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29.Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York: Harper & Row.
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31.De Jonge, A. (1978). The Weimar chronicle: Prelude to Hitler. New York: New American Library, p. 12. .
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33.Hepworth, J. T., & West, S. G. (1988). Lynchings and the economy: A time-series reanalysis of Hovland and Sears (1940). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, no. 2, 239-47.
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35.Peck, M. S. (1983). People of the lie: The hope of healing human evil. New York: Simon & Schuster.
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38.Platt, G. M. (1980). Thoughts on a theory of collective action: Language, affect and ideology in revolution. In M. Albin, R. J. Devlin, & G. Haeger (Eds.), New directions in psychohistory: The Adelphi papers in honor of Erik H. Erikson. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.
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40.Fletcher, Belief systems.
41.Card, J. J. (1983). Lives after Vietnam: The personal impact of military service. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
42.Hendin, H., and Haas, A. P. (1984). Combat adaptations of Vietnam Veterans without posttraumatic stress disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 956-60.
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48.Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39; quotations, p. 24.
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50.Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality and stimulus determinants. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 7. New York: Academic Press;
Idem, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
Erkut, S., Jaquette, D., & Staub, E. (1981). Moral judgment-situation interaction as a basis for predicting social behavior. Journal of Personality, 49, 1-44.
51.See endnote 8.
52.Davitz, J. R. (1952). The effect of previous training on postfrustration behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 309-15.
53.Sherif, M. (1958). Superordinate goals in the reduction of intergroup conflict. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 349-58.
Sherif et al., The Robbers’ Cave experiment.
Tajfel, Social psychology of intergroup relations.
Worchel, S. (1979). Cooperation and the reduction of intergroup conflict: Some determining factors. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks-Cole.
See Chapter 18, as well as 16 and 17.
Chapter 4
1.Milgram, S. (1961). Nationality and conformity. Scientific American, 205, 45-51.
Perrin, S., & Spencer, C. (1981). Independence and conformity in the Asch experiments as a reflection of cultural and situational factors. British Journal of Psychology, 20, 205-9.
2.Garbarino, J., & Bronfenbrenner, U. (1976). The socialization of moral judgment and behavior in cross-cultural perspective. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior. New York: Holt.
Bixenstine, V. E., DeCorte, M. S., & Bixenstine, B. A. (1976). Conformity to peer-sponsored misconduct at four grade levels. Developmental Psychology, 12, 226-36,
Staub, E. (1979). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 2, Socialization and development. New York: Academic Press.
3.Maslow, A. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Viking Press, see Chap. 14 on Synergy in society and in the individual.
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Toch, H. (1969). Violent men. Chicago: Aldine.
Buss, A. H. (1971). Aggression pays. In J. L. Singer (Ed.), The control of aggression and violence. New York: Academic Press.
7.Wilson, E. O. (1978). On human nature. New York: Bantam Books.
8.Ibid., p. 116.
9.Lowentin, R. C, Rose, S., & Kamin, L. (1984). Not in our genes: Biology, ideology and human nature. New York: Pantheon Books.
10.Rushton, J. P., Fulker, D. W., Neale, M. C, Nias, D. K. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1986). Altruism and aggression: The heritability of individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1192-8.
11.Masserman, J. H., Wechkin, S., & Terris, W. (1964). “Altruistic” behavior in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 584-5.
Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press, for a general discussion of the effects of experience on animal “altruism.”
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13.Dentan, R. K. (1968). The Semais: A nonviolent people of Malaysia. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
14.Ibid.
15.Leggett, G. (1981) The Cheka. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 68. Quoted in Peters, E. (1985). Torture. New York: Basil Blackwell.
16.Rotter, J. B. (1944). The nature and treatment of stuttering: A clinical
approach. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 39, 150-73.
17.Copeland, A. (1974). Violent black gangs: psycho- and sociodynamics. Adolescent Psychology, 3, 340-53.
Gillooly, D., & Bond, T. (1976). Assaults with explosive devices on superiors. Military Medicine, 141, 700-2.
Newman, D. E. (1974). The personality of violence: Conversations with protagonists. Mental Health and Society, 1,5-6, 328-44.
Toch, Violent men.
18.Newman, The personality of violence.
Toch, Violent men.
19.Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
20.Jarymowitz, M. (1977). Modification of self-worth and increment of prosocial sensitivity. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 8, 45-53.
Reese, H. (1961). Relationships between self-acceptance and sociometric choices. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 472-4.
Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 2.
Staub, E. (1986). A conception of the determinants and development of altruism and aggression: Motives, the self, and the environment. In C. Zahn-Waxler, Cummings, E. M., & Iannotti, R. (Eds.), Altruism and aggression: Social and biological origins. New York: Cambridge University Press.
21.De Jonge, A. (1978). The Weimar chronicle: Prelude to Hitler. New York: New American Library, p. 12.
22.Maslow, Farther reaches of human nature.
23.Lewis, M. (1978). The culture of inequality. New York: New American Library.
24.Douglas, M., & Wildovsky, A. (1982). Risk and culture: An essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
25.Durkheim, E. (1961). Moral education. New York: Free Press.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Idem. (1984). Remapping the moral domain in personality research and assessment. Paper presented at the Ninety-second Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.
Hoffman, M. L. (1970). Conscience, personality, and socialization technique. Human Development, 13, 90-126.
Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 2.
Staub, E. (1980). Social and prosocial behavior: Personal and situational influences and their interaction. In E. Staub (Ed.), Personality: Basic aspects and current research. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Staub, E. (Forthcoming). Social behavior and moral conduct: A personal goal theory account of altruism and aggression. Century Series. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
26.Baron, R. A. (1977). Human aggression. New York: Plenum Press.
27.Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality and stimulus determinants. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 7. New York: Academic Press.
Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
Idem, Social and prosocial behavior.
Erkut, S., Jaquette, D., & Staub, E. (1981). Moral judgment-situation interaction as a basis for predicting social behavior. Journal of Personality, 49, 1-44.
Feinberg, J. K. (1978). Anatomy of a helping situation: Some personality and situational determinants of helping in a conflict situation involving another’s psychological distress. Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Grodman, S. M. (1979). The role of personality and situational variables in responding to and helping an individual in psychological distress. Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
28.Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The congitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research. Chicago: Rand McNally.
29.Kohlberg, L., & Candee, L. (1984). The relationship of moral judgment to moral action. In J. L. Gewirtz & W. M. Kurtines (Eds.), Morality, moral behavior, and moral development, New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp. 52-73.
30.Gilligan, In a different voice.
31.Gilligan, Remapping the moral domain.
32.Whitbourne, S. K. (1986). The me I know: A study of adult identity. New York: Springer-Verlag.
33.Lerner, M. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundametal delusion. New York: Plenum Press.
34.Tajfel, H., Flamant, C, Billig, M. Y., & Bundy, R. P. (1971). Societal categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-77.
Tajfel, H. (Ed.). (1982). Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35.Hornstein, H. A. (1984). Out of the wilderness. Contemporary Psychology, 29, 11-12; quotation, 11. (A review of Tajfel, Social identity and intergroup relations.)
36.Brewer, M. B. (1978). Ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-24.
Tajfel, Social identity and intergroup relations.
Hornstein, H. A. (1976). Cruelty and kindness: A new look at aggression and altruism. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
37.Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C, Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of strange situations. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Thompson, W. R., & Grusec, J. (1970). Studies of early experience. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology, vol. 2. 3d ed. New York: Wiley.
38.Shaffer, D. R. (1979). Social and personality development. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks-Cole.
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4 1 . Allport, Nature of predjudice, p. 28.
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43.Russell, C., & Russell, W. M. S. (1968). Violence, monkeys and man. London: Macmillan.
44.Becker, E. (1975). Escape from evil. New York: Free Press.
Hornstein, Cruelty and kindness.
45.Haritos-Fatouros, M. (1979). The official torturer: Learning mechanisms involved in the process. Relevance to democratic and totalitarian regimes today. Unpublished manuscript, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
Gibson, J. T., & Haritos-Fatouros, M. (1986). The education of a torturer. Psychology Today, 20, 50-58.
46.Brewer, Ingroup bias.
Tajfel et al., Social categorization.
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50.Cited in Krauthammer, C. (1981). The humanist phantom. New Republic, July 25, p.21.
51.Garbarino, L., & Bronfenbrenner, U. (1976). The socialization of moral judgment and behavior in cross-cultural perspective. In Lickona, T. (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, p. 95.
52.Ibid. A limitation of the Garbarino and Bronfenbrenner research was that most of the pluralistic societies were Western democracies and most of the monolithic ones communist countries.
53.Kohlberg, Stage and sequence.
Kohlberg and Candee, Relationship of moral judgment to moral action.
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54.Milgram, Nationality and conformity.
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