by Ervin Staub
Hilberg, R. (1961). The destruction of the European Jews, Chicago: Quadrangle Books. See also Hilberg’s revision (1985), 3 vols. New York: Holmes & Meier.
Davidowicz, War against the Jews.
3.Girard, Historical foundations of anti-Semitism, pp. 57-8.
4.Brown, R. W. (1965). Social psychology. New York: Free Press.
5.Paul, B. B., & Demerast, W. J. (1984). The operation of a death squad in La Jaguna, Guatemala. Paper presented at the meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Denver, November 15-19.
Amnesty International Report. (1980). Testimony on secret detention camps in Argentina. London: Amnesty International Publications.
6.Brewer, M. B., & Kramer, R. M. (1985). The psychology of intergroup attitudes and behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 219-43.
7.Rothbart, M. (1981). Memory processes and social beliefs. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
8.Brewer and Kramer, Psychology of intergroup attitudes.
9.Merton, R. K. (1957). Social theory and social structure. Rev. ed. New York: Free Press, p. 428.
10.Luther, M. (1955-75). Works. Vol. 47, On the Jews and their lies. Muhlenberg Press.
Quoted in Hilberg, Destruction, rev. ed., vol. 1, pp. 15-16.
11.Girard, Historical foundations of anti-Semitism, p. 71.
12.Abel, T. [1938] (1966). The Nazi movement: Why Hitler came into power. Reprint. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Merkl, P. H. (1975). Political violence under the swastika. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
13.Bar-Tal. D. (1986). Group political beliefs. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Political Psychology, Amsterdam, June.
14.Craig, G. A. (1980). The Germans. New York: New American Library, p. 31.
15.Fishman, J. A. (1983). Language and ethnicity in bilingual education. In W. McCready (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and identity. New York: Academic Press.
16.Craig, The Germans, p. 31.
17.Chamberlain, H. S. [1899] (1936). Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (The genesis of the nineteenth century). Munich: F. Bruckman.
18.Mayer, M. (1955). They thought they were free: The Germans 1933-1945. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Craig, The Germans.
19.Craig, The Germans.
20.Ibid.
21.Nathan, O., & Norden, H. (Eds.). (1968). Einstein on peace. New York: Avenel Books, p. 3.
22.Ibid., pp. 3-4.
23.Nathan and Norden, Einstein.
24.Craig, The Germans, pp. 323, 332.
25.Hilberg, Destruction.
Davidowicz, War against the Jews.
26.Craig, The Germans, pp. 22, 23.
27.Ibid., p. 23.
28.Quoted in Steiner, J. M. (1980). The SS yesterday and today: A sociopsychological view. In J. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co., p. 413.
29.Kren, G. M., & Rappoport, L. (1980). The Holocaust and the crisis of human behavior. New York: Holmes & Meier, p. 23.
30.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust, p. 24.
31.Quoted in Girard, Historical foundations of anti-Semitism, p. 66.
32.Fromm, E. (1965). Escape from freedom. New York: Avon Books.
33.Miller, A. (1983). For your own good: Hidden cruelty in child-rearing and the roots of violence. New York: Ferrar, Straus, Giroux.
Dicks, H. V. (1972). Licensed mass murder: A sociopsychological study of some SS killers. New York: Basic Books.
Steiner, The SS yesterday and today.
34.Miller, For your own good.
35.Sulzer, J. (1748). Versuch von der Erziehung and Unterweisung der Kinder (An essay on the education and instruction of children). In Miller, For your own good, pp. 1-2.
36.Kruger, J. G. (1752). Gedanken von der Erziehung der Kinder (Some thoughts on the education of children). In Miller, For your own good, p. 2.
37.Miller, For your own good, p. 61.
38.DeMause, L. (Ed.). (1974). History of childhood. New York. Psychohistory Press.
Stone, L. (1977). The family, sex and marriage in England, 1500-1800. New York: Harper & Row.
39.Staub, E. (1986). A conception of the determinants and development of altruism and aggression: Motives, the self, and the environment. In C. Zahn-Waxler, E. M. Cummings, & R. Iannotti (Eds.), Altruism and aggression: Social and biological origins. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Idem. (Forthcoming). Social behavior and moral conduct: A personal goal theory account of altruism and aggression. Century Series. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
40.Dicks, Licensed mass murder.
41.Steiner, The SS yesterday and today.
42.Devereux,E. D. (1972). Authority and moral development among German and American children: A cross-national pilot experiment. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 3, 99-124.
43.MacDonaid, K. (1984). An ethological-social learning theory of the development of altruism: Implications for human sociobiology. Ethology and Sociobiology, 5, 97-109.
44.Wesley, F., & Karr, C. (1968). Vergleich der Ansichten und Erziehung-haltungen deutscher und amerikanischer Mutter. Psychologische Rundschau, 19, 35-46.
45.Adelson, J. (1971). The political imagination of the young adolescent. Daedalus, 100, 1031-50.
46.Kaufmann, W. (1950). Nietzsche: Philosopher, psychologist, antichrist. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
47.Quoted in Russell, B. (1945). A history of Western philosophy. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 763.
My review is partly based on Russell’s review, partly on Kaufmann, Nietzsche, and partly on material from the anthology:
The philosophy of Nietzsche. (1927, 1945). New York: Modern Library.
48.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust.
49.Lowenberg, P. (1971). The psychosocial origins of the Nazi youth cohort. American Historical Review, 76, 1457-1502.
50.There is beginning interest in the effects of economic stress and unemployment, one aspect of difficult life conditions, on the family and children. See:
Elder, G. H., & Caspi, A. (1988). Economic stress in lives: Developmental perspectives. In D. Dooley & R. Catalano (Eds.), Psychological effects of unemployment. Journal of Social Issues, 44, no. 4, 25-45.
51.Reich, W. (1970). The mass psychology of fascism. New York: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux.
52.Abel, Nazi movement.
Merkl, P. H. (1980). The making of a stormtrooper. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
53.Merkl, Stormtrooper.
54.Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
Chapter 9
1.Craig, G. A. (1982). The Germans. New York: New American Library, pp. 68-69.
2.Littell, F. H. (1980). Invited lecture at the Jewish Community of Amherst, Amherst, Mass.
3.Dimont, M. I. (1962). Jews, God and history. New York: New American Library of World Literature.
Po-chia Hsia, R. (1988). The myth of ritual murder: Jews and magic in Reformation Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4.Axel, L. A. (1979). Christian theology and the murder of the Jews. Encounter, 40, no. 2.
Flannery, E.H. (1965). The anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three centuries of antisemitism. New York: Paulist Press.
A sociological account of the roots and continuity of anti-Semitism is provided by:
Fein, H. (Ed.). (1987). The persisting question: Sociological perspectives and social contexts of modern antisemitism. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
5.Dimont, Jews, God and history; Po-chia Hsia, The myth.
6.Hilberg, R. 1961. The destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
7.Davidowicz, L. S. (1975). The war against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing
and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
8.London, P. (1970). The rescuers: Motivational hypotheses about Christians who saved Jews from the Nazis. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior. New York: Academic Press.
9.Oliner, S. P., & Oliner, P. M. (1988). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: Free Press.
10.Friedrich, V. (1989). From psychoanalysis to the “great treatment": Psychoanalysts under National Socialism. Political Psychology 10, 3-26.
Staub, E. (1989). The evolution of bystanders, German psychoanalysts and lessons for today. Political Psychology 10, 39-52.
11.Lifton, Nazi doctors.
12.Stotland, E. (1969). Exploratory studies of empathy. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 4. New York: Academic Press.
Regan, D., & Totten, J. (1975). Empathy and attribution: Turning observers into actors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 850-6.
13.Hilberg, Destruction.
14.Staub, E. (1975). To rear a prosocial child: Reasoning, learning by doing, and learning by teaching others. In D. DePalma & J. Folley (Eds.), Moral development: Current theory and research. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Idem. (1979). Positive social behavior and morality: Socialization and development, vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, Chap. 6.
15.Kramer, B. M. (1950). Residential contact as a determinant of attitudes toward Negroes. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.
Deutsch, M.. & Collins, M. E. (1951). Interracial housing: A psychological evaluation of a social experiment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
16.Hilberg, R. (1980). The nature of the process. In J. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims, and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
Lifton, Nazi doctors.
17.Bloch, S., & Reddaway, P. (1977). Psychiatric terror: How Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent. New York: Basic Books.
Idem. (1985). Psychiatrists and dissenters in the Soviet Union. In E. Stover & E. O. Nightingale (Eds.), The breaking of bodies and minds. New York: Freeman.
18.Lifton, Nazi doctors.
Proctor, R. (1988). Racial hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
19.Lifton, Nazi doctors, p. 46.
20.Proctor, Racial hygiene.
21.Binding, L., & Hoche, A. (1920). Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens: Ihr Mass und ihre Form. Leipzig: F. Meiner.
quoted in Lifton, Nazi doctors, p. 47.
22.Friedrich, From psychoanalysis to the “great treatment.”
23.Lorenz, K. (1940). Durch Domestikation verursachte Störungen arteigenen Verhaltens, Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie und Charakterkunde (Journal of Applied Psychology and the Science of Character), 59, 66, 71.
See also Craig, The Germans, for an account of the enthusiastic production of ideas supporting National Socialism by German academics.
24.Sargent, S. (1957). Battle for the mind: A physiology of conversion and brain washing. London: Pan Books.
25.Latane, B., & Darley, J. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help! New York: Appleton-Crofts.
Piliavin, J. A., Dividio, J. F., Goertner, S. L., & Clark, R. D. (1981). Emergency intervention. New York: Academic Press.
Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality and stimulus determinants. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 7. New York: Academic Press.
Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality, vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press.
26.Staub, Helping a distressed person.
27.Davidowicz, War against the Jews. Lifton, Nazi doctors.
28.Bettelheim, B. (1979). Surviving and other essays. New York: Vintage Books, pp. 260, 265.
Chapter 10
1.Kren, G. M., & Rappoport, L. (1980). The Holocaust and the crisis of human behavior. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, p. 69.
2.Davidowicz, L. S. (1975). The war against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
3.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust.
4.Ibid., p. 51.
5.Segev, T. (1977). The commanders of the Nazi concentration camps. Ph.D. diss., Boston University (University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich., 77-21, 618).
6.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust, p. 43.
7.Hilberg, R. (1980). The nature of the process. In J. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims, and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
8.Merkl, P. H. (1980). The making of a stormstrooper. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 218-22.
9.Segev, The commanders.
10.Hoess, R. (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. New York: World.
11.Sereny, G. (1974). Into the darkness: From mercy killing to mass murder. New York: McGraw-Hill.
12.Dicks, H. V. (1972). Licensed mass murder: A sociopsychological study of some SS killers. New York: Basic Books.
13.Steiner, J. M. (1980). The SS yesterday and today: A sociopathological view. In J. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims, and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
14.Ibid.
15.Ibid., pp. 431-2.
16.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust, p. 58.
17.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust.
Davidowicz, The war against the Jews.
Hilberg, R. (1961). The destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
18.Sereny, Into the darkness.
19.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust, p. 61.
20.Perry, D. G., & Perry, L. C. (1974). Denial of suffering in the victim as a stimulus to violence in aggressive boys. Child Development, 45, 55-62.
Staub, E. (Forthcoming). Social behavior and moral conduct: A personal goal theory account of altruism and aggression. Century Series. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
21.Keneally, T. (1983). Schindler’s list. New York: Penguin Books.
22.Gelinas, D. J. (1985). Unexpected resources in treating incest families. In M. A. Karpel (Ed.), Family resources: The hidden partner in family therapy. New York: Guilford Press.
23.Karski, J. (1944). Story of a secret state. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 330.
24.Ibid., pp. 331-2.
25.Keneally, Schindler’s list, p. 292.
26.Marton, K. (1982). Wallenberg. New York: Ballantine Books.
27.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust.
28.Keneally, Schindler’s list.
29.Lifton, Nazi doctors.
30.Ibid.
31.Lifton, R. J. (1986, November). Personal communication.
32.Lifton, Nazi doctors, p. 425.
33.Ibid., p. 175, from interview with the SS Doctor B.
34.Ibid., p. 176, from interview with SS Doctor B.
35.Ibid., p. 425.
36.Durkheim, E. (1961). Moral education. New York: Free Press.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press.
Idem. (1980). Social and prosocial behavior: Personal and situational influences and their interactions. In E. Staub (Ed.), Personality: Basic aspects and current research. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
37.Lifton, Nazi doctors.
Hilberg, Nature of the process.
Steiner, The SS yesterday and today.
38.Eliach, Y. (Ed.). (1982). Hassidic tales of the Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press.
39.Becker, E. (1975). Escape from evil. New York: Free Press.
40.Lewin, R. (1938). The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological forces. Durham
, N. C: Duke University Press.
Chapter 11
1.Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
Festinger, L. A. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, 111.: Row-Peterson.
2.Hilberg, R. (1980). The nature of the process. In J. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims, and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
Davidowicz, L. S. (1976). The war against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi doctors: Medical killing and the psychology of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
3.Kren, G. M., & Rappoport, L. (1980). The Holocaust and the crisis of human behavior. New York: Holmes & Meier.
4.Hilberg, R. (1961). The destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
5.Fein, H. (1979). Accounting for genocide: National responses and Jewish victimization during the Holocaust. New York: Free Press.
6.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust.
7.Fein, Accounting for genocide.
8.Lukas, R. (1986). The forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German occupation, 1939-1944. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Gross, J. T. (1979). Polish society under German occupation: The Generalgouvernment, 1939-1944. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
9.F ein, Accounting for genocide.
10.Hilberg, Destruction, pp. 386-7.
11.Fein, Accounting for genocide.
12.Arendt, H. (1951). The origins of totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 269.
See:
U. S. Government. (1946). Nazi conspiracy and aggression. Washington, D. C: U.S. Government Printing Office, vol. 6, pp. 87ff.
13.Wyman, D. S. (1984). The abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945. New York: Pantheon Books.
14.Hilberg, Nature of the process.
15.Wyman, Abandonment.
16.Moscovici, S. (1973). Social influence and social change. London: Academic Press.
Moscovici, S. (1980). Toward a theory of conversion behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Current issues in social psychology. New York: Academic Press.
17.Wyman, Abandonment.
18.A report by D. Yankelovich on polls taken at the time, described in Bernstein, R. (May 22, 1988). U.S. articles on prewar Jews of Germany found wanting, New York Times, p. 24.
