62, 91, 92
Paris, 183, 281, 287, 289, 324
as publishing center, 133, 137, 282, 314
Pasquin statue, Rome, 152–53, 154, 214
Patagonia, 235
Paul II, Pope, 42
Pavia, Battle of (1525), 252, 273–74, 284, 290
peccaries (wild pigs), 92–93, 122
Pérez, Fray Juan, 26
Pérez, Juan (library assistant), 228
Perpetual Almanac (Zacuto), 106–07, 108
Persia, 5, 63, 182, 196, 218, 252
pharmacology, 122, 265
Philip II, King of Spain, 238, 328, 329
Philip the Fair, Duke of Burgundy, 53, 124–25, 177
Philippines, 235
philosophy, 52, 66, 121
physiology, 86, 122, 307–09
Pian del Carpine, Giovanni da, 24
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 121, 123, 300
Piccolomini, Eneas Silvius, 25, 100
pictographic language, 134–35, 230, 288
Picture of the World (d’Ailly), 25
Piedrahíta, Spain, 242, 243
Pigafetta, Antonio de, 236
pilót mayor
Hernando as acting, 245, 269–73
navigation and, 188, 269–73
Pinta (Columbus’s ship), 14, 20–21
Pinzón, Martín Alonso, 20–21, 43, 296, 299, 300, 309
Pinzón, Vincente Yáñez, 127, 128–29
Pio, Giovanni Battista, 147, 164
Pirckheimer, Willibald, 206
Pisis, Bartolomeo de, 148
Pius II, Pope, 120
place names, 18, 44, 81–82, 87, 92, 94, 95, 112, 271
Platina, Bartolomeo, 150, 152
Plato, 30, 121, 170, 171, 193, 226, 254
Pleydenwurff, Hans, 140
Pliny, 25, 30, 51–52, 100, 120, 123, 159, 251
Plutarch, 300
Poliziano, Angelo, 54, 123, 148
Porras, Francisco, 105, 109, 110–11, 112
Porriño, Spain, 185
Portugal, 14–16, 17, 24, 54, 55, 78–79, 174, 252, 311
Badajoz conference and, 243–52
colonial rivalry between Spain and, 30–31, 63, 174–75, 189–90, 241, 243–52, 270, 272
colonies of, 30–31, 63, 174–75, 196, 252, 253
Columbus’s stop in Lisbon in, 22, 23, 27, 106–07, 306
Hernando’s mission (1518) to, 189, 190–91, 250
navigational techniques of, 188, 189, 190, 219, 250–51
Tordesillas Treaty (1492) between Spain and, 63, 127, 174–75, 189–90, 241, 244, 249, 253, 300
Treaty of Zaragoza (1529) and, 252
Possesso festival, Rome, 160–62
Pozze sandbars, Jamaica, 87, 90, 91
Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 206–07, 225
print revolution, 8–9, 227, 232
font changes in, 42
Hernando and, 9
Hernando’s understanding of impact of, 315–16
movable type and, 158
Venice and, 217, 222–23, 236
printed images
bookstores and printmakers selling, 159
Dürer and, 197, 206
examples of, 38, 118, 130, 140–41, 160, 212
Hernando’s catalogue and, 166–69, 176, 254
Hernando’s collection of, 3, 313, 327
loss of entire collection of, 327
northern masters and, 197
Roman printmaking and, 158–60, 197
subject categories for, 166–67, 168, 169
printed music, 3, 310, 313
printing press, 150, 174, 215, 227, 232, 254
Propertius, 171
Psalter, in five languages, 287, 294–96, 295
Psalterium Hebreum, Grecum, Arabicum & Chaldeum, 294
Ptolemy, 25, 30, 180–81, 182, 245, 251, 271
Puerto Rico, 81
Que Dios Salve (ship), 122, 126
Quibian (chieftain), 95, 96–97, 99
Qur’an, 133
Quart livre (Rabelais), 90
Rabelais, François, 90, 289–90, 308
Raphael, 144, 160, 170–71, 173, 175, 182, 183, 194, 202, 274
Reconquista, completion (1492) of, 16–17, 72
Reformation, 7
Diet of Worms (1521) and, 216, 217
Erasmus’s ideas and, 286–87
Henry VIII’s tract against Lutherans (1521) and, 292
Luther’s ninety-five theses (1517) and, 214, 215
role of the Church in, 215–16, 283
spread of Luther’s movement and, 214–15, 282–83
Reinel, Jorge, 190, 250
Reinel, Pedro, 190, 250
Relaciones topográficas (Philip II), 239, 329
Renaissance, 7, 9, 137
double-entry bookkeeping system in, 149
humanism in, 41, 121
libraries and, 149–50, 171–72, 302, 317–18
neoclassical order and, 206
order and categorization and, 164–66, 206, 302–03
pagan religion in, 302
plant science and, 265–66
printmaking and, 158–60
science and mathematics and, 148–49, 164, 176–77, 181, 183–84
translatio imperii (“movement of empire”) notion and, 182–83
universal man and, 123, 290
Republic (Plato), 226
Resende, André de, 282
Ribeiro, Diego, 190, 244, 245, 270, 271, 272, 273
Rodríguez, Maria, 264, 265
Roldán, Francisco, 82, 84
Roma instaurata (Biondo), 182
Rome, classical, 41–42, 123, 148
Budé’s work on, 211, 212
guides to, 140–41, 181–2
Ostrogoths and, 275
Segovia and, 191
writers in, 154, 183, 317
Rome, Renaissance, 137, 138–39, 140–49, 140
ancient monuments and, 138, 141–42, 181, 182
book emporia (cartolai) and, 146–47, 151, 196, 314–15
Bramante’s Tempietto chapel in, 142, 144
categorization and order and, 170–72
civic festivals in, 152, 155–56, 160, 162–64
classical heritage and, 139–42, 181–83
guides to, 139, 140–41
Hernando’s stay in, 137, 138, 139, 140–49, 150–52, 154–56, 158–60, 164, 176, 178, 181
Julius II’s building projects in, 142, 152–54, 157
Landsknechts’ sacking of (1527), 274–75, 290
Medici library in, 149, 150
Pasquin statue in, 152–53, 154, 214
printmaking in, 158–60
Sacra Romana Rota (tribunal) in, 144–46, 154, 157, 176, 178, 299
San Pietro in Montorio church in, 144, 160
Studium Urbis (university) in, 147–49, 164
underworld in, 151–52
Rosa, Costanza, 127–28
Royal Library, Hanover, 322
Royal Society, London, 328
Rumeu de Armas, Antonio, 338
Sabellicus, 305, 306, 338
Sacra Romana Rota (tribunal), Rome, 144–46, 154, 157, 176, 178, 299
St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, 139, 141, 144, 153–54, 214, 284
The Catalogue of Shipwrecked Books Page 41
