RUPERT, Prince of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland (1619–82). Nephew of Charles I, vigorous cavalier.
RUSSELL, Francis, 4th earl of Bedford (1587–1641). Developed Covent Garden and other London properties; for a time, the leader of compromise in the early Long Parliament.
SAGREDO, Gianfrancesco (1571–1620). Galileo’s Venetian friend made a character in the Dialogue.
SALVIATI, Filippo (1583–1614). Galileo’s Florentine friend made his spokesman in the Dialogue.
SANDYS, Edwin (1519?–88). Combative moderate Puritan Archbishop of York, zealous anti-Catholic; father of Sir Edwin Sandys (1561–1629), opposition MP and director of the Virginia Company.
SANDYS, George (1578–1644). Brother of Sir Edwin Sandys; translator of Ovid and patron of Cleyn.
SARMIENTO DE ACUÑA, Diego, Conde de Gondomar (1567–1626). Spanish ambassador to England, 1613–22.
SARPI, Fra Paolo (1552–1623). Defender of Venice, Protestant sympathizer, author of the History of the Council of Trent and other works highly critical of the papacy and court of Rome.
SAVILE, Henry (1549–1622). Mathematician and classicist, founder of the Oxford Savilian professorships.
SCHOPPE, Kaspar (1576–1649). Catholic convert and polemicist, Vatican hanger-on close to the Lincei.
SELDEN, John (1584–1654). Learned lawyer, influential MP, friend of Jonson, Cotton, Arundel.
SHIRLEY, James (1596–1666). Playwright, author of Triumph of Peace; with Williams in Ireland.
SIMPLICIO. The literal follower of Aristotle in Galileo’s Dialogue.
SIR POLITIC WOULD-BE. Absurd character in Jonson’s Volpone (1605/6) who apes Venetian ways.
SPELMAN, Sir Henry (1562–1641). Antiquarian friend of Camden, Cotton, and Selden.
SPELMAN, Sir John (1594–1643). Son of Henry Spelman; defender of the Crown and Church of England.
STUART, Elizabeth (1596–1662). Daughter of James I and wife of Frederick V; “Elizabeth of Bohemia.”
TYMME, Thomas (?–1620). Clergyman, alchemist, Ptolemaic pedagogue.
URBAN VIII BARBERINI, Pope (1568–1644). Man of letters; condemned Galileo, though once his friend.
USSHER, James (1581–1656). Archbishop and chronologist, learned and superstitious primate of Ireland.
VAN DYCK, Sir Antony (1599–1641). The leading portraitist of Caroline England.
VENNER, Tobias (1577–1660). Medical doctor, treated John Bankes junior at Bath.
VILLIERS, George, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628). Favorite of kings James and Charles.
VIRGIL (70–19 bce). Author of Eclogues, Georgics, and the Aeneid, all illustrated by Cleyn for Ogilby.
VORSTIUS, Conrad (1569–1622). Follower of Arminius persecuted by King James.
WARNER, Walter (c.1563–1643). Mathematician associated with the Wizard Earl.
WEBBE, Joseph (fl. 1610–40). Medical doctor from Padua, invented a royal road to Latin, translated the Dialogue.
WENTWORTH, Thomas, 1st Earl of Strafford (1593–1640). Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, patron of Williams.
WESTON, Richard, 1st Earl of Portland (1577–1635). Lord Treasurer 1628–35, patron of Sir John Bankes.
WHARTON, Sir George (1617–81). Astrologer mistaken in predicting royalist victories.
WHITE, Richard (1590–1682). English Catholic student of Galileo; brother of Thomas White.
WHITE, Thomas, alias Blacklo (1592/3–1676). Planned a Catholic England independent of Rome.
WILKINS, John (1614–72). First popularizer of Galileo’s teachings at Oxford; ended Bishop of Chester.
WINDEBANK, Sir Francis (1582–1646). Pro-Spanish Catholicizing secretary to Charles I from 1632.
WILLIAMS, Maurice (1600–58). Physician to Strafford, Henrietta Maria, and young John Bankes.
WOTTON, Sir Henry (1568–1639). Ambassador to Venice, close to Sarpi circle; connoisseur of Italian art.
WRIGHT, Edward (1561–1615). Mathematician and cartographer in service of Prince Henry.
WOODFORD, Robert (1606–54). Puritan country lawyer, admirer of the triumvir martyrs.
Notes
The following abbreviations are used:
AS Annals of Science
BJHS British Journal for the History of Science
BPB Bodleian Library, Oxford, Sir John Bankes Papers
CSPD Calendar of State Papers, Domestic
CSPV Calendar of State Papers, Venice
CSP Ireland Calendar of State Papers, Ireland
CWASS Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
D-BKL Dorset History Centre, Dorchester, Bankes Papers
DNB Dictionary of National Biography
DSB Dictionary of Scientific Biography
HG J. L. Heilbron, Galileo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
HLQ Huntington Library Quarterly
IMSS Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza
JHI Journal of the History of Ideas
JWCI Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
OG Galileo Galilei, Opere, ed. Antonio Favaro et al., 20 vols (Florence: G. Barbèra, 1890–1909)
RCHM Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (Historical Manuscripts Commission)
SC Seventeenth Century
SL L. G. Smith, The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1907)
Prologue
1. Bacon, Advancement (1605), bk 2, para. 170, in Philosophical Works (1905), 121, and in Advancement (1954), 136.
2. Bacon, Novum organum (1620), bk 1. aph. 59, and De augmentis (1623), VI.1, in Philosophical Works (1905), 269, 521–2, resp.; Snider, Origin (1994), 49–51.
3. Simonutti, in Meroi and Pogliano, Immagini (2001), 87.
4. Yarker, in Moore, Paxton Treasure (2018), 238–9.
5. Brian Twyne, “Ad Galileum,” in Anon., Justa funebria (1613), 115.
6. HG 221, 258, 302–3.
7. Cf. Sprang, Fountaine (2008), 1–2, 22–4, 29, 38.
8. Lomazzo, Tracte, trans. Haydock (1598), 12–20.
9. Quoted from Baker, in Darby, Historical Geography (1936), 387.
10. Conan Doyle, Study in Scarlet, 1.2, in Holmes (n.d.), i. 10; Burton, Anatomy (2001), pt 1, p. 38.
11. Peacham, Gentleman (1622), 57.
Chapter 1
1. Pastor, Popes, xxiv (1933), 55, 58–60, 103–30, 237–58.
2. Budé, Vie (1869), 60–1; Selden, Table Talk (1856), 143 (quote).
3. Sandys, Relation (1605), 7–12; Rabb, Gentleman (1998), 24–36; Cozzi, Rivista storica italiana, 79 (1967), 1089, 1104–6; Ellison, Sandys (2002), 32–5.
4. Waterworth, Canons (1889), 151, 277–8.
5. Pastor, Popes, xxiv (1933), 269–79 (1.2 million); Cattabiani, Breve storia (1999), 121 (3 million); Palumbo, Giubileo (1999), 35–41.
6. Cattabiani, Breve storia (1999), 118–25.
7. Fosi, Convertire (2011), 57–61, 83, 107–11, 118.
8. Fosi, in Marcocci and Aranha (eds), Spaces (2014), 157, 160–2, 168–70; Williams, Venerable College (2008), 39.
9. Wotton to Salisbury, 5 September 1608, in SL i. 434; Matthew and Calthorp, Life (1907), 95–106, 117. Matthew’s description of the excellences of Florence dates from 1608; his ordination to 1614; for his personal contact with Galileo, Matthew to Bacon, 4 April 1619 (Bacon, Works (1857–74), xiv. 35–6).
10. Kodera, in Neuber and Zittel (eds), Copernicus (2015), 236–47; Omodeo, Copernicus (2014), 40 (quote).
11. Scaramelli to Doge and Senate, 27 August 1603, and Francesco Vendramin, Venetian ambassador to Rome, to same, 6 December 1603, CSPV, 1603–7, 85–6, 117–18.
12. Merchant of Venice (1596–7), III.iii.26–31.
13. Howell, Survay (1651), 4–7; Wills, Venice (2001), 95–134.
14. Howell, Survay (1651), epigraph.
15. Volpone (1605–6), II.i.35–6, III.iv.84–5 (quote), IV.i.50–2; McPherson, Shakespeare (1990), 28–9, 33, 39–43, 91–2, 94, 107–16.
16.
De Mas, Sovranità (1975), 26–7, 44, 91–5.
17. Pastor, Popes, xxv (1937), 8, 14, 36–7, 41, 45–50; for Sarpi on the Pope, HG, 220, and Cavendish, Horae (1620), 397, 400–3; Kainulainen, Sarpi (2014), 4–6, 9.
18. SL i. 55–6.
19. Rabb, Gentleman (1998), 39, 44; Cozzi, Rivista storica italiana, 79 (1967), 1113–20; Dorian, Diodatis (1950), 99; Garcia, Rivista storica italiana, 114 (2002), 1004, 1007–9, 1012; De Mas, Sovranità (1975), 118–19.
20. Burnet, Life (1685), 9, 11, 53, 66; Rev. 13:6, 18.
21. Wotton to Salisbury, 12 October, 1 November, 21 December 1609, in SL i. 406–8.
22. Wotton to Salisbury, 13 September 1607, in SL i. 399; on distribution of the portrait, SL ii. 478–9.
23. De Rubertis, Civiltà moderna (1939), 383–7; Budé, Vie (1869), 53–4, 66, 71–2.
24. Budé, Vie (1869), 81.
25. Sarpi, Historie (1640), 4. Cf. Bolton, in Haslewood, Ancient Essays (1811), ii. 224–5.
26. Wotton to Salisbury, 13 September 1606, in SL i. 399, with reference to Sarpi.
27. Cozzi, Rivista storica italiana, 68 (1956), 572, 575–7, 598–600; Levi, Athenaeum, 3689 (9 July 1898), 66–7).
28. Gabrieli, English Miscellany, 8 (1957), 197; Gelder, in Keblusek and Noldus (eds), Double Agents (2011), 111–12; Anderson, “Art Dealing” (2010), 21, 25, 29, 32, 127–31.
29. Cozzi, Rivista storica italiana, 68 (1956), 578–82, 586, 602–7 (letters from Abbot to Brent, between 21 June and 24 September 1618).
30. Wotton to James I, 30 July 1616, in SL ii. 100; Gabrieli, English Miscellany, 8 (1957), 226; Micanzio to William Cavendish, 24 February 1617 and 12 January 1618, in Add. MS 11309 (BL), fos 4–5, 16.
31. Patterson, James (1997), 223–4, 229–30; Akrigg, Pageant (1963), 308–9; Sommerville, in Peck (ed.), Mental World (1991), 58–9, 286.
32. James VI & I, De triplici nodo (1607), in Political Writings (2006), 85–6, 90–5, 101,116, 121, 124, 128–30.
33. Patterson, James (1997), 85–8, 92–5, 97 (quote).
34. Patterson, James (1997), 98–9; Wilson, HLQ 8 (1944), 42, 45–8.
35. Samuel Ward to James Ussher, 25 September 1622, in Parr, Life (1686), 82, and Belligni, Auctoritas (2003), 182–98.
36. Abbott to Sir Thomas Roe, 20 December 1622, in Lievsay, Phoenix (1973), 33, 57–61.
37. SL i. 149–50; ii. 110, 120, 252.
38. Wotton to Sir George Calvert (Secretary of State), 6/16 March 1621/2, in SL ii. 229; Micanzio to Cavendish, 24 February 1622, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 157; cf. Gabrieli, English Miscellany, 8 (1957), 228–9; Sarpi, in Belligni, in Pin (ed.), Ripensando (2006), 105–8.
39. Patterson, James (1997), 220, 231, 234–7, 241–5.
40. Wotton to Calvert, 2/12 December 1622, in SL ii. 252; Newland, Life (1859), 5–6; Patterson, James (1997), 251–4.
41. Micanzio to Cavendish, 27 and 6 May, resp., in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 180, 164–5; cf. Gabrieli, English Miscellany, 8 (1957), 230–1.
42. Redondi, Heretic (1987), 107–18.
43. Cf. Belligni, in Pin (ed.), Ripensando (2006), 151.
44. Brent, in Sarpi, Historie (1620), “Epistle dedicatorie.”
45. Cf. Burke, in Pin (ed.), Ripensando (2006), 106–8.
46. Sarpi, Historie (1620), 216, 195 (quote), 168, 45, resp.
47. Infelise, in Pin (ed.), Ripensando (2006), 520–1; Fernbach et al. (eds), Private Libraries (1992), passim; Lievsay, Phoenix (1973), 76–85, 121–56; Chambers, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, 5 (1970), under “Andrewes;” Lawlor, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 6 (1901), passim. Both bishops also had copies of De Dominis’s Republica ecclesiastica.
48. Sharpe, Reading (2000), 79, 123, 300 (on Drake); Heylyn, Mikrokosmos (16367), 297–8.
49. Bouwsma, Venice (1968), 623.
50. Sarpi, Quarrels (1626), 117–18, 175–6, 184–6, 238; Potter, in Sarpi, Quarrels (1626), fo. ¶¶1r.
51. Jonson, The Entertainment at Britain’s Bourse [1609], in Works (2012), iii. 357–72. Jonson, The Alchemist [1610], III.iv.87–99, in Works (2012), iii. 644, describes another marvelous perspective.
52. Bentivoglio, Memorie (1864), i. 103, and letter to Scipione Borghese, 2 April 1609, in Sluiter, Journal for the History of Astronomy, 28 (1997), 225–6, 229–32; J. Beaulieu to W. Trumbill, 5 August 1607, in RCHM, Downshire MSS (1924), ii. 31; Selvelli and Molaro, in Pigatto and Zanini (eds), Astronomy (2010), 198.
53. Hall, Discovery [1609] (1937), 79, 87–8.
54. De Dominis, De radiis visus (1611); Pigatto, in Pigatto and Zanini (eds), Astronomy (2010), 40–8.
55. Wotton to Salisbury, 13 March 1610, in SL i. 486–7.
56. Letters to William Trumbull, English agent in Brussels, from Lyonnel Wake, Antwerp, 4 and 10 February 1609/10, and Captain Bruz, London, 14 February 1609/10, in RCHM, Report, 2 (1938), 228–9, 239; and from John Finet, 14 February 1611/12, in RCHM, Report, 2 (1938), 238–9.
57. Belisario Vinta (Florentine secretary of state) to Orso d’Elci (Madrid), 23 May, and Lotti to Vinta, 23 June 1610, in OG x. 356, 377.
58. Thomas Lucy III, “Divers difficile Questions,” in BL, Sloane MS 682, fos 46–8.
59. John Wedderburn, Confutatio (1610), in OG iii/1. 151, 178; Kepler to Galileo, December 1610, in OG x. 507; Favaro, Amici (1983), ii. 980–4; Benedetti, Quaderni per la storia dell’Università di Padova, 4 (1971), 154–5.
60. Paolo Gualdo to Galileo, 10 February 1611, in OG xi. 43.
61. Foley, English College (1880), 255; Fortescue, Feriae (1630), 122–59, Mitford, Gentleman’s Magazine, 182 (1847), 382–4.
62. Fortescue to Galileo, 15 October 1629, and reply, February 1630, in OG xiv. 47, 88; Favaro, Amici (1983), iii. 1137n.
63. Fortescue, History (1880), 436–8, 441.
64. Fortescue, Feriae (1630), 141.
65. Jonson, Love Freed from Ignorance and Folly (1611), in Works (2012), iii. 751–62, I.i.159–60.
66. Donne, Ignatius (1611), 6, 14, 18–22.
67. Donne, Ignatius (1611), 24–30, 41, 59, 65–8, 76–7, 90, 93, 98–100.
68. Donne, Ignatius (1611), 113, 117–18, 127, 131–2, 136. Loyola was canonized a decade later (in 1622) by Pope Gregory XV. Cf. Reeves, News (2014), 26, 43–4, 51–5.
69. Nicolson, Science (1962), 49–54; Coffin, Donne (1937), 83–4, 121–2, 132–7; Hassell, Modern Philology, 68 (1971), 330–5.
70. DNB, s.v. “Lombard.”
71. Tempest, V.i. For Shakespeare on tides, Clark, Shakespeare (1929), 211.
72. De Mas, Sovranità (1975), 31–5, 69–70, 165.
73. HG, 197–8.
74. Bacon, “Descriptio globi” (c.1612), in Bacon, Philosophical Studies (1996), 157, 165; cf. “Thema coeli” (1612–13?), in Bacon, Philosophical Studies (1996), 175, 193.
75. Bacon, “De fluxu et refluxu maris,” in Works (1857–74), v. 443–58, at 450, and Advancement of Learning, in Works (1857–74), viii. 488; Rossi, in Maccagni, Saggi (1972), 260–8.
76. Favaro, Amici (1983), ii. 991–4; Spedding, Account (1878), ii. 373; Bacon, Works (1857–74), xiv. 36–7.
77. Bacon, Novum organon (1620), bk 2, aph. 36 (observation) and aph. 46 (against Galileo), in Bacon, New Organon (1960), 191–2, 227. At least four copies of Galileo’s “On the Tides” are extant in England; Feingold, in Galluzzi, Novità (1983), 415–16, and Hall, in McMullin, Galileo (1967), 413 n. 9.
78. Wotton to Bacon, Vienna, 19? December 1620, os, in SL ii. 204–5; Kepler to M. Bernegger, 29 August 1620, in SL ii. 205n.; Micanzio to Cavendish, 10 September and 10 December 1621, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 140, 146; cf. Gabrieli, English Miscellany, 8 (1957), 213.
79. Rees, Revue internationale de philosophie, 159/4 (1986), 412, 414 (from Bacon, Works (1857–74), iv. 370).
80. Micanzio to Cavendish, 1624, in Ferrini (ed.), Lettere (1987), 263; cf. Gabriele, English Miscellany, 8 (1957), 216.
81. Micanzio to Cavendish, 31 March and 17 June 1616, 24 February 1617, in Ferrini
(ed.), Lettere (1987), 54–5, 57, 62–3; cf. Gabrieli, English Miscellany, 8 (1957), 203–8; Bacon, “Of Unity in Religion” and “Of Superstition,” in “Essays,” in Philosophical Works (1905), 755–6, 738–9.
82. De Mas, Sovranità (1975), 157–8, 164–5, 168–71, 175–6.
83. Gabrieli, English Miscellany, 8 (1957), 209–10; De Mas, Sovranità (1975), 174–9.
84. Jonson, Works (2012), iv. 188; Coryate, Coryate’s Venice (1989), 20, 43–4, 47, 60–6; according to Chaney and Wilks, Grand Tour (2014), 193, the rescuer was Wotton’s secretary.
85. Roth, in Jewish Historical Society of England, Transactions, 11 (1924–7), 207, 213–15, 222, referring to Modena, History (1650); McReynolds, in Howard and McBurney (eds), Image (2014), 123n8.
86. Warneke, Images (1995), 105–7, 130–5, 171, 176–7; Cavendish, Horae (1620), 390; Hall, Quo vadis (1617).
87. Cavendish, Horae (1620), 408–17; Peckard, Memoirs (1790), 57–61; Penrose, Travelers (1942), 16–18.
88. Walton, Lives (1888), 91–7; SL i. 40–2; Brocard, Alarm (1679), 2–3, 10–12.
89. SL i. 19–26, 42–5; CSPV, 1603–7, 81–3.
90. SL i. 8–26, 34–8; Wotton to Lord Zouche, 8 May 1592, in SL i. 274 (quote).
91. HG 90.
92. SL ii. 364.
93. Bacon, “Of Simulation and Dissimulation,” in “Essays,” in Philosophical Works (1905), 741–2; Jonson, Volpone, IV.i.16–17, 22–3.
94. Rothman, Pursuit (2017), 148–51 (Kepler); Galileo, Dialogue (1953), 131, 162, 211, 265.
95. Parker, as quoted by Ord, SC 22/1 (2007), 4; SL ii. 434, 300–1; Ord, in Betteridge, Borders (2007), 163–6.
96. Wotton, Survey (1938), 24.
97. Volpone, II.i, 9–10.
98. Quoted in Ord, SC 22/1 (2007), 18.
99. O’Callaghan, in Wilks (ed.), Prince Henry (2007), 90–3; Ord, Travel (2008), 125–7.
100. Mathew, Age (1951), 247, 256.
101. Peacock, in Sharpe and Lake (eds), Culture (1993), 201–2, citing Peacham, Graphice (2012), 10–14; Gent, Picture (1981), 7–8, 17–18.
102. Gent, Picture (1981), 6–14, 27, 77; Levy, JWCI 37 (1974), 180–4; Burton, Anatomy, II.2.4, (2001), 86–8.
103. Brotton, Sale (2006), 39; Chaney, Evolution (1998), 205–8; Winton-Ely, Eighteenth-Century Life, 28/1 (2004), 139; Ord, in Betteridge (ed.), Borders (2007), 148–51, 156–7.
The Ghost of Galileo Page 40
