“a sin against civilization”: Stefan L. Wolff, “Physicists in the ‘Krieg der Geister’: Wilhelm Wien’s ‘Proclamation,’” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 33, no. 2 (2003): 340.
“a glimpse of Ministers”: Gregory, The Last Great War, 13.
The windows of the German embassy: Alan Wilkinson, The Church of England and the First World War (London: Lutterworth, 2014), 12.
“The country calls”: Ibid., 33.
The BEF happily embraced: Winston Groom, A Storm in Flanders (Grove Press, 2003), 13.
“I am musing”: CPAE volume 8, document 34, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 19 August 1914,” 41–42.
“The German people”: John Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as a Spokesman for German Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 71.
“that all the moral”: Stern, Einstein’s German World, 44.
“The individual disappeared”: Jon Lawrence, “Public Space, Political Space,” in Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919; A Cultural History, vol. 2, eds. Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert, Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 283.
“Nowhere is there”: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 34a, “Einstein to Zangger, 24 August 1914,” 13.
A week later: Adrian Gregory, “Railway Stations,” in Winter and Robert, Capital Cities at War, 28–29.
The Germans had to: John Keegan, The First World War (London: Hutchinson, 1998), 87.
Their 2,000-pound shells: Ibid., 96.
Even Moltke: Ibid., 92.
“I went along under cover”: Quoted in Peter Hart, Fire and Movement (Oxford University Press, 2014), 94.
During the battle: Keegan, The First World War, 110.
“before the leaves fall”: Groom, A Storm in Flanders, 31.
Nearly a quarter-million books: Keegan, The First World War, 93.
Among the troops: William Van der Kloot, Great Scientists Wage the Great War (Oxford: Fonthill Books, 2014), 22–23.
On September 2: Keegan, The First World War, 121.
They were so close: Kurt Mendelssohn, The World of Walther Nernst: The Rise and Fall of German Science (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973), 80.
“be killed”: Holger H. Herwig, The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2009), 244.
Soon, the only remaining: Groom, A Storm in Flanders, 33.
The death of so many: Keegan, The First World War, 143.
By the time the battle ended: Ibid., 146.
Their astronomical equipment: Hentschel, The Einstein Tower, 22. Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 357. Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 59–60.
“The observations”: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 34a, “Einstein to Zangger, 24 August 1914,” 13.
“heroism on command”: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 60.
The international catastrophe: CPAE volume 8, document 39, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, December 1914,” 46–47.
CHAPTER 4
Irreplaceable cultural treasures: John Horne and Alan Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001): 38–40.
HOLOCAUST OF LOUVAIN: Ibid., 117.
“blind, barbarian” act: Ibid., 231.
IT IS NOT TRUE THAT OUR TROOPS: G. F. Nicolai, The Biology of War (New York: The Century Co., 1919), ix.
IT IS NOT TRUE THAT FIGHTING: Ibid.
Einstein’s friends: Stefan L. Wolff, “Physicists in the ‘Krieg der Geister’: Wilhelm Wien’s ‘Proclamation,’” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 33, no. 2 (2003): 341.
Planck and Klein: John Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as a Spokesman for German Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 70.
“as members”: Hubert Goenner and Giuseppe Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist and Democrat During World War I,” Science in Context 9, no. 4 (1996): 331.
“of real celebrity”: Nicolai, Biology of War, xiv.
Instead of saying: Wolff, “Physicists in the ‘Krieg der Geister,’” 343.
“We grieve profoundly”: Daniel Inman, “Theologians, War, and the Universities,” Journal for the History of Modern Theology 22, no. 2 (2015): 168–89, 176.
The reply had been organized: Ibid., 175.
“collective insanity”: CPAE volume 9, document 80, “Einstein to Hendrik A. Lorentz, 1 August 1919,” 68.
“sexual character of the male”: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 41a, “Einstein to Zangger, 27 December 1914,” 13.
His close connections: Wolf Zuelzer, The Nicolai Case (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982), 17–20.
“wonder for the first time”: Ibid., 25.
Never has any: Nicolai, Biology of War, xvii–xix.
“Although I am”: CPAE vol. 8, document 57, “Einstein to Georg Nicolai, 20 February 1915,” 69.
Only two others: Goenner and Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist and Democrat During World War I,” 333.
The famed zoologist: Martin J. Klein, Paul Ehrenfest, Volume I: The Making of a Theoretical Physicist (New York: Elsevier Science, 1970), 299.
“be healed”: Zuelzer, The Nicolai Case, 345.
Students studied: Stefan Goebel, “Schools,” in Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919: A Cultural History, vol. 2, eds. Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert, Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 211–16.
Einstein was member: Goenner and Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist and Democrat During World War I,” 334–35.
October 29: Thomas Levenson, Einstein in Berlin (New York: Bantam Books, 2003), 85.
This led to: See John Stachel, “The Hole Argument and Some Physical and Philosophical Implications,” Living Reviews of Relativity 17, no. 1 (December 2014), 5–66.
“physics too”: Wolff, “Physicists in the ‘Krieg der Geister,’” 337–38.
“enemy foreigners”: Ibid., 346.
Foreign terms: Ibid., 339.
Unjustified English influence: Ibid., 348.
“a crusade”: Ibid., 353.
Critics argued: See, for instance, the anonymous pamphlet Some Arguments for the Maintenance of Voluntary Service (London: St. Clements Press [1915?]).
At his request: John Stevenson, British Society 1914–45 (London: Allen Lane, 1984), 47.
There were not enough doctors: Michael Robinson, “Broken Soldiers,” History Ireland 24 (March/April 2016): 30–32, 31.
Cambridge and Oxford: Stevenson, British Society, 52–53.
At the end of August: Arthur Marwick, The Deluge: British Society and the First World War (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991), 35.
By October: Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), 9.
Adm. Charles Penrose: Nicoletta Gullace, “White Feathers and Wounded Men: Female Patriotism and the Memory of the Great War,” Journal of British Studies 36, no. 2 (April 1997): 178–206, 193.
Graham Greene: Royal Society Council Minutes (hereafter RSCM), vol. 10, 258, November 1, 1917. Courtesy of Royal Society.
One of the highest-ranking: The Times, November 1, 1914.
Fewer than half: James McDermott, British Military Service Tribunals 1916–1918 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011), 13–14.
So the owner of a munitions factory: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO) (hereafter TNA:PRO), MH 47/1: Central Tribunal Minutes, April 6, 1916.
It springs from: A. Ruth Fry, A Quaker Adventure (London: Nisbet and Co., 1926), xvii. See also Hugh Barbour, “The ‘Lamb’
s War’ and the Origins of the Quaker Peace Testimony,” in The Pacifist Impulse in Historical Perspective, ed. Harvey Dyck (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), 145–58.
We find ourselves: Rufus Jones, A Service of Love in War Time (New York: Macmillan Co., 1920), 3–4.
“Whatever may be”: Ibid., 65–66.
Those philanthropists: Peter Gatrell and Philippe Nivet, “Refugees and Exiles,” in The Cambridge History of the First World War, vol. 2, ed. Jay Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 194.
Jonckhèere walked: The Observatory 485 (March 1915): 143–45.
Louvain was again: Horne and Kramer, German Atrocities, 240.
However, the fighting: Susan Grayzel, “Men and Women at Home,” in Winter, The Cambridge History of the First World War, 96.
They were uniformed: Adrian Gregory, “Railway Stations,” in Winter and Robert, Capital Cities at War, 35.
The green lawns: Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory, 43.
Further, its domestic agriculture: Adrian Gregory, “Imperial Capitals at War,” London Journal 42, no.3 (November 2016), 219-232, 227.
Bread became scarce: Belinda Davis, Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 24.
Angry Berliners: Ibid., 27.
The black market: Adrian Gregory, The Last Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 227.
“butter riots”: Davis, Home Fires Burning, 1.
Synthetic nitrate: Fritz Stern, Einstein’s German World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 119.
Einstein was supposed to: Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography (New York: Viking, 1997), 354–55.
The government came to view: Gerald Feldman, “A German Scientist Between Illusion and Reality: Emil Fischer, 1909–1919,” in Deutschland in der Weltpolitik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, eds. Imanuel Geiss and Bernd Jürgen Wendt (Düsseldorf: Bertelsmann Universitätsverlag, 1973), 341–62, 356.
“He died as a soldier”: Stern, Einstein’s German World, 121.
The faculty of: Elizabeth Fordham, “Universities,” in Winter and Robert, Capital Cities at War, 262.
He replied that Chadwick: Russell McCormmach, Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982), 144, 210.
King’s College: Fordham, “Universities,” 266.
Immigrants were no longer: Panikos Panayi, “Minorities,” in Winter, The Cambridge History of the First World War, 222.
Postal censorship: Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (Basic Books, 1998), 186.
He spent the length: Wolff, “Physicists in the ‘Krieg der Geister,’” 339. McCormmach, Night Thoughts, 143, 210.
Albrecht Penck: Roy MacLeod, “‘Kriegsgeologen and Practical Men’: Military Geology and Modern Memory, 1914–18,” British Journal for the History of Science 28, no.4 (1995): 427–50, 431.
CHAPTER 5
It claimed hundreds of thousands: Ernest Rutherford, “Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley,” Nature 96, no. 2393 (September 9, 1915): 33–34. John Heilbron, “The Work of H.G.J. Moseley,” Isis 57, no. 3 (1966): 336–64.
“Had the European War”: Quoted in Daniel Kevles, The Physicists (Harvard University Press, 1995), 113.
“a heavy loss”: K. Fajans, Die Naturwissenschaften 4 (1916), 381–82.
“pride for their”: Rutherford, “Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley,” 33.
“we cannot but recognise”: Ibid., 34.
A single lab: Roy M. MacLeod, “The Chemists Go to War: The Mobilization of Civilian Chemists and the British War Effort, 1914–1918,” Annals of Science 50 (1993): 473.
“Killed in Flanders”: “Waste of Brains,” The Times, December 24, 1916.
No longer: Alan Wilkinson, The Church of England and the First World War (London: Lutterworth, 2014), 212.
A piano: The Manchester Guardian, May 13, 1915.
“vendetta”: Adrian Gregory, The Last Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 236.
“No Compromise”: Panikos Panayi, “Minorities,” in Winter, The Cambridge History of the First World War, 216–41, 227.
I love science: CPAE volume 8, document 45, “Einstein to Paolo Straneo, 7 January 1915,” 57.
“the only thing”: CPAE volume 8, document 84, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 17 May 1915,” 97.
“The theoretician is led”: CPAE volume 8, document 52, “Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, 3 February 1915,” 65.
“personal view”: CPAE volume 8, document 43, “From Hendrik A. Lorentz to Einstein, between 1 and 23 January 1915,” 53.
“kaleidoscopic mixture”: Quoted in Jürgen Renn and Tilman Sauer, “Pathways Out of Classical Physics,” in The Genesis of General Relativity vol. 1, ed. Jürgen Renn (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007), 257.
Freundlich’s supervisor: CPAE volume 8, document 54, “Einstein to Erwin Freundlich, 5 February 1915,” 66.
“work on gravitation progresses”: Renn and Sauer, “Pathways,” 251.
“brought, in a sense”: CPAE volume 8, document 45, “Einstein to Paolo Straneo, 7 January 1915,” 57.
“I am working tranquilly”: CPAE volume 8, document 44, “Einstein to Edgar Meyer, 2 January 1915,” 56.
“exceedingly modest”: CPAE volume 8, document 75, “Einstein to Tullio Levi-Civita, 14 April 1915,” 89.
The most recent issue: “Notes,” The Observatory 479 (October 1914): 392.
“Owing to the cutting”: Pickering to Dyson, October 8, 1914, Cambridge University Library, Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives, Papers of Frank Dyson, MS.RGO.8/104.
American astronomers: Dyson to Pickering, October 20, 1914, Papers of Frank Dyson, op. cit.
Strömgren assured astronomers: Strömgren to Dyson, November 6, 1914; Dyson to Pickering, November 9, 1914, Papers of Frank Dyson, op. cit.
It was refused again: Dyson to Postmaster General, November 18, 1914; Post office to Dyson, November 27, 1914, Papers of Frank Dyson, op. cit.
“the appearance of assisting”: Plummer to Dyson, November 26, 1914; Plummer to Dyson, December 3, 1914, Papers of Frank Dyson, op. cit.
“would prefer”: R.T.A. Innes at Johannesburg to Dyson, December 10, 1914, Papers of Frank Dyson, op. cit.
“considerate German”: Lawrence Badash, “British and American Views of the German Menace in World War I,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 34, no. 1 (July 1979): 95.
A. B. Basset: Ibid., 94.
At the 1915 BA meeting: Ibid., 96.
“unimaginative German hands”: Ibid., 96–97.
Nonetheless, he remained: Ibid., 97.
“abstract, heavy, obscure”: Anne Rasmussen, “Mobilising Minds,” in The Cambridge History of the First World War, vol. 2, ed. Jay Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 405.
“pull down from”: Badash, “British and American Views,” 99–100.
Reports of scientists: The Observatory 489 (July 1915): 306.
“a symbol that the Empire”: The Observatory 492 (October 1915): 409.
The 1915 meeting: Ibid., 413.
It is very sad: A. S. Eddington to Annie Jump Cannon, July 3, 1915, Annie Jump Cannon Papers, Harvard University Archives HUGFP 125.12 Box 2 HA1UPX. Courtesy of the Harvard University Archives.
“science is thicker than blood”: W. W. Campbell, “International Co-operation in Science,” September 15, 1917, attached to Campbell to G. E. Hale, September 19, 1917, Box 9, Folder 6, George Ellery Hale Papers, Archives, California Institute of Technology.
They ran refugee camps: Report of the War Victims’ Relief Committee of the Society of Friends (London: Spottiswoode & Co., 1914–1919), vol. 1, 5, vol. 3, 44.
organized to aid enemy citizens: Ibid., 13.
The Emergency Committee received: Ibid., 15.
They did not approve: Rufus Jones, A Service of Love in War Time (New York: Macmillan Co., 1920), 252.
His breakthrough of ammonia: Fritz Stern, Einstein’s German World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 85.
He converted to Christianity: Ibid., 73–74.
“uncritical acceptance”: L. F. Haber, The Poisonous Cloud (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 2.
Haber’s experiments: Ibid., 27.
Then, they waited: Guy Hartcup, The War of Invention: Scientific Developments, 1914–18 (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1988), 96.
creeping forward: Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 34.
The Germans were unprepared: John Keegan, The First World War (London: Hutchinson, 1998), 214.
“troubles the mind”: Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 277.
His subordinates grew rapidly: Hartcup, War of Invention, 105.
As a stopgap: Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 45.
Ironically, the first: Ibid., 31.
The Chemical Society of London: Roy MacLeod, “Scientists,” in Winter, The Cambridge History of the First World War, vol. 2, 443.
“The Chemical Society considers”: Lawrence Badash, “British and American Views of the German Menace in World War I,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 34, no. 1 (July 1979): 110.
Stunned, Haber threw: Stern, Einstein’s German World, 122–23.
“Mrs. Haber shot herself”: CPAE volume 8, document 83, “Einstein to Mileva Einstein-Marić, 15 May 1915,” 97.
As with Haber: Suman Seth, Crafting the Quantum: Arnold Sommerfeld and the Practice of Theory, 1890–1926, Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2010), 74–79.
In the fall of 1914: RCSM, vol. 10 (November 5, 1914): 475.
The War Office did not: MacLeod, “The Chemists Go to War,” 461.
Germany’s dominance: RSCM, April 22, 1915. For an example, see the correspondence between the War Committee and chemical manufacturers trying to replicate German glues. Royal Society Council Documents (CD), CD/67 “Advice to Chemical Manufacturers”—CD/67.
It was found that: William Henry Perkin, “Presidential Address: The Position of the Organic Chemical Industry,” Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions 107 (1915): 557–78.
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