From the Tree to the Labyrinth: Historical Studies on the Sign and Interpretation

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From the Tree to the Labyrinth: Historical Studies on the Sign and Interpretation Page 81

by Umberto Eco


  Politian, 34

  Politics (Aristotle), 97, 174, 216

  Polygenetic hypothesis, 440, 441, 446

  Polygons, networks as, 54

  Polyhistor (Solinus), 30, 135

  Pomponius Mela, 24

  Ponzio, Augusto, 368

  Popper, Karl, 486n15, 556, 570

  Porphyry, 4, 5–6, 8, 10, 96, 129n12, 162; Academicians and, 176; influence on medieval doctrinal culture, 169; on intelligence of animals, 183; on souls of animals, 182

  Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (Joyce), 334

  Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 5, 6, 11, 14, 113, 174

  Poststructuralism, 570

  Pottier, Bernard, 56, 553

  Pouillon, Henry, 311, 340n27, 341, 342n31

  Poulenc, Francis-Jean-Marcel, 311

  Pozzato, Maria Pia, 229n7

  Pragmatics, 51

  “Prata rident” (Rosier-Catach), 126–129

  Predicables, theory of, 5, 6

  Pre-Raphaelites, 339

  Prieto, Luis Jorge, 553, 581

  Primitives, 26, 45; assumed, 18, 19; finiteness and, 20; rational language and, 46; universality and, 21

  Prior Analytics (Aristotle), 96, 113

  Priscian, 116, 127, 208–209, 210, 212, 213, 214n42, 244, 246, 367

  Priscillian of Avila, 254

  Problema arithmeticum de rerum combinationibus (Guldin), 420

  “Problem of Meaning in Linguistics, The” (Quine), 558

  Proclus, 234, 240

  Promessi sposi, I [The Betrothed] (Manzoni), 495–496, 500–502, 506–507, 546; action and word in, 488–493; pardon of Father Cristoforo, 499–500; plague chapters, 502–506; popular semiosis and, 493–495; proper names in, 497–499

  Proni, Giampaolo, 485n12, 523, 524

  Proprium, 6

  Proust, Marcel, 534, 546

  Proverbs, 27, 242, 509

  Pseudepigraphical writings, 225, 238

  Pseudo-Aegidius Romanus, 204n29

  Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, 1, 129n12, 149, 150–159, 165; Llull and, 400, 404; Thomas Aquinas and, 345; translations of, 238

  Pseudo-doubles, 226–227

  Pseudo-identification, 238–240

  Pseudo-Kilwardby, 214n42

  Pseudo-Longinus, 240

  Pseudo-Marsilius of Inghen, 220

  Psychology, 404, 523

  Ptolemy, 62

  Purgatory (Dante), 251, 252

  Putnam, Hilary, 56, 72

  Pythagoras, 181

  Pythagoreanism, 342

  Quadrivium, 31

  Quaestio quodlibetalis (Thomas Aquinas), 569

  Quillian, Ross, 57, 67n36

  Quine, Willard V. O., 20, 491, 554, 558–559

  Quintilian, 21n14, 22, 116–117, 119, 121

  Rabanus Maurus, 29, 31–32, 87, 135, 186n13, 191n19, 209n37

  Rabelais, François, 22–23, 543

  Ramée, Pierre de la (Petrus Ramus), 34

  Raphael, 534

  Rationale divinorum officiorum (Dorando), 2

  Rationality, 7, 59, 178, 202, 407

  Recherches philosophiques (De Bonald), 441

  Reconstructionists, 510, 515, 516

  Redundancy, 19

  Regulae theologicae (Alain of Lille), 159–160

  Reisch, Gregor, 34, 193

  Relativism, 567

  Remi of Trèves, 230

  Renaissance, 33–34, 55, 192, 297, 404; authentication in, 235; Kabbalism in, 385–386; rediscovered knowledge and, 93

  Renucci, Paul, 147

  Replicability, 225

  Representations, 56, 523, 532

  Rerum divinarum et humanarum antiquitates (Varro), 25

  Reynolds, Barbara, 299, 300

  Rhetoric, 31, 34, 111, 414, 432; interpretation and, 257; as part of logic, 112, 113; poetics and, 116–126; treatises on, 1

  Rhetoric (Aristotle), 63, 95, 97, 98n7, 99, 163; Hermann the German’s translation, 107–108; medieval misfortunes of, 111–115; Translatio Vetus, 108–110; William of Moerbeke’s translation, 108–110

  Rhetorica (Llull), 402

  Rhetorica ad Herennium (Aristotle), 78–79n46, 116, 120, 124

  Rhizome, 54–55

  Rhythmus alter (formerly attrib. Alan of Lille), 130–131, 133, 143

  Ricerca della lingua perfetta, La [The Search for a Perfect Language] (Eco), 2

  Richard of Lavenham, 213n40

  Richard of Saint Victor, 112n17, 131, 272–273, 401

  Richards, I. A., 354, 550

  Ricoeur, Paul, 65n35

  Riedl, Clare, 342n31

  Rintelen, Fritz-Joachim von, 346, 347

  Rivarol, Antoine de 424

  Rivers, Kimberly, 33

  Rodulfus Glaber (Rudolph the Hairless), 284

  Roland-Gosselin, M.-D., 331n19, 347, 348, 352

  Role of the Reader (Eco), 91

  Roman de la Rose, 137

  Romano, Yehudi, 307

  Romanticism, 280n11, 312, 316, 319, 337

  Rorty, Richard, 460, 461–462, 581

  Rosenau, Helen, 271

  Rosenstiehl, Pierre, 55

  Rosiello, Luigi, 440

  Rosier-Catach, Irène, 112, 114n19, 126, 127, 159, 190, 286

  Rossano, Pietro, 251, 261

  Rosselli, Cosma, 79–80

  Rossi, Paolo, 34n22, 37, 85, 397

  Rouault, Georges, 311

  Rovatti, Aldo, 564, 565, 577

  Royal Society (London), 425

  Russell, Bertrand, 20, 354, 381

  Saint Martin, Louis-Claude de, 441

  Saintsbury, George, 339

  Saint-Sever, Beatus of, 252

  Salsano, Alfredo, 21n13

  Sanders, Henry, 253, 254

  San Millan de la Cogolla, Beatus of, 252, 267, 267

  San Pedro de Cardeña, Beatus of, 252

  San Severo, Beatus of, 268, 268

  Santarcangeli, Paolo, 52

  Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 424–425

  Satie, Erik, 311, 312, 316

  Saussure, Ferdinand de, 290, 293, 556, 561

  Sayers, Dorothy, 299

  Scalichius de Lika, Paulus, 23, 387

  Schaer, Roland, 21n13

  Schank, Roger C., 57

  Schelling, Friedrich, 336, 572n5

  Schema, 457, 463, 471–474; in Kant’s last writings, 484–487; schema of the dog, 474–478, 483; of unknown object, 478–484

  Schlosser-Magnino, Julius von, 340, 342n31

  Schogt, Henry G., 553

  Schola Palatina, 120

  Scholastics (Schoolmen), 115, 160, 163, 312; Bacon’s critique of, 171–172; denotation and, 379, 381; dissolution of, 315; Kant and, 466; Llull and, 400; post-Reformation, 168; souls of animals and, 187

  Schola Vindobonensia ad Horatii Artem poeticam, 124

  Scholem, Gershom, 415

  Schott, Gaspar, 39–40

  Sciascia, Leonardo, 91

  Sciences, 35–36, 111, 224

  Scotus Eriugena, John. See Eriugena, John Scotus

  Scotus, Michael, 97

  Scriptum super libros Sententiarum (Thomas Aquinas), 166

  Scripture (Bible), 29, 112, 120n5, 140, 219; allegory in, 134, 135, 138, 141; anthropomorphization in, 154; authenticity of, 242, 243; biblical exegesis, 253, 260; Dante on allegory in, 145, 146; First Epistle to Corinthians, 130–131, 153; Kabbalism and Christian exegesis, 398; King James Version, 275, 300; metaphors and similes in, 156, 167–168; multiple interpretations of, 258; New Testament, 131–132, 251, 259; Old Testament, 131–133, 252, 269, 281; poetry and, 320; Septuagint, 225, 231; signification in, 196, 197; speech acts in Genesis, 286–290; Thomas Aquinas on allegory in, 142–144; visualization of, 260–273, 266–268; Vulgate, 231, 264n7, 274–275, 286, 288, 300. See also Apocalypse

  Sebeok, T. A., 553

  Secret, François, 385

  Sefer Yetzirah (Book of Creation), 386, 397–398, 399, 416

  Selenus, Gustavus, 417

  Sellars, Wilfrid, 462, 470

  Semantics, 19, 51, 481, 548–549, 562�
�563; encyclopedia entries and, 551–554; encyclopedic, 565, 566; extensional, 383; meaning of meaning, 554–557; meanings of, 549–551; representation and, 3; semantic networks, 57, 60; truth-conditional, 559–562; universals, 424, 425, 431

  Semantics (Lyons), 554

  “Semantics of Metaphor, The” (Eco), 67

  Sememes, 164, 553

  Semiosis, 1, 50, 58, 501; inference and, 525; popular, 493–495; semiosic teratology, 502; unlimited, 21, 51, 69, 565; verbal language and, 489, 506

  Semiosphere, 73n39, 85

  Semiotics, 1, 113, 194, 200, 457; bibliography of, 2; denotation and, 353–354; of falsification, 240; of forgery, 225–228; history of, 531; Kantian, 473; of Manzoni, 488, 498, 506–507; of metaphor, 154; mnemotechnics as, 78–82; mutilated, 90; Peircean, 509; semiotic triangle, 357, 364, 372, 375, 376; zoosemiotics, 220

  Seneca, 175

  Sententia libri Politicorum (Thomas Aquinas), 125

  Servius, 138

  Severini, Gino, 311

  Sextus Empiricus, 176, 177n6, 181, 215n43, 459n2

  Sgradini, Enrica, 302

  Shifa (Avicenna), 107, 111

  Sic et non (Abelard), 232

  Siger of Brabant, 246, 296

  “Signe et symbole” (Maritain), 319

  Signification, 1, 197, 199, 212, 214n42; Aristotelian view of, 360; context and, 566; Hobbes and, 380–381; naming and, 364; natural and positive, 298n7; popular semiosis and, 494; suppositio and, 366, 367

  Signs (semeia), 194–195, 201, 203, 207, 211, 248; Augustine’s definition of, 195–197, 359–360; Bacon’s classification of, 216–222, 369; indexical, 497; as indices, 202; intuition and, 543; natural, 370; Platonic ideal and, 419; symbols distinguished fom,’ 217; voces significativae and, 205. See also Natural signs and signification; Semiosis; Semiotics

  Similes, 144, 149, 152, 154, 158, 168, 250–251

  Simone, Raffaele, 441

  Simon Magus (Simon the Magician), 221n49

  Simon of Dacia, 209n39

  Simon of Faversham, 298n7

  Simson, Otto von, 341

  Sirridge, Mary, 197n22

  Sisyphus (mythological), 63, 109, 180

  Six Problems for Don Isidro Parodi (Borges and Bioy-Casares), 91–92

  Slaughter, Mary, 194n20

  Smith, Barry, 61, 517n3

  Socrates, 182, 212, 330n18, 371, 372, 394

  Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg (Maistre), 441–442, 455

  Solinus, 30, 135, 185n12

  Solomon Ben Isaac, Rabbi, 271

  Somnium Scipionis (Macrobius), 402

  Sonus (sound), 173, 207

  Sophistical Refutations (Aristotle), 96, 113

  Soul, 48, 120n5, 145, 150, 152; intention of, 218; knowledge and, 167; metaphor and, 148; power of, 17; virtue and, 112, 113n

  Sowa, John, 60

  Space, time and, 69

  Spade, Paul V., 214n40, 364

  Spangerbergius, Johannes, 75

  Species, 6, 42, 81, 103, 321; denotation and, 353; existence of, 5; language and, 220–221; limits of nature and, 582; metaphor and, 116–117; Porphyrian tree and, 406; relation to genus, 7; schematism and, 480; in Wilkins, 44; words and, 216–217

  Specula (Vincent of Beauvais), 135

  Speculum majus (Vincent of Beauvais), 33, 86

  Speech acts, 135, 200, 286–287

  Sperber, Dan, 554

  Spinoza, Baruch, 425, 572n5

  Stalin, Joseph, 86

  Statius, 147, 230

  Steganographies, 416–417

  Stergk, Joachim, 22

  Stesichorus, 110

  Stoics, 111, 131, 175, 206; Abelard and influence of, 197–200; on animal behavior, 179, 181; Augustine and influence of, 195–197; names distinguished from signs, 194–195; Priscian and, 213

  Strato of Lampsacus, 24

  Stravinsky, Igor, 312

  Struttura assente, La (Eco), 520

  Suarez, Francisco, 160

  Subsumption, 60

  Suger, abbot of Saint Denis, 274n9, 340

  Summa grammatica (John of Dacia), 213n40

  Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas), 17, 115, 140–142, 165, 187–188, 194; on aesthetics, 348, 349; on poetic discourse, 319; on species, 321

  Summulae Dialectices (Roger Bacon), 219

  Summulae Logicales (Richard of Lavenham), 213n40

  Super epistulam ad Galatas (Thomas Aquinas), 142

  Suppositio, theory of, 358–359, 366–369, 378, 379, 381–382

  Surrealism, 316, 319, 325

  Svoboda, Karel, 342n31

  Swift, Jonathan, 426

  Syllogisms, 377, 382, 388, 394, 407, 492

  Sylva Sylvarum (Francis Bacon), 36

  Symbolism, 129–140, 250, 344

  Symbolism (aesthetic movement), 316, 323

  Symbols, 27, 192, 201, 203; in Llull’s Ars, 387, 422; in World-Mind experiment, 572–576

  Synecdoche, 164, 279, 370, 432–433, 503, 505

  Synechism, 514

  Synesthesia, 544

  Synonymy and synonyms, 19, 27, 257, 259, 557–559

  Syntheticity, 19

  Systema naturae (Linnaeus), 462

  System of Logic (Mill), 355, 379

  Tabarroni, Andrea, 171n, 353n, 377n14

  Talmudists, 23

  Taparelli D’Azeglio, Luigi, 310n2

  Tarsky, Alfred, 383, 560–562

  Tasso, Torquato, 540

  Tatarkiewicz, Wladislaw, 341

  Taxonomies, 87, 212, 425

  Technica curiosa (Schott), 39

  Tega, Walter, 34n22, 35, 36

  Templar myth, 441, 443, 445–446

  Temurah, 398, 399, 410

  “Teoria e pratica dei confini” [“The Theory and Practice of Boundaries”] (Varzi), 516–517

  Terence, 105

  Terre australe connue, La (Foigny), 427–431

  Tertullian, 256

  Tesauro, Emanuele, 1, 37–42, 127, 164

  Themistocles, 74–75, 83, 93

  Theodoric of Chartres, 126, 159

  Theology, 34, 47, 141, 149, 322; analogy and, 317; Llullism liberated from, 418; Llull’s Ars and, 396, 414; of reference, 431; symbolic theology of Pseudo-Dionysius, 150–159

  Theory of Semiotics, A (Eco), 563

  Theosophism, 441

  Thesaurus artificiosae memoriae (Rosselli), 79–80

  Third Expostition (Pico della Mirandola), 412

  Thomas Aquinas, 96, 97, 115, 126, 161, 214–216, 569; aesthetic themes in, 310, 348–352; agent intellect doctrine of, 327–331; on articulation, 210–212; authentication and, 231, 234, 243; on cause and effect, 165; Dante and, 296; De Bruyne’s historiography and, 341; on denotation, 364–366; Great Chain of Being and, 402; knowledge by analogy and, 159; on language and rationality, 202; Maritain and, 313–317, 319–323; on metaphor, 140–144, 156; Neo-Platonism and, 170; reading of Aristotle’s De interpretatione, 207; Scholasticism and, 309; on sensitive and rational souls, 510; on slaughter of animals, 188; on speech, 286–287; on substantial form, 16–17

  Thomas of Erfurt, 240, 374n11

  Thomassin, Lewis, 453

  Thorndike, Lynn, 414

  3D Model, 475–476, 477

  Thurot, Charles, 234

  Timaeus (Plato), 268, 286, 443

  Time, space and, 69

  “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius” (Borges), 439

  Topics (Aristotle), 5, 12, 96, 113, 161–162

  Torah, 131, 301, 303, 399, 411

  Traité des animaux (Condillac), 183

  Traité des chiffres (Vigenère), 416

  Transcendentalism, 486

  Translations, 238, 490, 491, 540–541, 579

  Translatio Vetus (anonymous), 97, 107

  Trier, Jost, 69

  Trithemius, Abbot John (Johann Heidenberg), 239, 281, 281n, 410, 416

  Trivium, 31, 111

  Truth, reliability of, 249, 250

  Tyconius, 134, 254, 256, 257, 279

  “Ueber Wahrheit und Lüge in aussermoralischen Sinne” [“On Truth and Lies in a N
onmoral Sense”] (Nietzsche), 577–578

  Ulrich of Strasbourg, 138

  Ulysses (Joyce), 92

  Unconscious, Freudian, 326

  Unicursal labyrinth, 52, 53

  Universal Character, The (Beck), 42

  Universals, 5, 424, 425, 431

  Untimely Meditations (Nietzsche), 83

  Uspensky, Boris, 89n54

  Utopia (More), 427

  Utopias, literary genre of, 426–427

  Vairasse, Denis, 427

  Valcavado, Beatus of, 252

  Valensise, Domenico, 310n2

  Valente, Luisa, 133n15

  Valeriano, Giovanni Pietro, 192

  Valéry, Paul, 570

  Valla, Giorgio, 97n4

  Valla, Lorenzo, 230, 248

  Vallet, Pierre, 310n2

  Varro, Terentius, 25, 118n1, 445

  Varzi, Achille, 516–519, 517n3

  Vasoli, Cesare, 34n22, 417–418, 419

  Vattimo, Gianni, 286n, 462n4, 564n, 565, 570n3, 577, 579, 580, 585

  Vecchio, Sebastiano, 133n16, 197n22

  Vergil in the Middle Ages (Comparetti), 138

  Verbeke, Gerard, 204n29

  Vernon, Jean-Marie de, 409

  Vick, George R., 380, 381, 382, 383

  Vico, Giambattista, 69, 445, 537–538

  Victorines, 342, 352

  Victorinus, Marius, 231

  Vigenère, Blaise de, 416

  Vincent de Beauvais, 33, 86, 135, 208, 209n37

  Violi, Patrizia, 18n12, 55n33, 58, 82n48

  Virgil, 118, 119n2, 138, 147, 171, 230

  Virgil of Bigorre (Virgil of Toulouse), 122, 232, 342n32

  Virtuality, 88–89

  Vita nuova (Dante), 146, 148

  Vives, Juan Luis, 23, 24n16

  Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie (Lalande), 347

  Volli, Ugo, 462n5

  Vox/voces (voice/voices), 173, 175, 195, 198, 363, 371; of animals, 125n43, 220; articulation and, 207–209, 211–212; voces significativae, 175, 203–204, 205, 206, 214n42, 321, 383

  Waning of the Middle Ages (Huizinga), 339n25

  Weinrich, Harald, 75, 84

  Wencelius, Léon, 345

  West, William N., 23n16

  White, Andrew D., 441

  Wikipedia, 88

  Wilkins, John, 1, 88, 425, 427, 432–433, 438; taxonomy of genera and species, 42–46; universal classification of, 463

  William of Conches, 112n17, 126, 127, 136n19, 244n14, 245, 367

  William of Moerbeke, 96–97, 105–106, 108–110, 113, 115, 204n29, 207, 234, 247

  William of Saint-Thierry, 105

  William of Sherwood, 368

  Wilson, Deirdre, 554

  Wilson, N. L., 55n33

  Wirszubski, Chaim, 409, 410

  Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 473, 529, 551, 579

  World-Mind experiment, 571–585

  Worth, Sol, 82

 

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