by Hew Strachan
Entente 14, 16, 18–20, 23–4, 27–9, 32, 45, 50–2, 61, 82, 91, 94, 100, 661
financial cooperation 828–30, 861, 955–7, 959, 961–3, 965, 967, 970–2, 976, 978–80, 983, 985, 992
Japan and 491–3
munitions procurement 1109–11
strategy 1005, 1108–12
Enver 657–8, 667–72, 676–9, 705, 732, 735–6, 743–6, 756, 949
army reform and 682, 684
in Caucasus 716, 718–19, 722–6, 776
Central Asia and 770, 776, 778–9, 782, 784, 808
war plans 687–8, 697–702
Enzeli 786–7
Épinal 195, 216, 244–5, 253, 1001
Equatorial Africa, French 518–19
Equitable Trust Company 944
Eregli 692
Erfurt programme 117
Erhardt, Heinrich 1031
Eritrea 747
Erivan 712, 716, 719
Erzberger, Matthias 694, 706, 1119
Erzincan 682, 716
Erzurum 690, 715–18, 724, 728
Eseka 509, 523, 530, 536, 540
Esher, Lord 374, 441
Essen 1030–1, 1036
Estonians 696
Ethiopia 495
Eucken, Rudolf 1128–9, 1136
eugenics 134–5
Eulenburg, Philipp von 21
Euphrates, river 660, 690–1
Evert, Alexei 352–3
Ewing, Alfred 422
excess profits duty 864–5, 888
see also under individual countries
exchange rates 826, 941
see also under individual countries
Expressionism 140–1
Eymael, German officer in Cameroons 524, 526–7
Fabeck, General von 276–7
Fabergé 1100
Falkenhayn, Erich von 72, 74, 89, 121, 148, 176, 233, 235, 253, 1109–10, 1015–16, 1035, 1038
as chief of the general staff 262–8, 270, 274, 276–7, 279–80, 360, 367–8, 406, 697, 718, 736, 778, 782, 784, 993, 1010, 1035–7
Falklands:
battle of 428, 476–9, 481
islands 473
Fanning island 475
Fao 689
Far, Franz 768
Farafra 748
Farma, Farman 788
fashion 107
Fashoda 17, 383, 495
Faucon, French officer in Cameroons 539
Fay, Sidney 2
Fayolle, Marie-Emile 226, 1003
Federal Reserve System see under United States
feminism 107
Ferenczi, Sandor 1013
Fernando Po 509, 541
Festubert 1003, 1068
Fez 766–7
Fezzan 744–5, 763
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 1130–1, 1134
Ficke, Carl 769
Fife 640
Fiji 472, 475
Finland 308, 350, 696, 1091
Gulf of 403, 405–6
First National Bank 964
Fischel, Max 410–11, 439
Fischer, Emil 1026
Fischer, Fritz 3, 22, 52–4, 57, 87
Fisher, Sir John 17–18, 198–9, 376, 378–89, 391, 394–6, 400–2, 405, 414, 418–19, 422, 435–7, 441, 444–6, 471, 475, 478, 661–2
Fismes 265
Foch, Ferdinand 187, 190, 198, 213, 226–7, 248, 250, 252, 255, 269, 273, 275–7, 279–80, 302
food 499–500, 504, 516
see also Britain, food; Germany, food
Foerster, Friedrich-Wilhelm 1131
Förster, Wolfgang 164
Fort Flatters 761
Fort Johnston 621, 634, 638
Fort Polignac 761–2
Forth, Firth of 419, 431
fortification 168, 176, 180–1, 194–5, 211–12, 219, 222, 231, 243–4, 261, 270–1, 286, 304–5, 307, 319–20, 356–7, 366, 463, 522, 533, 537, 717,
Fox, H.M.S. 581–3
France:
agriculture 880–1
aircraft production 1050–2
Algeria and 757–66, 769
arms imports 1106–8
arms trade 1050, 1052
armies: 1st 195, 212–13, 244, 252
2nd 195, 212–13, 244, 252, 267–9
3rd 195, 213, 216, 218–19, 245, 250, 252, 255, 258, 264, 267
4th 195, 213, 216, 218–19, 245, 250, 252, 255, 258, 264
5th 216, 218–21, 225, 245, 248–52, 255, 258, 260
6th 243, 245, 249, 251–2, 254, 256, 258–60, 266–7
8th 276
9th 248, 250, 252, 255, 258, 268–9
10th 269
of Alsace 212, 243
of Lorraine 217, 243
army 15–16, 30, 33, 53, 92–3, 98, 125, 147, 224
artillery 186–7, 191, 218–19, 227–30, 255, 993–5, 1000–1, 1049, 1052, 1056, 1058–60, 1081
cavalry 218, 220, 232, 259–60, 267, 279
command 225–8, 248, 269
discipline 224–5, 242
Foreign Legion 764, 768
general staff 184, 189, 194, 225
group 269
manpower 185–7, 190–1, 207, 227, 230–1, 278, 284, 497, 765, 769, 878
and the offensive 187–9, 195, 227, 229–30, 993;
officer corps 186
territorials 224 see also France, colonial troops, corps, divisions, Régiments d’Infanterie
artillery production 1058–60, 1064
banks 906, 909
Belgium and 955–7
bond prices 821
borrowing: domestic 765, 817, 828–9, 846, 849, 851, 855–7, 861, 909, 923–9
overseas, from Britain 968–9, 974–5, 979–80, 984
from neutrals 984–5, 989
from United States 962, 964–5, 967, 969–70, 972–3, 977, 980–1, 984
Britain and 14, 17–19, 24, 27–8, 32, 87, 94–5, 132, 180, 198, 201–3, 205, 222, 242, 249–50, 271–2, 376–7, 383, 442, 648, 955–6, 964–5, 968–9, 974–5, 979–80, 984, 1050, 1057, 1065, 1075, 1078, 1109, 1111
budgets 856–8, 887
Catholicism and 154–5, 189, 226, 269, 652, 706, 1118–19, 1121
chemical industry 1053–4, 1056–7
civil-military relations 185–6, 189, 857, 1062, 1112
colonialism 16, 464, 495, 694, 754, 757–61, 769–70
colonial troops 497–8, 511, 520, 584, 759, 765, 769
corps: II 218–19
IV 218–19, 267
V 219
VII 212
IX 275, 277
X 268
XI 255, 268
XII 219
XIII 266
XV 224
XVI 277
XVII 219
XVIII 258
XIX 644, 761, 769
XX 213, 227
XXI 255
I cavalry 232, 260
II cavalry 260
currency and circulation 846–7, 849–50, 924–6, 929, 981
divisions 42nd 275
economic organization 1053–5, 1062–4, 1089
education 142–3, 147
entente cordiale with Britain 14–16, 18–19, 27–8, 93, 198
exchange rate 818, 829–31, 861, 925, 964–5, 968–9, 979–81, 986
financial crisis, July 1914 821, 847–9
foreign loans 30, 48, 61, 63
foreign ministry 16–17, 91–2
gold 819, 821, 827–9, 847, 849, 924, 929, 975, 981
Germany, relations with 24, 30, 1019–21, 1023, 1029, 1049, 1057, 1117–18, 1121–2, 1129–30
Greece, relations with 667–8, 1050
India and 793–5
industry 848, 1049–52, 1063–4
interest rates 847, 849
Italy, relations with 744, 760–3, 960–1, 983, 1050, 1107
Japan and 491, 987, 1061
manpower for industry 1052–4, 1063
metal industries 1051–4
ministry of war 1053, 1055, 1061–4, 1078
Montenegro 956
moratorium 846–9, 879–80
, 924–5, 927, 956, 1063–4
Morocco and 757–8, 760, 766–70
munitions production 1052–65, 1098
munitions supply 993–5, 998, 1000, 1002, 1049
national defence bonds 925–6, 928
national defence obligations 926–8
navy 376–8, 383, 418, 443, 448, 470, 475, 479, 647–8
powder production 1056–7
press 79, 143–4, 146, 224
price control 1064
propaganda 497, 758
radical socialists 29, 33, 130
raw materials 1049–51, 1063–5
Régiments d’Infanterie, 124th 219
130th 219
revenge for 1870 8, 14, 28, 189
Russia, relations with 14, 19–20, 29–30, 33, 50, 61, 76, 82, 91–3, 101, 191, 198, 212, 305, 668, 956–7, 960, 964, 1098, 1110–11
savings banks 847
Senate 1061–2, 1078, 1112
Serbia and 956, 1050
shell production 1054–60
small arms 1049–50, 1060–1
socialists 29, 111–13, 115, 120, 124–30, 1011, 1062–3
Spain and 984–5, 1107
state intervention 964–5, 979–80, 984, 1062–4, 1075
syndicalism 114, 124–5, 127
see also Confedération Générale du Travail
taxation 30, 865, 879, 881–3, 905, 925;
income 864, 878–92;
inheritance 864, 882;
war profits 880–2
treasury bills 846, 925
trésoriers-payeurs généraux 925
Turkey, relations with 667–8
Tunisia and 758
United States and 962–5, 967–70, 972–3, 977, 979, 980–1, 984, 1050, 1056, 1061, 1106–8
universities 1123
war aims 541–2
war enthusiasm 93, 149–51, 154–6, 758
war loans 927–9
war plans 180–98, 1006, 1010–11
plan XV 184, 186
plan XVI 184–6, 195
plan XVII 191–8, 206, 231, 769
Franchet d’Esperey, Louis 250, 252, 255, 258
Franco-Prussian War 99, 142–3, 149, 166, 173, 181, 194, 205, 208, 233, 834, 838, 846, 1013, 1127
François, Hermann von 321–4, 329–30, 332–3, 335
Frank, Adolph 1026
Frank, Liborius 344–6
Frank, Ludwig 122, 153
Franke, General 1034
Franke, Viktor 556, 558–60, 563, 566–8
Frankenau 328
Frankenberg, Werner von 735
Frankfurt 944
Franz Ferdinand 38, 49, 58, 64–9, 71–2, 101, 281, 337, 356
Franz Joseph 37–40, 71, 346–7, 356, 372, 695, 1007
Frederick the Great 171, 834, 1009
Freiburg 104, 152, 1119
Fremantle 384
French, John 202–5, 220–3, 245, 249–52, 254, 259, 271, 273, 276–7, 602, 737, 994, 1076–7, 1085
French Revolution 1129–31, 1133–4
Freud, Sigmund 108, 110, 137–8, 157, 161, 1013, 1123
Friedrich, Archduke 337, 372
Frobenius, Leo 746, 754
Fuad, Prince Osman 752–3, 763
Fuad Pasha 719
Fuchs, Felix 519
Fukien 484, 486
Fumban 537
Futurism 140
Gabon 518–19, 526, 532, 536, 538–40
Galet, Émile 209–11, 216
Galicia 286, 292–3, 295–6, 305, 308–9, 314–16, 334, 336–7, 340, 344, 346–58, 361, 364, 698, 1004, 1044, 1114
Gallieni, Joseph-Simon 163, 189, 251–2
Gallipoli 589, 598, 601, 693, 748, 994
Gamelin, Maurice 225
Gandhi, M. K. 544, 812
Garioni, Vincenzo 753
Garua 517, 521–2, 529, 533–5, 537, 542
Garub 563
Gaub 567
Gazette de Lausanne 710
Geddes, Eric 1078–9
Geiss, Immanuel 4, 87
general staffs and causes of the war 71, 98–100
generational clash 136–9, 1128
genro 458–9, 486
George V 868, 1077
George, David Lloyd 204, 497, 1126
and causes of war 25–6, 79, 87, 95, 97, 131, 202
as chancellor of the exchequer 823–4, 829–30, 851, 859–60, 867–9, 873, 963, 966, 970, 974, 992, 1011–12, 1070–1, 1073, 1075–7
memoirs 2
as minister of munitions 1068–70, 1077–84, 1089, 1105, 1108, 1110–12
to War Office 1111
Georgia 710, 712, 714, 718, 722, 728
Gerard, James 1010
Germaniawerft 408
Germany:
Afghanistan and 772, 779–82, 788–91
agriculture 9, 58–9, 1025–7
Algeria and 764
amphibious operations 406, 438
anti-materialism 1127–9, 1132, 1136
arms exports 1018, 1030, 1032
armies: 1st 169, 207, 217–18, 220–1, 232, 235, 239–40, 245, 248, 253–7, 262, 264–5
2nd 169, 207, 217–18, 220–1, 235, 240, 245, 248, 253–7, 264–5
3rd 169, 207, 220, 222, 239–40, 245, 248, 253, 256–7, 261, 264–5
4th 207, 218, 230, 235, 245, 248, 253–7, 261, 263, 264–5, 274–6, 993
5th 207, 218, 235, 245, 248, 253–7, 261, 263–5
6th 177, 207, 213, 224, 235, 240–1, 244–5, 253–4, 263–9, 274–6, 1037
7th 177, 207, 212–13, 235, 244–5, 253–4, 257–8, 263–5, 269
8th 241–2, 288–90, 318–19, 321–5, 328–9, 331–3, 360–1, 367, 369, 405
9th 360–1, 365–7, 369, 372
army 5, 8, 15–16, 31, 47–8, 52–3, 63, 74, 118, 120, 148–50, 172, 261–2, 334–5, 367
artillery 173, 176, 191, 212, 219, 228–9, 237, 239, 278, 993–6, 1000, 1002, 1028, 1030–2, 1035, 1081
cavalry 221, 223, 232–3, 240–1, 254
command 221, 231, 233–7, 248, 255–6, 262, 360, 368, 372
general staff 163–4, 171–6, 212, 234–6, 239–40, 1024, 1035–6
infantry 237–9
manpower 166–7, 173–6, 184–5, 190–1, 207, 241, 278, 284, 437, 995, 1020
Ober Ost 368, 370, 372
pioneers 257
officer corps 175–6
voluntary enlistment 152–3, 274 see also Germany, corps; Schutztruppe
artillery production 1029–37
Austria-Hungary, relations with 35–7, 44–8, 51–2, 57–8, 71–3, 75, 81, 86–7, 101, 176, 334, 350, 358–60, 366, 372, 668–9, 947, 952, 1005–6, 1040–1
banks 836–8, 906, 908, 912, 914
see also Reichsbank
Belgium and 1117, 1119, 1122, 1126
bond prices 821
borrowing 817, 835, 851–2, 891–2, 895, 904, 907, 909–14, 990
overseas 943–5
Britain, relations with 14–15, 17, 23, 31–3, 87, 89, 405, 407, 413, 660, 664, 666, 696, 700, 1121, 1124–7, 1130–1, 1135, 1138–9
budgets 851–3, 859, 862, 887, 889, 893–6
Bulgaria, relations with 48, 667–9, 954–5
Bundesrat 893
Catholics 1115, 1117–19
Centre party 118, 706, 890
chemical industry 1019, 1025–7, 1038
civil-military relations 88–90, 98–9, 148–9, 261–2, 540, 570–1, 574, 1008, 1023–4
colonialism 10, 24, 33–4, 118–19, 407, 444, 447–8, 453–4, 491, 496–7, 510, 513, 538–9, 556, 566, 568–71, 574, 615, 634, 637, 642–3, 746, 798
conservatives 21–2, 890
constitution 4–6, 8–9, 21–2, 119, 124, 889–90, 893, 1138–9
corps commanders 1024
corps: I 321–3, 325, 328–30, 332
I reserve 321–2, 325, 328, 330
II 253
III reserve 270, 273–4
IV reserve 254
VI 328
VII reserve 257
XI 333
XV 25
7, 258
XVII 321–3, 325, 328–30, 332
XX 320–1, 323–5, 328–30, 333–4
XXV reserve 370
II cavalry 221
IV cavalry 268
currency and circulation 516, 556, 593, 833–7, 839, 893–4, 910–11, 929, 946, 1017
Darlehenskassen 838–9, 843, 893, 908, 910–12
Denmark and 945
economic liberalism 1015, 1018, 1021–4, 1032, 1039
economic planning 1008–11, 1015–18, 1021, 1048–9
economy 124, 975
education 142–3, 147–8, 153
exchange rates 818, 941–4, 946, 948–9
Feuerwerkern 1034–5
financial crisis, July 1914 837–9
food stocks 52–3, 74, 397, 516, 1017–18, 1020, 1025
foreign loans 48, 663
foreign ministry, relations with OHL 697–8, 771, 780, 782–3
and overseas
propaganda 707–8, 710–11
France, relations with 15, 23–4, 405, 407, 664, 1124, 1127, 1129–30
‘freedom’ defined 1131–4
gold 819, 835–7, 945–7, 949–50
Greece, relations with 648–9, 667, 669
Holland and 944–5
India and 798–800, 802, 804
industrialization 5, 13, 663
industry 1018–20, 1022–5, 1032–3, 1037–9, 1050, 1052
interest rates 837, 910, 914
interior lines, strategy of 167, 1005
interior ministry 1016–18, 1020, 1024, 1039
invasion, fear of 121–2, 152, 177
Italy and 760
Japan, relations with 454, 459–60, 462, 490–1
law of siege 1023–4
liberalism 1133, 1138–9
Libya, Germans in 744–5, 750–1, 753
loans to allies 947, 949–55
Lutheran church 1115–16, 1119–22, 1129, 1131, 1134–6
manpower in industry 1038–9
metal industries 896–7
militarism and 1122–3, 1126, 1129, 1135, 1139
Morocco and 756–7, 767–9
Mitteleuropa 46–8
monarchy 1133; see also Wilhelm II
moratorium 839, 910–11
munitions production 512–13, 537, 897–8, 1029–32, 1048–9, 1064–5
munitions supply 993–6, 998, 1000, 1002, 1005, 1018
navy 11–12, 15, 20–1, 23, 31–3, 52–3, 270, 360, 377, 383, 388, 390, 393–5, 406–13, 491
Admiralty Staff 409–13, 425–6, 438, 454
bases 406–7, 411, 448–9, 452, 467, 471, 510
battle squadron, 1st 438
2nd 438
5th 440
6th 440
command 412–13, 422–3, 425, 454
construction 407–8, 410, 418, 424, 436–7, 440, 449, 1024
East Asiatic Squadron 447, 449, 452, 454, 463–4, 466–80, 560
High Seas Fleet 405–7, 409–13, 425–6, 438, 440
Imperial Naval Office 408–9, 412, 437, 449, 1017–18, 1024, 1031
manpower 408, 410–11, 440
naval cabinet 409, 411
