“by candle light”: Joseph Loconte, “How J.R.R. Tolkien Found Mordor on the Western Front,” New York Times, June 30, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/opinion/sunday/how-jrr-tolkien-found-mordor-on-the-western-front.html, accessed August 16, 2018.
Is it not an actual fact: “From an Oxford Note-Book,” The Observatory 502 (July 1916): 23–24.
“highly complicated in form”: A. S. Eddington, “Gravitation and the Principle of Relativity,” Nature 98 (2461), December 28, 1916, 328–30.
Eddington had hoped: The Observatory 503 (August 1916): 337–39.
“This is objective evidence”: CPAE volume 8, document 278, “Einstein to Hermann Weyl, 23 November 1916,” 265.
“After all, we are a university”: Clark Kimberling, “Emmy Noether and Her Influence,” in Emmy Noether, A Tribute to Her Life and Work, by Emmy Noether, ed. James W. Brewer and Martha K. Smith, Monographs and Textbooks in Pure and Applied Mathematics 69 (New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1982), 14.
“Upon receiving the new work”: CPAE volume 8, document 677, “Einstein to Felix Klein, 27 December 1918,” 714.
So his task was: CPAE volume 8, document 194, “Einstein to Karl Schwarzschild, 19 February 1916,” 196; CPAE volume 8, document 226, “E to Hendrik A. Lorentz, 17 June 1916,” 221; CPAE volume 8, document 227, “Einstein to Willem de Sitter, 22 June 1916,” 223.
Many peace activists: CPAE volume 8, document 253, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 25 August 1916,” 245.
“A long chain”: CPAE volume 8, document 256, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 6 September 1916,” 248.
“the concurrence in opinion”: CPAE volume 8, document 276, “Einstein to Hendrik A. Lorentz, 13 November 1916,” 263.
His wife, Tatyana: Martin J. Klein, Paul Ehrenfest, Volume I: The Making of a Theoretical Physicist (New York: Elsevier Science, 1970), 304.
It is not a coincidence: Andrew Warwick, Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 459–60.
the only person in Belgium: See CPAE volume 8, document 230, “Einstein to Théophile de Donder, 13 June 1916,” 226; CPAE volume 8, document 231, “From Théophile de Donder to Einstein, 4 July 1916,” 226.
“Einstein began to puff”: Klein, Paul Ehrenfest, 303.
“a bit of give and take”: Ibid.
“have to receive me lardless”: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 262b, “Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 7 October 1916,” 31.
“The reinvigorating days”: CPAE volume 8, document 268, “Einstein to Paul and Tatyana Ehrenfest, 18 October 1916,” 255.
“already come very much alive”: CPAE volume 8, document 270, “Einstein to Michele Besso, 31 October 1916,” 257.
Einstein tried to recruit Planck: CPAE volume 8, document 269, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 24 October 1916,” 256.
“skittish”: CPAE volume 8, document 276, “Einstein to Hendrik A. Lorentz, 13 November 1916,” 263.
“very warmly”: CPAE volume 8, document 275, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 7 November 1916,” 263.
This included Elsa’s: CPAE volume 9, document 277, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 17 November 1916,” 265.
Anti-Semitic conspiracy: Belinda Davis, Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 135.
Mass food protests: Thomas Levenson, Einstein in Berlin (New York: Bantam Books, 2003), 143–44.
In reality, everything was made worse: Thierry Bonzon and Belinda Davis, “Feeding the Cities,” in Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919: A Cultural History, vol. 1, eds. Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert, Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 336.
“contrary to my most”: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 287b, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 16 January 1917,” 39–40.
Most sausage available: Davis, Home Fires Burning, 206.
Ersatz sausage: Stefan Goebel, “Schools,” in Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919: A Cultural History, vol. 2, eds. Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert, Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 218.
His relatives in southern Germany: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 287b, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 16 January 1917,” 39–40.
Having food sent: Bonzon and Davis, “Feeding the Cities,” 322.
The situation in Berlin: Catherine Rollet, “The Home and Family Life,” in Winter and Robert, Capital Cities at War, 333.
“wrath of the evil spirits”: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 287b, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 16 January 1917,” 40.
“sickly appearance”: CPAE volume 8, document 298, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 14 February 1917,” 285; CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 308a, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 10 March 1917,” 45.
At least the pain was better: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 308a, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 10 March 1917,” 45.
“the limiting conditions in the infinite”: Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography (New York: Viking, 1997), 387.
“If I am to believe”: CPAE volume 8, document 272, “From Willem de Sitter to Einstein, 1 November 1916,” 261.
“I am sorry for having placed”: CPAE volume 8, document 273, “Einstein to Willem de Sitter, 4 November 1916,” 261.
“The relative velocities”: CPAE volume 6, document 43, “Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity,” 428.
“justified by our actual knowledge”: Ibid., 432.
As usual when he encountered: CPAE volume 8, document 300, “Einstein to Erwin Freundlich, 18 February 1917 or later,” 287.
“the eternal enigma-giver”: CPAE volume 8, document 306, “Einstein to Michele Besso, 9 March 1917,” 293.
“Jehovah did not found”: CPAE volume 8, document 308, “Einstein to Michele Besso, after 9 March 1917,” 296.
“rather outlandish”: CPAE volume 8, document 293, “Einstein to Willem de Sitter, 2 February 1917,” 281.
“exposes me a bit”: CPAE volume 8, document 294, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 4 February 1917,” 282.
“I argue as I do”: CPAE volume 8, document 308, “Einstein to Michele Besso, after 9 March 1917,” 296.
“Now I am no longer plagued”: CPAE volume 8, document 311, “Einstein to Willem de Sitter, 12 March 1917,” 301.
“Well, if you do not want”: CPAE volume 8, document 312, “From Willem de Sitter to Einstein, 15 March 1917,” 302.
“I do not concern myself”: CPAE volume 8, document 313, “From Willem de Sitter to Einstein, 20 March 1917,” 303.
“difference in creed”: CPAE volume 8, document 325, “From Einstein to Willem de Sitter, 14 April 1917,” 316; volume 8, document 327, “From Willem de Sitter to Einstein, 18 April 1917.”
“probably torpedoed”: CPAE volume 8, document 312, “From Willem de Sitter to Einstein, 15 March 1917,” 302.
British grain supplies: Elizabeth Bruton and Paul Coleman, “Listening in the Dark,” History and Technology: An International Journal 32, no. 3 (2016): 245.
“When I speak with people”: CPAE volume 8, document 306, “Einstein to Michele Besso, 9 March 1917,” 293.
The DFG was no more welcomed: Hubert Goenner and Giuseppe Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist and Democrat During World War I,” Science in Context 9, no. 4 (December 1996): 355.
“This agitation is probably connected”: CPAE volume 8, document 204, “Wilhelm Foerster to Einstein, 25 March 1916,” 204.
“It is a pity”: CPAE volume 8, document 294, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 4 February 1917,” 282.
CHAPTER 9
her efforts to keep: Friedrich He
rneck, Einstein at Home, trans. Josef Eisinger (New York: Prometheus Books, 2016), 118.
“unbelievably loudly”: Alice Calaprice, ed., The New Quotable Einstein (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 346.
“The grub is good”: Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography (New York: Viking, 1997), 410.
The envelope also included: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 359a, “Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 30 June 1917,” 58.
In Zurich he excitedly wrote: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), doc 376c, “Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 31 August 1917,” 79.
The military authorities decided: Hubert Goenner and Giuseppe Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist and Democrat During World War I,” Science in Context 9, no. 4 (December 1996): 357.
He warned them not to seal: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 332a, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 4 May 1917,” 50.
As an unmarried man: CPAE volume 8, document 403, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 6 December 1917,” 412.
The middle of 1917 saw: Belinda Davis, Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 206.
Haber, Fischer, and Nernst worked: Guy Hartcup, The War of Invention: Scientific Developments, 1914–18 (London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1988), 36.
At one point: Davis, Home Fires Burning, 215.
When some forward-thinking: Ibid., 238.
“All our exalted technological progress”: CPAE volume 8, document 403, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 6 December 1917,” 412.
he volunteered to run: Wolf Zuelzer, The Nicolai Case (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982), 22.
As his internationalist views became: Ibid., 26–32.
He was fined 1,200 marks: Ibid., 178–79.
He kept pressing Einstein: CPAE volume 8, document 302, “From Georg Nicolai to Einstein, 26 February 1917,” 288–90.
“Thus I raise my voice”: CPAE volume 8, document 303, “Einstein to Georg Nicolai, 28 February 1917,” 291.
He immediately regretted: CPAE volume 8, document 304, “Einstein to Georg Nicolai, 28 February 1917,” 291.
Instead, Adler became: Peter Galison, “The Assassin of Relativity,” in Einstein for the 21st Century, eds. Peter Galison, Gerald Holton, and Silvan Schweber (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 185–87.
Einstein quickly wrote a testimony: Ibid., 189–90.
In May 1917, Adler: Ibid., 190–95.
Shopkeepers faced steep fines: Adrian Gregory, The Last Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 213.
There was a famous incident: C. S. Peel, How We Lived Then, 1914–1918: A Sketch of Social and Domestic Life in England During the War (London: Bodley Head, 1929), 98.
But tea?: Gregory, The Last Great War, 215.
“Send us chemists”: Roy M. MacLeod, “The Chemists Go to War: The Mobilization of Civilian Chemists and the British War Effort, 1914–1918,” Annals of Science 50 (1993): 473.
“chemical reserve”: Ibid., 476–77.
That, he said, had been a disaster: Roy M. MacLeod, “Secrets Among Friends: The Research Information Service and the ‘Special Relationship’ in Allied Scientific Information and Intelligence, 1916–1918,” Minerva 37 (1999): 212–14.
H. H. Turner had stopped: Dyson to Strömgren, 14 November 1917, Papers of Frank Dyson, Cambridge University Library, Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives, MS.RGO.8.150, cited by permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Hereafter DP.
French and American astronomers: Bureau de Longitudes to Dyson, 18 May 1917 and Unknown to Dyson 26 November 1917, DP.
One British astronomer supported: Plummer to Dyson, 26 July 1917, Papers of Frank Dyson, op. cit.
“I am very sensible”: Dyson to Strömgren, 14 November 1917, Papers of Frank Dyson, op. cit.
“I hardly know whether”: F. W. Dyson to Annie Jump Cannon, February 20, 1915, Annie Jump Cannon Papers, Harvard University Archives HUGFP 125.12 Box 2 HA1UPX. Courtesy of the Harvard University Archives.
“great evil with which”: “Report of the Annual Meeting of the Association, Held on Wednesday October 30, 1918,” Journal of the British Astronomical Association 29, no.1 (1918): 1.
“very skeptical about the theory”: Arthur Eddington to Hermann Weyl, August 18, 1920, ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Hochularchiv ETHZ, Hs 91: 523.
It proved to be a challenge: Andrew Warwick, Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 472; Eddington to Lodge, 7 August 1917; Alfred Lodge to Oliver Lodge, 18 August 1917; Eddington to Lodge, 8 December 1917, MS ADD 89 (Lodge Papers), UCL Library Services, Special Collections.
Eddington gently pointed out: Eddington to Lodge, 15 January 1918, MS ADD 89 (Lodge Papers), UCL Library Services, Special Collections.
Its yellow-brown clouds: L. F. Haber, The Poisonous Cloud (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 111.
It rarely killed: Ibid., 231.
This was three weeks of bombing: Phil Judkins, “Sound and Fury,” in History and Technology 32, no. 3 (2016): 239.
The royal family: The London Gazette, July 17, 1917.
In the aftermath: Panayi, “Minorities,” in Winter, The Cambridge History of the First World War, 223.
In view of the war: Lawrence Badash, “British and American Views of the German Menace in World War I,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 34, no. 1 (July 1979): 112.
“the good faith of the contracting parties”: “From an Oxford Note-Book,” The Observatory 524 (March 1918): 147.
“We have tried to think”: Ibid., 128.
“plagiarism and piracy”: Nature 102, no. 2571 (February 6, 1919): 446–47.
“stubborn, self-righteous”: Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), 12.
Haig was both devoutly Christian: John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage, 2000), 311.
Gas shells were bursting: Tim Cook, No Place to Run (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001), 138.
“A big shell had just burst”: “100 Years On, Relatives Gather to Remember Passchendaele’s Fallen,” The Guardian, July 31, 2017.
During Passchendaele, conscription: James McDermott, British Military Service Tribunals 1916–1918 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011), 22–25.
“punched and pelted”: Nicoletta F. Gullace, The Blood of Our Sons: Men, Women and the Renegotiation of British Citizenship During the Great War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 113.
“fire suddenly springs”: A. Vibert Douglas, The Life of Arthur Stanley Eddington (London: Thomas Nelson, 1956), 69.
“impish satisfaction”: Ibid., 110.
It could, and would, be checked: A. S. Eddington, Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation (London: Fleetway Press, 1918), v.
“Albert Einstein has provoked”: A. S. Eddington, Space, Time, and Gravitation, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920), v.
“a strange race of men”: Ibid., 23.
Gulliver regarded the Lilliputians: Ibid., 23–24.
“if man wishes”: Eddington, Report, 53.
“the relativist is sometimes suspected”: Eddington, Space, Time, and Gravitation, 27.
There was no Newtonian: Ibid., 67–68.
It is merely an image: Eddington, Report, 85.
“It suggests that only”: Ibid., 87.
“Let us not be beguiled”: Eddington, Space, Time, and Gravitation, 56.
Doubting the fourth dimension: This metaphor is developed in detail in Eddington, Space, Time, and Gravitation, 181.
“a complete history”: Eddington, Report, 17.
“Pedantic criticism of”: Ibid., 19.
“we may perhaps suspend”:
Ibid., 57.
If you could catch: Eddington, Space, Time, and Gravitation, 111.
“Whether the theory ultimately”: Ibid., v.
“the purview of physics”: Eddington, Report, xi.
Most people were still cautious: Nature 103, no. 2575 (March 6, 1919): 2.
Regardless of skepticism: For example, see “The Theory of Relativity,” American Mathematical Monthly 28, no. 4 (April 1921): 175.
“We consoled ourselves”: Peel, How We Lived Then, 94–96.
Planck hovered constantly: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 410–12.
the institute’s meager funds: Ibid., 411.
“I do not believe in”: CPAE volume 8, document 381, “Einstein to Michele Besso, 22 September 1917,” 374.
He speculated that the economic: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 372a, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 21 August 1917,” 76.
“steered by hard facts”: CPAE volume 8, document 374, “Einstein to Romain Rolland, 22 August 1917,” 368.
Perhaps suggesting one: CPAE volume 8, document 376, “From Romain Rolland to Einstein, 23 August 1917,” 371.
Einstein, as always valuing: CPAE volume 8, document 445, “From Fritz Haber to Einstein, 29 January 1918,” 453, and CPAE volume 8, document 446, “Einstein to Fritz Haber, 29 January 1918,” 454.
He had been living with Elsa: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 418.
We don’t know the details: CPAE volume 8, document 545, “From Ilse Einstein to Georg Nicolai, 22 May 1918,” 564.
He did not consider the whole episode: Thomas Levenson, Einstein in Berlin (New York: Bantam Books, 2003), 154–56.
If Einstein were to be awarded: CPAE volume 8, document 449, “Einstein to Mileva Einstein-Marić, 31 January 1918,” 456, and CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), doc 475a, “From Mileva Einstein-Marić to Einstein, 5 March 1918,” 89.
Planck then chided Einstein: CPAE volume 8, document 479, “From Max Planck to Einstein, 12 March 1918,” 494.
This immediately resulted in: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 417.
“The state of mind”: CPAE volume 7, document 7, “Motives for Research,” 1918, 42–45.
The supreme task: Ibid., 44.
He emphasized its boldness: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 210–12.
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