21. Brigden, Thomas Wyatt, 385–96.
22. Cromwell to Simon Haynes and Edmund Bonner, 8 June 1538, SP 1/133 f. 4, LP 13 i no. 1146. On Cranmer’s opinion of the lodgings, Cranmer to Cromwell, 23 August [1538], BL MS Cotton Cleopatra E/V f. 225, LP 13 ii no. 164. The envoys themselves, at least in communication back home, expressed themselves perfectly happy: McEntegart, Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden and the English Reformation, 96–7.
23. Castillon, to François I, 18 July [1538], Kaulek (ed.), Correspondance, 70, LP 13 i no. 1405; on Cromwell’s house see Colvin (ed.), History of the King’s Works 4, 64.
24. McEntegart, Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden and the English Reformation, 102–4; see also MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 216–21.
25. For further discussion of Henry and the middle way, see MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 183, 265, 275, 335, 348.
26. On the beginnings of Calais conflict between Cranmer and Lisle, see MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 111–13; for subsequent clashes, ibid., 140–42, 198, 204–5, 218–19, 247–8, 255–6, 262
27. Sir Thos. Palmer to Lord Lisle, 7 September 1537, SP 3/14 ff. 89–90, Lisle Letters 4 no. 1011; Lisle Letters following LP has a rare mistranscription of ‘lokyd thorow out our fyngers’ as ‘lacked throughout our fiances’, which of course makes no sense. Palmer’s hand is unusually idiosyncratic. Cromwell to Lord Lisle, 7 September [1537], SP 3/2 f. 171, Lisle Letters 4 no. 1010. For background, see Lisle Letters 4, 347–51.
28. On Damplip and Cranmer, see MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 182, 218–19, and for a careful narrative of the Damplip affair itself, A. J. Slavin, ‘Cromwell, Cranmer and Lord Lisle: a study in the politics of reform’, Albion 9 (1977), 316–36, from 325 onwards.
29. Cromwell to Lord Lisle, 14 August [1538], Bodl. MS Jesus College 74 f. 198v; Master misjudged the year.
30. Cranmer to Cromwell, 18 August [1538], SP 1/135 f. 117, LP 13 ii no. 217. For Cromwell at Cowdray on 8 August and Arundel on 17 and 18 August, see John Tregonwell to Cromwell, 11 August [1538], SP 1/135 f. 61, LP 13 ii no. 74, Sir Robt. Wingfield to Cromwell, 21 August 1538, SP 1/135 f. 137, LP 13 ii no. 151, and Robert Rugge and Robert Palmer to Cromwell, 22 August [1538], SP 1/135 f. 138, LP 13 ii no. 154.
31. SP 1/136 ff. 21–5, LP 13 ii no. 248.
32. Cranmer to Cromwell, 18 August [1538], SP 1/135 f. 115, LP 13 ii no. 126.
33. The royal letter appointing Holgate in Tunstall’s place survives in an undated draft by Wriothesley: SP 1/133 ff. 206–9, LP 13 i no. 1268. Tunstall’s letter to Cromwell acknowledging the summons south was written from Newcastle upon Tyne on 27 June 1538: SP 1/133 f. 204, LP 13 i no. 1267.
34. J. Bale, The Epistle Exhortatorye of an Englyshe Christyane . . . (Antwerp, ?1544, RSTC 1291a), f. 14r; MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 219–20.
35. Confession of Lancelot Thornton [end of 1539], SP 1/155 f. 164r, LP 14 ii no. 750[3].
36. McEntegart, Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden and the English Reformation, 115–33.
37. Wriothesley’s Chronicle 1, 74, speaks of this meeting as at the end of Hilary Term, which would be 22 February 1538. The instruction to the clergy which they would have taken away must be BL MS Cotton Cleopatra E/V f. 344, printed in Strype, Memorials . . . of . . . Thomas Cranmer, ed. Barnes, 289–90.
38. P. Marshall, ‘The Rood of Boxley, the Blood of Hailes and the defence of the Henrician Church’, JEH 46 (1995), 689–96.
39. John Husee to Lady Lisle, 22 March [1538], SP 3/12 f. 90, Lisle Letters 5 no. 1131; will of Joan Jesope of Flixton by Bungay, made 31 May 1538, proved 27 April 1541, Suffolk Record Office (Ipswich), Archdeaconry of Ipswich Wills, IC/AA2/14/18 (I owe this reference to the late Peter Northeast).
40. Examination of malefactors by Gregory Cromwell, 16 April 1538, SP 1/131 f. 111r, LP 13 i no. 786[2]. The significantly named Golden Cross is still a place-name in the parish of Laughton named in the deposition. Willingdon may alternatively be the nearby village of Wilmington.
41. A generally accurate though angry overview is provided by Knowles, Religious Orders in England III, 360–66; on decay of popular support in the Irish Pale and Englishry, George Browne Archbishop of Dublin to Cromwell, 6 November [1538], SP 60/7 f. 155, LP 13 ii no. 769, and Bradshaw, Dissolution of the Religious Orders in Ireland under Henry VIII, 140–45.
42. Sir Roger Townshend, Sir William Paston, Richard Southwell and Thomas Mildmay to Cromwell, 10 August [1536], SP 1/105 f. 274, LP 11 no. 261.
43. Ingworth to Cromwell, BL MS Cotton Cleopatra E/IV f. 302, LP 13 i no. 1484[1].
44. Thomas Chapman Warden of the London Greyfriars to Cromwell, early April 1538, SP 1/131 f. 195, LP 13 i no. 880.
45. Lambeth Palace, Cranmer’s Register f. 16r, LP 13 i no. 225.
46. Thomas Lord Wentworth to Cromwell, 1 April [1538], SP 1/130 f. 239, LP 13 i no. 651.
47. Ingworth to Cromwell, undated but first week of April 1538, SP 1/131 f. 190, LP 13 i no. 874.
48. William Laurence to Cromwell, ?8 April 1538, SP 1/242 f. 3, LP Addenda 1 ii no. 1312.
49. SP 1/141 ff. 225–6, LP 13 ii Appendix no. 16: one of two inventories made by Ingworth alongside LP 13 i no. 699. Laurence does not seem to be referring to capacities to hold secular benefices, which would later become the norm at surrenders of friaries.
50. TNA, SP 5/4 f. 126v.
51. Petition by Carmelites of Ipswich to Cromwell, ?April 1538, SP 1/141 f. 227, LP 13 ii Appendix no. 17.
52. See above, this page, and William Laurence to Cromwell, ?8 April 1538, SP 1/242 f. 3, LP Addenda 1 ii no. 1312: there is a material misreading in the LP summary, which has read ‘priests’ for ‘parishioners’ in regard to St Peter’s.
53. Robert Lord Curzon to Cromwell, 20 December [1532], SP 1/72 f. 145, LP 5 no. 1650. For background and context especially on the Curzons, see Blatchly and MacCulloch, Miracles in Lady Lane, 63–5.
54. Lambeth Palace, Cranmer’s Register f. 16v, LP 13 i no. 926.
55. Ingworth to Cromwell, 23 May [1538], BL MS Cotton Cleopatra E/IV f. 301, LP 13 i no. 1052.
56. Lee to Cromwell, 16 June [1538], SP 1/133 f. 48, LP 13 i no. 1197; same to same, 21 June [1538], SP 1/133 f. 157, LP 13 i no. 1231. For the injunctions, see W. H. Frere with W. M. Kennedy (eds.), Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Period of the Reformation II: 1536–1558 (Alcuin Club 15, 1910), 19–24.
57. For what follows where not otherwise referenced, see P. Marshall, ‘Papist as heretic: the burning of John Forest, 1538’, HJ 41 (1998), 351–74. See also A. Dillon, ‘John Forest and Derfel Gadarn: a double execution’, Recusant History 28 (2006), 1–21.
58. Ellis ap Rhys to Cromwell, 6 April [1538], BL MS Cotton Cleopatra E/IV f. 72, LP 13 i no. 694; same to same, SP 1/131 f. 182, LP 13 i no. 863, and to Thomas Wriothesley, SP 7/1 f. 1, LP 13 i no. 864, both 28 April [1538].
59. Hall 2, 280–82. On Grey’s ballad, Aston, England’s Iconoclasts I, 429–30; the ballad does not survive in an original printing, but was reprinted in Foxe 1563, 655–6, then omitted from subsequent editions. On Grey, see R. Rex, ‘The friars in the English Reformation’, in Marshall and Ryrie (eds.), Beginnings of English Protestantism, 38–59, at 51–2.
60. On Latimer’s conversion of friars, see Rex, ‘Friars in the English Reformation’, 46–7. Anthony Anthony supplies the theme of Latimer’s sermon ‘that we should not worship idols’: Bodl. MS Ashmole 861 335.
61. Brigden, London and the Reformation, 290–91.
62. [Anon.], Jack vp Lande compyled by the famous Geoffrey Chaucer (Southwark, ?1538, RSTC 5098): it is important to realize against Paisey and Bartrum, ‘Hans Holbein and Miles Coverdale’, 249, that this is very specifically an attack on the friars and not on monasticism in general, which places it in 1538.
63. Euler, ‘Religious and cultural exchange during the Reformation’, 237–9.
64. Foxe 1583, 1212 (where Reyner Wolfe’s name is
garbled as ‘Rheine’), an extended version of a reference to this story in Foxe 1570, 1398. For reference to Barclay’s intransigence about his habit at the time of the order in 1538, see Wriothesley’s Chronicle 1, 82. For good background on Barclay’s career till then, see N. Orme in ODNB, s.v. Barclay, Alexander, and for the sequel, MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 495–6.
65. John London to Cromwell, 7 July [1538], SP 1/134 ff. 114–15, LP 13 i no. 1335.
66. Master and Fellows of Queens’ College Cambridge to Cromwell, 8 August [1538], BL MS Cotton Faustina C/VII f. 104, LP 11 no. 246 (where it is misdated to 1536); all the subsequent documentation is printed in W. G. Searle, The History of the Queens’ College of St Margaret and St Bernard in the University of Cambridge . . . (2 vols., Cambridge, 1867–71), 1, 222–6 (I am grateful to Mark Earngey for alerting me to this material).
67. Ingworth to Cromwell, [both 25 July 1538], SP 1/134 f. 241, LP 13 i no. 1456, and SP 1/134 f. 243, LP 13 i no. 1457.
68. Ingworth to Cromwell, [28 July 1538], BL MS Cotton Cleopatra E/IV f. 302, LP 13 i no. 1484.
69. LP 13 ii no. 56.
70. Chambers (ed.), Faculty Office Registers, 162–5.
71. Ingworth to Cromwell, ?10 December 1538, SP 1/140 f. 73, LP 13 ii no. 1021; Chambers (ed.), Faculty Office Registers, 166 (20 November 1538); note of grant 7 February 1540, to be void if Ingworth advanced to benefices worth £100, LP 15 no. 1032, 542.
72. See Holgate’s surrender of Sempringham, LP 13 ii no. 411, of Watton, 9 December 1539, LP 14 ii no. 663, and of Malton, 11 December 1539, LP 14 ii no. 671. For his grant of Malton, 26 June 1540, LP 15 no. 831[73], and of Watton and the London house, LP 16 no. 1550, 715.
73. Richard Vowell Prior of Walsingham to Cromwell, 14 July [1538], SP 1/134 f. 161, LP 13 i no. 1376; John Husee to Lord Lisle, 18 July [1538], SP 3/4 f. 44, Lisle Letters 5 no. 1193.
74. William Laurence to Cromwell, ?28–29 July 1538, SP 1/242 f. 5, LP Addenda 1 ii no. 1313; Thomas Thacker to Cromwell, 30 July [1538], SP 1/134 f. 290, LP 13 i no. 1501; on the reuse of materials at St Nicholas Ipswich, see Blatchly and MacCulloch, Miracles in Lady Lane, 58–63.
75. Thomas Thacker to Cromwell, 1 September [1538], SP 1/136 f. 29, LP 13 ii no. 256; William Lord Sandys to Thomas Thacker, 1 September [1538], SP 1/136 f. 33, LP 13 ii no. 259.
76. Wriothesley’s Chronicle 1, 83, is the source for the Chelsea burning, but the ambiguity of its phrasing might be (and has been) taken to mean that the burning took place in July 1538. It is evident from Cromwell’s correspondence that the images survived till September.
77. John Taverner to Cromwell, 11 September [1538], SP 1/136 f. 105, LP 13 ii no. 328; the actual burning was on 7 September.
78. Walter (ed.), Expositions . . . together with The Practice of Prelates, 292.
79. On the anti-taxation theme, Fletcher and MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions, 18, also, on pardoners and the theme, the petition of William Umpton, c. September 1532, SP 1/71 f. 2, LP 5 no. 1271, and Robert Ward to Cromwell, early summer 1535, SP 1/92 f. 108, LP 8 no. 626. For what follows where not otherwise referenced, see MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 226–30.
80. For comments, see John Husee to Lady Lisle, 8 September [1538], SP 3/12 f. 81, Lisle Letters 5 no. 1217; same to same, 10 September [1538], SP 3/12 f. 13, Lisle Letters 5 no. 1218; John Husee to Lord Lisle, 5 October 1538, SP 1/137 f. 105, Lisle Letters 5 no. 1244.
81. For the admission of the burning of a supposed skull of Becket at Canterbury in suppressing the shrine, see SP 1/143 f. 204rv, LP 14 i no. 402; I discuss this pamphlet further below, this page.
82. This is apparent from the record of them in Lambeth Palace, Cranmer’s Register f. 101r, where they are related to that sede vacante visitation; note the visitation business at ff. 89v–92r. Less certain is the reference in Bishop Veysey’s injunctions at Exeter in spring 1538 to vice-gerential injunctions lately given by Dr John Tregonwell: LP 13 i no. 1106.
83. R. Hutton, ‘The local impact of the Tudor Reformations’, in C. Haigh (ed.), The English Reformation Revised (Cambridge, 1987), 114–38, at 117–18.
84. See the schemes of bishoprics of April/May 1540, SP 1/243 f. 42r, LP Addenda 1 ii no. 1457.
85. Francis Cave to Cromwell, 29 August [1538], BL MS Cotton Cleopatra E/IV f. 252, LP 13 ii no. 211. Rather remarkably, in the following month, when Cromwell was at Burton in Sussex in the middle of important developing revelations in the White Rose conspiracy, he took the trouble to intervene personally in a trivial lease dispute long festering on a Leicester Abbey estate: cf. TNA, REQ 2/4/203, transcribed in G. R. Elton, ‘Two unpublished letters of Thomas Cromwell’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 22 (1949), 35–8, at 38. Elton misdated it to 1539: Cromwell’s itinerary for 1539 makes it impossible for him to have been at anywhere called Burton in September that year, whereas it fits well into his 1538 itinerary, and immediately followed on the suppression at Leicester.
86. Principal document about Becon in the Dandy chantry of St Lawrence Church Ipswich is Thomas Lord Wentworth to Cromwell, soon after 15 December 1538, BL MS Cotton Vespasian F/XIII f. 211, LP 13 ii no. 1063.
87. Richard Rich to Cromwell, 15 August [1536], SP 1/106 f. 7, LP 11 no. 307; the lease, probably of March 1537, is noted in the Augmentations books, LP 13 i no. 1520[IV, f. 40v]. See above, this page.
88. Sir John Gage and Sir William Penizon to Cromwell, 6 September [1538], SP 1/136 f. 82, LP 13 ii no. 289. For Sir Richard Guildford’s interest and residence in Blackfriars, see Gunn, Henry VII’s New Men, 257, 307, and for Lady Guildford’s relationship with Sir Thomas Brandon, see her will, below, and ODNB, s.v. Brandon, Thomas. Lutton, ‘Richard Guldeford’s pilgrimage’, makes a tantalizing association between the Guildfords, Penizon, Sir John Gage and Thomas Larke, chaplain to both Guildford and Cardinal Wolsey, plus Lollardy and Guildford’s pilgrimage to Jerusalem via Italy just at the time when young Thomas Cromwell was also likely to be there. Alas, the one figure missing is Cromwell himself: that cries out for further investigation.
89. Her will made on 30 August 1538 is SP 1/135 ff. 252–5, LP 13 ii no. 219; see Penizon to Cromwell, 10 September [1538], SP 1/136 f. 98, LP 13 ii no. 316.
90. Depositions of John Cowper, John Raven, Richard Coke, William Marshall alias Glover, of Over, Cambridgeshire, SP 1/128 f. 80rv, LP 13 i no. 95; the words had only emerged on 17 and 18 January 1538, when a local JP promptly reported them to the Sheriff.
Chapter 20: Shifting Dynasties: 1538–1539
1. Surrender of Chertsey, 6 July 1537, LP 12 ii no. 220; new foundation at Bisham, 18 December 1537, LP 12 ii no. 1311[22]. Commissions of the peace: LP 13 i nos. 646[36] and 1115[69]. E. M. Hallam, ‘Henry VIII’s monastic refoundations of 1536–7 and the course of the Dissolution’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 51 (1978), 124–31, begins discussion of this and the other refoundation of 1537, Stixwold in Lincolnshire, without noting the Pole dimension to the story. Stixwold would bear further probing.
2. Thomas Bennett to Cromwell, 16 April [1535], SP 1/92 f. 13, LP 8 no. 553; on the Countess of Salisbury’s opposition, and Cromwell’s writing for his preferred candidate, Sir Nicholas Carew to Cromwell, 27 April [1535], SP 1/92 f. 58, LP 8 no. 596. For Cromwell’s remembrance on ‘The vacation of Bisham and the demeanour of certain canons there’ in June 1535, see BL MS Cotton Titus B/I f. 474, LP 8 no. 892.
3. For the complications of Barlow’s career at this time, see Smith, 380; his surrender of Bisham is pinned to 1537 by TNA, E 322/54, LP 12 ii no. 220.
4. Richard Leighton to Cromwell, 22 June [1538], SP 1/133 f. 170, LP 13 i no. 1239.
5. Deposition (alas damaged) of Countess of Salisbury, 12/13 November 1538, SP 1/138 f. 200r, LP 13 ii no. 818.
6. Chapuys to Charles V, 9 January 1539, K. Lanz, Correspondenz des Kaisers Karl V . . . (3 vols., Leipzig, 1844–6), 2, 298–9, LP 14 i no. 37.
7. Examination of George Crofts, SP 1/139 f
. 22r, LP 13 ii no. 829[II] (reporting events at Whitsuntide 1538), and for the same group of friends in more relaxed mood, see William Ernley, Steward of Chichester Cathedral, to John Hubberdine, a servant of Cromwell’s, 15 December 1538, SP 1/140 f. 104, LP 13 ii no. 1062.
8. For the key clues about Tyndale’s Oxford and Clifton connections, see his deposition of October 1538, BL MS Cotton Appendix L ff. 82–4, LP 13 ii no. 817, which also provides the story below where not otherwise referenced.
9. Thomas Earl of Rutland to Cromwell, 25 August [1535], SP 1/95 f. 161, LP 9 no. 179; Richard Quiene to Cromwell, 14 October [1535], BL MS Cotton Cleopatra E/V f. 104, LP 9 no. 611; Gervase Tyndale to Cromwell, ?November 1535, SP 1/98 f. 146, LP 9 no. 740.
10. Robert Aldrich Provost of Eton to Cromwell, 7 October [1537], SP 1/125 f. 117, LP 12 ii no. 848.
11. This account has to be reconstructed from Cromwell’s known presence at Lewes through letter addresses from 26–27 August, Tyndale’s deposition October 1538, BL MS Cotton Appendix L. ff. 82–4, LP 13 ii no. 817; Oliver Franklin’s deposition, 20 November 1538, SP 1/139 f. 122, LP 13 ii no. 875, plus entries in Cromwell’s accounts in September, Arundel MS 97, LP 13 ii no. 1280, at 525, which relate to the episode: payments to ‘two servants of the Bishop of Thetford for bringing Gervase Tyndale . . . and to the said Geffrey [sic] for his costs coming and returning, and tarrying at Lewes two or three days’. There may be garbling here, and hence a reference to Sir Geoffrey Pole as well as Tyndale. Bishop John Salisbury’s late Titchfield connection with Wriothesley may explain his involvement in this Hampshire business.
12. It is on those grounds that I find unconvincing the presentation of the royal crackdown on the Poles as sheer accident without long-term antecedents in Bernard, King’s Reformation, 410–18. Frankly, that seems a naive reading of events.
13. Robison, ‘Justices of the peace of Surrey’, 210–11.
14. Confession of John Wisdom, Joan Truslowe and Alice Patchett, SP 1/136 f. 157rv, LP 13 ii no. 392[2].
Thomas Cromwell Page 101
