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Index
EDITORS’ NOTE: Phoenicians, Carthage, Tyre, Punic Wars, and other ubiquitous names and topics demarcated by chapter titles are not indexed; they appear, however, in association with other items. Place names that appear only once are not indexed unless they are discussed. Ancient authors and sources are indexed only if they appear in the main text (i.e., authors/works cited in parenthetical references are not indexed). Numbers in italics point to figures in that page.
A
Abdalonymos (‘Abd’elonim) 390
Abdashtart I (ʻAbdʻaštart; Straton I the Philhellene) 92, 101, 389
Abdera (modern Adra) 436, 586, 590, 593–4, 595, 598, 648
Abdi-Milkutti 60, 62–3, 67
ʻAbdmelqart (Hamilcar the Magonid) 150–1, 161, 282
Abi-Baal 58, 69
Abu Simbel (Ipsambul) 70, 228, 280–1
Abul 410, 604, 607–9
Abydos 228, 280–1
Acca (Acre; Akko), see Tel Akko
Achilles Tatius (Tatio), Leucippe and Cleitophon 618, 620, 681, 693
Acholla (Ras Bou Tria) 560
Achziv, see Akhziv
Acqua Acetosa Laurentina 515
Acragas, see Agrigento
Adad-nirari III 11, 66
ʻAddirmilk 396
adobe bricks (mudbrick) 131, 447–8, 546, 588–9, 607–10
adon 276; see also Adonis
Adonia 117–18, 276
Adonis 15, 117–18, 121, 263, 278
Adonis River (Nahr Ibrahim) 119–20
Adra, see Abdera
Aeneas 117, 263, 680
Aesculapius (Asklepios) 278, 284, 688; see also Eshmun
Agathocles (Agathokles of Syracuse) 159–61, 177, 456, 622, 638, 675
Agenor(ids), house of 100, 108, 721
agriculture, treatise on 156, 186, 257, 266
Agrigento (Agrigentum; Acragas) allied with Carthaginians 162
bull of Phalaris 163
Greek polity of 150–1, 161–2, 537, 538, 543
Punic Wars 172, 177
sack of 156, 161–2
under Punic control 544
Ahab 64–5, 470, 660, 663–4
Ahiram sarcophagus 58, 298, 352–3, 394–5, 718
Ain el Helwe rock-tombs 718
Aion 261–2
Akhziv (Achziv) funerary stone stelae 135, 228, 353
iron weapons and tools 408
Phoenician city 10, 128
tombs 135, 304–5
ustrinum 135, 300
Akkar Plain 40, 44–7, 58, 126–8, 353, 355
Akko (Acca; Acre), see Tel Akko
Akra megale polis, see Rusaddir
Akragas, see Agrigento
Al-Bass (Tyre) C14 dating 126
demography of burials 305–6
excavations 49–50, 49, 278
family units in tombs 305
funerary rituals 278, 295, 298, 300–3, 306, 336, 608
funerary stelae 226, 278, 304, 353
incineration practices 135, 300–1, 487
Phase II necropolis 75
Phase III necropolis 78–9
Al Mina xvii, xviii, 94, 250, 471, 475
alabaster 359, 364, 592, 605
Alalia (Aléria), Battle of xvii, 148–9, 515, 574
Alashiya/Alashya (Cyprus) 228, 262, 481, 484
Alcáçer do Sal 604, 608–9
Alexander the Great Carthage 165–6, 625
causeway 49, 719
coinage 104, 390–2, 396, 398–9
conquest of the Levant 99–101, 107, 109, 135, 390
cult of Baal/Melqart of Tyre 102, 625
deified 104, 621, 624
historiography 102, 393
imperialism 103
kinship with Herakles 104–5
Sidon 103, 390
siege of Tyre 102, 489, 622, 676, 680, 693
Alexandria 114, 116, 257
Almaraz 604, 605
almond (tree) 83, 162, 300, 465, 590, 594
alphabet transmission 245, 247–51, 512
Althiburos (Médeina) cult of Baalshamem 287
excavations 149, 184
iron production 412
suffetes 188
tophet 288, 312, 315–16
Amanus Mount 62, 472
Amarna letters attestation of Baal 276–7
attestation of Canaan 9
diplomatic and exchange practices 44–5, 65, 423, 481
second millennium Semitic language 204–5, 212
Amathous (Amathus) 280, 320, 354–5, 482, 483, 487–9, 704
Amilcas the Carchedonian, see ʻAbdmelqart
Amos, Hebrew Bible 65, 334, 664–6
Ampurias (Emporion) xvii, 578, 651
Amrit (Marathus) figurine production 355, 356, 485
funerary monuments 295
kingdom of Arwad 127
Maʻabed inscription 91, 351
scaraboid seal workshop 363
source shrine 366
stele 351, 352, 353
temple 91, 132–3, 276
terracotta sarcophagi 353, 355
amulet(s) Amathous 487
burial gift 135, 298, 305, 315, 460
Crete 496
Cyclades 499–500
Egyptian (influenced) 14, 129, 359, 364
western Mediterranean market 473
glass 298, 364
Hera sanctuary, Samos 499
Ibiza 578
inscribed funerary 231
Italian mainland 507
Malta 258, 563
Phoenician papyri 229–30, 258
Amun (Amon) 45, 105
Amurru 45, 467
Amusicus 176
Anaphe 246, 494
Anat (ʻAnat) 275, 280, 376, 395, 485
ankh sign 353, 359
Annaeus Florus 679
Antas 26, 149, 230, 284
Antilebanon 112, 120
Antioch 113, 116, 122
Antonine itinerary 632, 634–8
Antonios Diogenes, Wonders beyond Thule 693
Aphaca 120, 122
Aphrati 496–7
Aphrodite as part of Hellenistic koine 107
Euploia 280
Paphia 489
sanctuary at Eyx 284
sanctuary at Kythera 494
sanctuary at Piraeus 485–6
sanctuary on the Cyclades 499–500
temple slaves 703–4
see also Ashtart (Astarte); Venus
Apollo Alexander the Great 102, 676
allegorized as the sun 688
as part of Hellenistic koine 107
as witness of treaty between Hannibal and Philip V 264, 283
bronze statue from Gela 622
Daphnephoros 248
shrine in Carthage 283
syncretism with Reshef 280
Tyrian women to serve as slaves at Dephi 673
see also Eshmun
Appian 179, 185, 442, 679
Aradus (Arados), see Arwad
Aram xviii, 65, 471, 666; see also Damascus
Aramaean(s) 25, 202, 470–1, 473, 667
Aravah copper mines 402, 408
Arca (Caesarea Ituraeorum) 112, 114–15, 121
archive(s) Amarna 9, 44, 65, 424, 481
Byblos 11
Cádiz (Gadir) 79, 258
Carthage 12, 258
Idalion 12, 228–9, 235
Phoenician 11–12, 361, 363
temple 546
Tyre 11, 77, 142, 258, 663
Ugarit 44
Aristotle Politics 155–6, 159–60, 166, 575, 674, 700
Carthage compared with Greek poleis 166, 266, 676
Arpad (Bit Agusi) 63, 472
Arrian 102, 303
arrowheads, inscribed 202, 225
Arslan Tash (Hadatu) 227, 361, 375, 472
Artaxerxes III 390, 394
Arwad (Arvad; Aradus; Arodos) Alexander the Great 102–3
coffins with anthropomorphic lids 353
cults 276
Ernst Renan 717
Greek-Phoenician bilingual inscription 12, 115, 200
island xviii, 40, 46
in ancient Greek novels 693
in the Hebrew Bible 659, 666–7
mint 393, 393–4, 399
northern boundery of Phoenicia 25, 40, 465–6, 468, 470
Phoencian kingdom 125, 127
rulers 68–9
reliefs 365
Tiglath-pileser I’s expedition 44
under Assyrian control 62–4, 66–8, 467, 471
under Babylonian control 69
under Persian control 386, 392–3
under Roman rule 112
under Seleucid control 112
workshop 361
ʻAšerah cult (Baʻlat-Gubl/Gubal) 395; see also Asherah
Ashdod Ad Halom 472, 474–5
Asherah 285, 397, 607
Ashkelon xviii, 125, 227–8, 392, 472, 474–5; see also Elyssa shipwreck; Tanit shipwreck
Ashtart (Astarte; Athtart) “Breast” 354, 358
“double deities” 94, 277, 279, 613
“Lady of Byblos” 118–20, 263, 276
bilingual dedication to 229
Bustan esh-Sheikh 94, 277
Carthage (foundation myth) 146, 262, 283, 439
Cyprus 229, 262–3, 280, 287, 485, 489
Egypt 280
Gozo 561
Iberia 231, 285, 588, 593, 611
identification with Europa 118
Israel 285
Khirbet et-Ṭayibeh inscription 226
part of divine couple 92–4, 275–9, 613
Sardinia 284
Sicily 284, 548–9
Sidon 92, 94–5, 118, 277–8, 286
Tas Silġ 26, 28, 284, 554, 559, 561–3
temple at Kythera 647
temple slaves 703
Tyre 58, 278–9, 286, 618
and Etruscan Uni 148, 230, 284–5, 514
worship by Solomon 663
see also Anat; Aphrodite; Uni; Venus
Ashurbanipal 68, 515–16
Ashurnasirpal II 59, 62, 64, 66, 472
Asklepios (Aesculapius) 278, 284, 688; see also Eshmun
askoid jugs, Nuragic 525–6
Atargatis 118, 121
Athens amphorae from Gadir 594
battles with Persian Empire 387, 674
coins 391
exotic imports from the Near East 500
Hadrian of Tyre 116, 687
Kitians 485–6
Kleitomachos (Hasdrubal) 266
Phoenician inscriptions 230, 501
Porphyry (Malchus) 116
Protoattic ware 373
relationship with Carthage 162
Sidonians 101–2
Athlit xviii, 128
Athtart, see Ashtart (Astarte)
athyrmata 379, 507, 512
Attica alphabet 246, 250
and Phoenicia 95
and Sidon 101
exotic products from the Near East 500–1
imports from 94, 151, 557–8, 592, 595, 636, 638, 652
Phoenician communities 501
Phoenician inscriptions 230, 501
weight standard 389, 391–2, 394, 399
Augustine of Hippo 200–1, 258, 681
Auza 61, 77
Axos 497, 538
Azib Slaoui 627, 632, 639
Aznalcóllar galena ores 407, 409
B
Baʻlšallim I (Bet-shin) 388, 398
Baal (Baʻl) a smiting god 356
Jezebel’s worship of 663–4
of Berytos (Beirut) 276–7
of Byblos 92, 276
of Lebanon 482
of Sidon 277
of Tyre, see Baalu of Tyre; Melqart
of Ugarit 275
worship in Israel 285
see also entries for hyposthases of Baal
Baal Addir 276
Baal Arwad (Arvad) 355, 394
Baal (Baʻl) Hadad 349, 395, 395
Baal Hammon ancestral and paternal god of Tyre 279
and Tanit (Tinnit) 146, 165, 233, 282–3, 289, 313, 317, 321
Carthage 165, 282, 288, 439, 621, 675
Cyprus 262
Iberian Peninsula 285
North Africa 283, 637
patron of the tophet 282, 284, 288–9, 313, 316–17, 675
Sardinia 284
Sicily 284, 548
syncretized with Saturn/Kronos 12, 276, 282–4, 288, 313, 316, 394, 677
Baal Malage 279
Baal Marqod 277
Baal Mgnm 283
Baal Ṣaphon 234, 279–80
Baal Shamem (Shanȋm; Baʻl Šamem) 58, 276, 279, 282, 284, 392, 395
Baalat (Baaltis) 92, 276; see also Baalat Gubal
Baalat Gubal (Ba‘lat-Gubl; Lady of Byblos) 119, 263, 276, 395
Baalbek, see Heliopolis
Baalshamen (Baʻlšamem) 219, 279, 287
Baalshillim inscription 92
Baalu of Tyre 60, 67–8
Babylon 69, 692
Babylonia 30, 68–70
Bagradas River 77, 159
Baʻlšallim I 388–9, 398
Bajo de la Campana shipwreck 410, 429, 432, 592
Balawat, gates at 59, 62, 66, 401–2, 402, 425, 471
Balearic Islands xviii, 149, 407, 532, 569, 577–81, 648; see also Ibiza
Banasa (Iulia Valentia Banasa; Sidi Ali bou Djenoun) 627, 628, 630, 639
banquet ceramics associated with 334–5, 339, 513, 515
funerary 303
Greek sociability at 100
Phoenician metal bowls 358, 512–14
pixedes 361
ritual 287, 289, 515
see also feast; conviviality
Barcids 166, 174–6, 178, 264; see also Hannibal; Hamilcar Barca; Mago Barca
Bar-Hadad inscription 63, 243, 472
Baria 436, 586, 593–6, 595, 597, 598
barley 83, 455–6, 590, 594, 611
Batroun, see Botrys
Bastet 283, 500
Batnoam inscription 91, 226, 286
Battle of Aeg
ates 172, 180
of Alalia 148–9, 515, 574
of Crimisus 161, 675
of Cumae 161, 674
of Himera 61, 150–1, 157, 162, 543, 674
of Qarqar 63, 65–6, 350, 471
of Salamis 61, 151, 386, 482, 650, 674
of Thapsus 187
of the Egadi Islands 430–1, 431
of the Saw 173
of Zama 177, 581, 689
Bay of Cádiz 410, 589, 597, 614
Bay of Ibiza 569, 572, 574
Bay of Málaga, see Málaga
bead faience or glass 473, 500, 512, 578, 612
production 49, 473
Beirut, see Berytos
Bekaa Valley 112, 114, 120, 122
berît (covenant; agreement) 65, 665–6
Bernardini and Barberini tombs (Palestrina) 512, 514
Berytos (Beirut; Biruta; Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus) cemeteries 128, 134–5, 349, 358
during the Roman Empire 111, 113–17, 120–2
Eshmun-Asklepios of 688
harbor 128
industrial areas 94, 129
ink ostraca 226
Iron Age remains 127–9, 468
in Amarna letters and Ugaritic tablets 44
mint 112, 117
pier and rubble technique 94, 130
residential architecture 129, 132, 436
Sanchouniathon of 116–17, 264, 275, 394, 690
scholars from 116–17
school of Roman Law 114, 685
shrine 133
Bes 165, 285, 354–5, 362, 578–9
betyls 261, 353
bilingual inscription(s) Greek and Latin 118, 119
neo-Punic and Latin 304, 598
(neo-)Punic and Libyco-Berber 188–9
Phoenician and Cypro-syllabic 485–6
Phoenician and Etruscan 412
Phoenician and Greek 12, 115, 229–30, 500–1, 553, 623–4
Phoenician and Luwian 227, 376
Bir Massouda (Carthage) 78–9, 82, 293–4, 405, 412
bireme 646, 721
Bithia (Bitia) incineration necropolis 527
inscription 202
tophet 284, 288, 320, 527
boat models 355, 508, 510
Bodashtart 92, 226, 277
Borġ in-Nadur 556
Botrys (Batroun) 59, 77, 470, 494, 716
Bou Regreg 630, 639
bovines, see cattle
brazier 303, 316, 353, 358, 446–7
bread ovens (tannūr; tabouna) 132, 444, 446–7
bucchero, Etruscan 84, 148, 514
bulla (bullae) 12, 361, 363
Bustan esh-Sheikh 91, 94, 132, 226, 277, 352, 387