Inmate social system: demise of traditional, 58; during 1930s, 23; during Ragen’s era, 48–49; during World War II, 202; and ethnic groups, 23–24; of gangs, 156–57; and increased turnover, 204; of Jewish, 24, 201; and old cons, 157–59; in racial terms, 69, 257 n. 23; of Spanish, 159; of white, 159. See also Gangs
Inquiry Board, 101, 258 n. 25
Intellectuals. See Academic community
Interest groups, 8, 105, 137, 262 n. 58. See also John Howard Society
Irwin, John, 8
Jacko, Edward, 64
Jacobs, James B.: at ABLE meeting, 171; and ball diamond incident, 225–26; doing favors for inmates, 219–20, 269 n. 3; giving status to inmates, 227; and inmate informants, 221, 226; inmate suspicion of, 217–18; and interaction with gangs, 220, 223–24; and “neutral” role, 223–24; participant observation of, 215–29; on periphery of prison life, 228, research begun under Bensinger, 76; and validity of information, 225, 226–27; on value of prison research, 228–29
Janowitz, Morris, 1
Jenner and Block, 64, 120, 122
Jackson, Jesse, 129, 143, 145
John Howard Society, 8, 33, 36, 80, 93–94, 178, 263 n. 58
Johnson v. Avery, 107–8
Joliet Junior College, 128
Joliet Prison, 15–16
Judicial reforms. See Courts
Justice model, 136
Juvenile Advisory Board, 77
Kadish, Mark, 120
Kapture, Robert, 258 n. 16
Kennedy administration, 139, 264 n.6
Kerner commission, 6
Kerner, Otto (governor), 54
Kettering Foundation, 140
King, Martin Luther; riots following assassination, 68
Kings New Breed, 158–59
Kirchheimer, Otto, 2
Kitchen cabinet, 83, 84
Knight v. Ragen, 260 n. 27
Kubala v. Kinney, 255 n. 10
Ku Klux Klan, 70, 159, 188
Labatt v. Twomey, 112, 260 n. 19
Landesco, John, 18
LaPaglia, Chuck, 141, 142
Latin Kings, 138–39. See also Gangs
Laune, Ferris, 19
Law. See Courts
Law collectives, 10
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), 7, 106, 124
Lawyers: radical, 120; used by inmates, 107–8, 119–20
Lawyers Guild, 120
League of Women Voters, 132
Legal community, and the prison, 9–10
Legal reforms: in Illinois, 15; and parole, 204. See also Courts
Legislators, 32–33
Lence, Lewis, 84
Leopold, Nathan, 15, 18, 23–26, 201, 250 n. 26, 252 n. 18
Lewis University, 127, 128
Liebentritt, Donald, 124, 185
Lieutenants, 38, 183
Lockup of inmates, 25, 87–88
Loeb, Richard, 20, 26
Lohman, Joseph, 251 n. 16, 252 n. 17
Lofland, John, 228, 269 n. 3
McCleery, Richard, 4
McClellan, John (senator), 141
McClellan Committee, 143, 144
McGarr, Frank (judge), 135
Malcolm X College, 126
Martin, Peggy Smith, 130–32, 168, 262 n. 55
Mason, Dorothy, 76, 129–30, 168
Mass society: defining gangs, 206–7; Jacobs’s use of term, 6; and judicial system, 204; prison’s changing place in, 102; Ragen’s force against, 202; realization of, 7, 10, 77, 105, 203, 204; Shils’s use of term, 6. See also Civil rights movement; Depression; World War II
Mattick, Hans W., 35–36, 78, 251 n. 16
Media, 8–9, 102. See also Press
Medical model, 87, 182
Menninger, Karl, 80, 109, 110
Messinger, Sheldon, 49
Meyer, Leo, 80, 83, 84, 252 n. 19
Meyers, Maurice, 50
Miller v. Twomey, 105, 108–9, 111, 112, 118, 120
Miller, Walter B., 144
Minorities, 6–7, 106. See also Black Muslims; Gangs
Model Employer Program, 126, 268 n. 10
Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute, 57
Monahan, Bud, 76, 77
Morales v. Schmidt, 111, 259 n. 15
Morrissey v. Brewer, 111, 112
Morris, Ernie, 84
Morris, Norval, 80, 82; on Adult Advisory Board, 78, 132; Jacobs’s association with, 19, 216, 217–18; on penal system task force, 74; supporting SPU, 109; ties with Bensinger, 76
Mueller, Frank, 83, 84
Muhammad, Elijah, 64, 68
Muhammad Speaks, 61, 65, 107
Mundt, Karl (senator), 141
Murphy v. Wheaton, 112
NAACP, 126
Northern Illinois University, 127
Northwestern University, 127
Obenhaus, Victor, 132
Off-brands: and gangs, 151, 158; precariousness of life, 173. See also Inmate social system, of white
Office of Economic Opportunity, 140, 141, 264 n. 10
Office of the Criminologist, 66, 200
Office of the Sociologist-Actuary, 18–19
Officer’s Rule Book, 30, 251 n. 6
Ogilvie, Richard (governor), 74, 77
Ohlin, Lloyd, 43, 90
On Ice, 117, 134, 135
Operation Breadbasket, 143
Operation PUSH, 76, 126, 129–30
“Outsiders,” 36. See also Civilians
Palmer, Lu, 134
Panopticon model of prison, 15–16, 248 n. 4
Parole, 57–58, 255 nn. 9, 10
Parole prediction tables, 18
Partisan political system. See Patronage
Pate, Frank: collegial rule under, 53; compared to Ragen, 40, 51, 53, 54; compared to Twomey, 103; and the courts, 117, 118; educational program under, 55; frustrations of, 80; and guard union, 189–90; and the “Muslim file,” 65; and prison security, 109; resigning as warden, 80. See also Adams v. Pate; Cooper v. Pate; Thomas v. Pate
Patner, Marshall, 142
Patronage system: at Stateville, 19–21, 22, 201, 211; transformed by Ragen, 31–32; under Ogilvie, 74; undermined during World War II, 28
People’s Law Office, 120
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, 141
Perrow, Charles, 1, 247 n. 1, 249 n. 17
Personal dominance. See Ragen, Frank
Petrilli, John (warden), 168, 267 n. 35
Pontiac, 172, 267 n. 35
Porche, Jack, 126
President’s Commission of 1967, 178
Press: and Bensinger, 76; Chicago Daily News, 192–93; Chicago Defender, 134; Chicago Today, 131, 262 n. 55, 263 n. 62; Chicago Tribune, 33, 44, 141, 264 n. 62; criticism of Stateville, 134–35; inmates’ use of, 8–9; minimal effect on Stateville, 105, 106, 137; radical, 134–35; supporting Ragen, 33
Price, Major, 50, 251 n. 16
Prison administrators: circumventing the law, 116; dealing with gangs, 168; increased professionalization of, 8. See also individual administrators
Prison autonomy, 75, 88, 101, 102, 123, 205. See also Springfield
Prisoners’ Welfare League, 252 n. 19
Prison Legal Service, 120–23, 125, 261 nn. 30, 35
Prison Litigation Bureau, 117
Prison reform, 28, 45, 77
Prisons. See Illinois prisons; Stateville; Inmates; Gangs; Guards
Prison schools, 92–93
Prison terms, 48, 254 n. 44
Prison violence. See Inmates, violence of
Professionals, 17, 73–74, 138, 258 n. 19
Progressive Merit System, 18, 200
Public agencies, 136
Public opinion, 102
Race consciousness, 5, 58, 78. See also Gangs, politicized
Radios, 22
Ragen, Joseph E.: attitude toward “outsiders,” 34–36; attitude towards union, 188–89; authoritarian regime of, 30, 34, 38–39, 41–43, 51–54, 118, 172, 252 n. 23, 253 n. 25; and Black
Muslims, 65; and courts, 37, 252 n. 18; criticized, 51; as director of public safety, 31, 42, 54; and inmates, 23–24, 30–31, 34, 38, 46–47, 251 nn. 10, 13; neutralizing professionals, 34; personal history of, 28–29, 250 nn. 1, 3; and rehabilitation, 45–46; relationship to press, 33, 106; reward system under, 43–44
Ragenites, 81–82, 86, 91, 102–3, 166, 173, 182
Randolph, Ross, 54–56, 74, 189
Rational-legal bureaucracy: Stateville as example of, 73–74, 102–3, 119, 136; viewed by Max Weber, 10–11. See also Brierton, David
Regional Transit Authority, 87
Rehabilitative model, 7, 85–86, 104, 138, 179, 205, 209. See also Bensinger, Peter; Cannon, Joseph; Twomey, John
Restorative model, 200, 209–11
Revis, Vervon, 81–82, 84, 86, 88, 89, 254 n. 1; disbanding ABLE, 171; and reward system, 44
Reynolds, Barbara, 131, 263 n. 55
Right Angle group therapy program, 167–68
Rising Up Angry, 134
Rockefeller Foundation, 143, 265 n. 15
Roosevelt College, 126
Rose, George “Watusi,” 142
Rothman, David, 2
Rubalaca, Ann, 262 n. 53
Rusche, George, 2
St. Xavier’s College, 124
Schools: and civilians, 92; controlled by gangs, 167; correspondence, 26
Sears Roebuck, 142
Selznick, Philip, 1–2, 251 n. 9
Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 111–14; in Adams v. Pate, 108, in Cooper v. Pate, 107; and Ragen, 37, 252 n. 19, 259 n. 15, 261 n. 27
Shawarihi, Honorable Mahmoud, 61
Sheridan prison, 90
Sherman, Lawrence, 139, 143
Shils, Edward, 5–6, 105
Sielaff, Alyn: and B House takeover, 165–66; and censorship, 117, 135; civilianizing the schools, 92; and corporate model, 87; policies of, 90, 103; and unions, 193
Siegel v. Ragen, 252 n. 19
Small, Len (governor), 20
Smith, Hy, 164
Sociological methods, 1–2, 247 n. 1
Special Program Unit (SPU), 109–11, 114, 115, 164, 206, 259 n. 11
Spoils system. See Patronage
Springfield, 17, 55, 75, 88, 101, 123, 205
Staff meetings, 89
Stampar, George, 55, 84, 86, 88, 89, 164
Stateville: and academic community, 7–8, 18, 19, 127–29; and Administrative Regulations, 79, 88, 100, 102, 127, 205; autonomy of, 17, 36–37, 128–29, 254 nn. 4, 5; bureaucratization of, 73–74, 102–4, 182–84, 209; censorship overturned, 117–18; “chicken fry,” 32; civilians introduced, 55–58, 76, 92–93; and civil rights movement, 58–59, 203; collaborative model, 178, 267 n. 3; collegial rule, 203; construction of, 15–16, 200; construction of B House, 16; corporate model, 87, 119, 136, 198, 209–11; crisis in control, 103, 160–61, 164, 172–74, 204, 206, 208; demystification of, 104, 118, 194, 198; description of, 2; detention hospital, 115; and discipline system, 44; during Depression, 26–27, 201; future of, 104, 125, 209–11; and human-relations model, 85–86, 138, 172; and interest groups, 8, 105, 137; on lockup, 25, 87–88; in mass society, 7, 10, 76, 102, 105, 202, 203, 204; in 1936, 201; in 1940s, 31; in 1950s, 58–59; in 1960s, 70; in 1970s, 105; outsiders, 36; and patronage system, 19–21, 22, 28, 31–32, 74, 201, 211; and period of drift, 54, 103; on periphery of society, 201, 208–9; physically rehabilitated, 90, 124–25; problems of reforms at, 93, 205–6; professionals at, 17, 73–74, 138, 258 n. 19; and Progressive era, 200; under Ragen, 31, 36–37, 41–42, 201–3, 251 n. 17; as a rational-legal bureaucracy, 73–74, 102–3, 119, 136; rehabilitative model, 7, 85–88, 104, 138, 179, 205, 209; in restorative stage, 200, 209–11, 258 n. 17; Rules and Regulations of, 52; school at, 26, 46, 86, 92, 167; and TV college, 36, 127, 167
Stevenson, Adlai (governor), 54
Street, David, 5
Street work programs (“streets”), 139
Stubblefield, E. M. (warden), 32
Students for a Democratic Society, 145
Supergangs, 139, 264 n. 2
Supreme Court, 64, 107–8, 111, 112, 114, 252 n. 18, 259 n. 3
Sutherland, Edwin, 18, 127
Sykes, Gresham, 3–4, 49, 216, 219
Task force on penal system, 74
Taylor Street, 48
Teachers, at Stateville, 76, 92–93
Thomas v. Pate, 120
Toughy, Roger, 252 n. 18
Toughy-Banghart-Darlak escape, 32, 85
Transfers of prisoners, 57
TV college, 36, 127, 167
TWO (The Woodlawn Organization), 140–42
Twomey, John: and academic community, 127; and collaborative model, 178; and counselors, 97, 98; and courts, 119; and Department of Corrections, 73, 109; and Five Year Plan for the Adult Division, 73, 178; and “I’m here to serve you” speech, 82–83, 84, 176; and kitchen cabinet, 83–84; on Task force, 74; as warden of Stateville, 80–81, 87–88, 102–3, 117, 256 n. 21, 257 n. 12. See also Miller v. Twomey
Unified Code of Corrections, 77–79, 100, 102, 127, 205
Unions: and corporate model, 198; demands of, 190–94; guards and supervisors in, 196–97; lieutenants joined, 190, 269 n. 14; opposed to Affirmative Action, 197; racial division in, 197–99; and Revis, 195–96; and SPU, 192; and Twomey, 190–93; weakened by Department of Corrections, 196
United States Army Malaria Project, 134
Universities, 127–28. See also Academic community
University of Illinois, 127; Circle Campus, 125
Up against the Bench, 134
Urban League, 126, 132
Valley View juvenile institution, 90
Vaught, Charles, 189
Vice Lords, 142, 265 nn. 13, 15; and “Operation Bootstrap,” 142; organization of, 148; supporting social betterment, 145. See also Gangs
Vintner, Robert, 5
Walker, Daniel (governor), 86, 125, 208, 269 n. 19
Walkerites, 87
Warren Court, 9, 204
Warren, Paul, 47–48
Washington’s Birthday Massacre, 25, 249 n. 26
Weber, Max, 106, 200; on patrimonial regime, 202, 251 n. 5, 253 nn. 25, 30; on prebureaucratic forms of administration, 203, 253 nn. 25, 30; on rational-legal bureaucracy, 10–11, 254 n. 2; on rehabilitation, 206
Weir, Eligius (chaplain), 21, 24, 249 nn. 13, 20
Western Electric, 142
Wexler, Maurice, 77
Whipp, Frank (warden), 25
Will-Grundy Manufacturers Association, 128
Will, Herbert (judge), 112, 113
Wolff v. McDonell, 112, 118
Wolls, Warren, 84
Woodlawn, 130, 140, 141
Woodlawn Organization, the (TWO), 140–42
Workmen’s Compensation Board, 190
Works Progress Administration, 46
World War I, 248 n. 5
World War II, 28, 201–2
Wright Junior College, 127
Wright v. Twomey, 113–14
Youth Commission, 74
Youth Manpower Project, 140–41, 142, 144, 264 n. 10, 266 n. 24
Youth Organizations United (YOU), 141, 142, 264 n. 10
Zeiger, James, 177, 193
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