The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean
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of Sidon 388–9, 389, 398
of Tyre 391–2, 391
Sheshonq I 58, 69, 469
Shiptibaal (or son of Shipitbaal) inscription 91, 225
shipwreck(s) Bajo de la Campana 410, 429, 432, 592
Cape Gelidonya 424
El Sec 454, 595
Elyssa (Elissa) 339, 344, 425–8, 472
Marsala 172, 429–30
Mazzarón 410, 429, 432, 592
Rochelongue 410, 429
Sant Vicenç 454
Tagomago I 633
Tanit 339, 344, 425–8, 427, 472
Uluburun 43, 344, 406, 424
Xlendi 428, 555, 556, 561
shofet (shofetim), see suffete(s)
Shoshenq I (Sheshonq) 58, 69, 469
Siannu 58, 64, 66
Sicca (Sicca Veneria; Le-Kef) 159, 165, 172, 287, 704
Sid 149, 284
Sidi Abdselam of Behar 633, 639
Sidi Brahim (Gunigun; Gunugu) 636
Sidi Dris (Beach) 627, 634, 639
Sid-Milqart 279
Sidon (Sayda; Saida) Abdashtart I (ʻAbdʻaštart; Straton I, the Philhellene) 92, 101, 389
Abdi-Milkutti 60, 62–3, 67
Ain el Helwe rock tombs 718
Ashtart 92, 94–5, 118, 277–8, 286
Bodashtart 92, 226, 277
coins 93, 117, 358, 386–90, 389, 399
College site 47, 47, 127
Court Style ivory workshop 361
Dakerman cemetery 134–5
dye production 94, 365, 401–2
Eshmun (Eshmoun) 91–3, 276–8, 351, 388
Eshmunazor (Eshmunazar) dynasty 128, 277, 286, 398
Eshmunazor (Eshmunazar) II sarcophagus 91, 226, 304, 718
Fifth Satrapy 90, 101, 485
Lulî 60, 63, 67, 425, 426
in Hebrew Bible 90, 658–68
political unit with Tyre 59–60, 470–1
relationship with Attica 101–2
revolt against the Persians 386, 389–2, 398–9, 475
Roman period 112–15, 120
royal necropolis 134–5, 483, 713, 718
sack of 69, 351, 359, 363, 658–9
Siduna in Amarna Letters 44, 277
Tabnit sarcophagus 32, 91, 226, 304
Tennes 389, 389–2, 394
Tu-Ba’lu 67
see also Bustan esh-Sheikh sanctuary
Sid-Tinnit 279, 283
Sierra Morena mines (Jaén) 407, 588
Siga (Syg ʻn) 628, 635
Sikil (Tjeker; Tjekker) 45, 466
Silius Italicus, Punica 620–1, 639, 679
Simirra 59, 64, 67–8; see also Tell Keisan
Simyra, see Tell Kazel
Solomon 11, 60, 64–5, 645–6, 660–4, 666
Soluntum (Solunt; Solous) destroyed by Dionysius I 539, 544–5
in Thucydides 147, 537, 539
necropolis 539, 549
statue of Ashtart 548
temple 547
Sparta 149, 162, 266, 543, 674, 676, 700
Stephanus (Stephen) of Byzantium 494, 560
Strabo, Geography on Aradus 393
on Salda 637
on the foundation of Gadir (Cádiz) 146, 262, 619–23, 676
on Tyre and Herakles 107
Straton I, the Philhellene (Abdashtart; ʻAbdʻaštart) 92, 101, 389
suffete(s) (shofet/shoftim) 104, 108, 147, 158, 183–4, 187–8, 441, 594
Sulcis (Sulky; Sant’Antioco) 79, 522, 526–7, 531–3
Sumur, see Tell Kazel
Syphax, Numidian king 178–9, 635
Syracuse Agathocles (Agathokles) of 622
Dionysius I of 161, 539, 544–5
Dionysius II of 162
Gelon 150–1, 674, 677
Hiero of (third cent. BCE) 155, 171, 173
Hieron of (fifth cent. BCE) 161, 674–5
Philistus of 142
Timoleon of 156, 161, 544, 546, 675
war with Carthage 150–2, 161–2, 539, 543–5, 674
Syria Phoenice 11, 112, 122, 690; see also Phoenice, province
T
Tabnit sarcophagus 32, 91, 266, 304, 718
Tagomago I shipwreck 633
Tagus River and estuary 174, 586, 603, 605–8, 648
Taharqa, Pharaoh 68–9
Takelot I, Pharaoh 470
Takelot III, Pharaoh 69
Tal-Virtù 229–30, 557, 558
Tamassos 351, 482, 485
Tamuda 627, 628, 633, 639
Tangier (tng; Tingi; Thinge; Thymiaterio) 265, 628, 632, 639
Tanit (Tinnit) –Ashtart 94, 277, 279
Carthage 163–4, 397
consort (“face”) of Baal Hammon 146, 165, 233, 282–3, 289, 313, 317, 321
Es Cuyram Cave inscription 232, 285
Iberian Peninsula 285
Iuno Caelestis 283–4, 288
Sardinia 284
Sicily 548
symbol of 69, 359, 363, 439, 637, 638
Urania 691
Tanit shipwreck 339, 344, 425–8, 427, 472
tannūr (tabouna) 132, 303, 446–7
Tarentum 177, 549
tariff(s) collection of 385–6
Kition 229, 234
“Marseilles” or “Carthage tariff” 234
“sacrificial” 287
temple 234, 285
Tarquinia 511–14
Tarshish in inscription of Esarhaddon 61
in the Hebrew Bible 60, 645–6, 662, 665, 667
mineral resources 403
see also Tartessos
Tarsus xvii, 62, 475, 648
Tartessos connection with Rachgoun, Rūs Šigan 635
earliest Phoenician presence xvii, 75, 409–10, 646
Greek trade in 573
identified with biblical Tarshish 60, 645–6, 665
myth of the founding kings 263
relationship with Phoenicians 585, 591, 608, 610
Tartessian or South-western script 251, 608
Tas Silġ cult of Ashtart 28, 284, 554, 559, 561–3
development of 559, 562–3
earliest Phoencian presence 556, 562
epigraphic evidence 229, 554, 562–3
faunal analysis 563
feasting 563
Moscati, Sabatino 26, 28
residue analysis on pottery 563
worship of Hera and Juno 562
worship of Isis 559, 562
worship of Milkashtart 624
Tavira 231, 604, 611
Tekke (Teke) tomb 229, 343, 356–7, 471, 496–7
Tel Akko (Acca; Acre; Akko) 44, 50, 51, 94, 228, 279, 468, 659
Tell Abu Hawam 128, 132, 392, 436
Tell ʻArqa conquered by Tiglath-pileser III 64
intramural interment 134
Iron Age II levels 127
part of coalition against Shalmaneser 66–7
temple 132–3
upper and lower city 128–9
see also Caesarea Ituraeorum (Arca)
Tell el-Barak 126–2, 130, 131, 436
Tell el-Far’ah 469–70
Tell el-Mashkuta xviii, 280
Tell er-Rachidiyeh 226, 339–40
Tell Kazel (Sumur; Simyra; Zemar) 10, 40, 45–7, 127, 133, 352, 353
Tell Keisan “Amrit” stela 352, 353
capital of Amuru of the Amarna Letters 45
excavations 45–7
part of Iron Age Phoenicia 10, 40
part of the Kingdom of Arwad 127
see also Simirra 59, 64, 67–8
Tell Khan (Khalde; Khaldeh) 127, 134, 349, 358
Tell Ruqeish 470, 472, 474
Tell Sianu 10, 133
Tell Sukas Astarte and Melqart 94
domestic buildings 436
religious buildings 133–4
on northern border of ancient Phoenicia 10, 90, 125, 127–8
see also Tell Sianu
Tennes 389, 389–92, 394
Tertullian, Apologeticus 11, 322
tessera coin-shaped 106, 106
textiles 113, 364–5, 475, 493, 591
Thamusida (Sidi Ali Ben Ahmed) 627, 628, 630, 639
Thapsus 187, 638
Tharros carved markers at tophet 318–19
cemeteries 299, 301, 528
domestic architecture 436
interaction with Iron Age Nuragic communities 320–1
iron working 411
Moscati, Sabatino 26, 521
tophet and sacrifice 284, 288–9, 318–20, 528
Thebes (Boeotia) 108, 494, 673, 723
Thefarie Velianas 148, 230, 284
Theocritus 155
Thera 246, 494, 499–500
Theron, tyrant of Acragas 150–1
Theveste (Hecatompylus) 159, 165, 172
Thucydides 147, 155, 494, 511, 537, 539, 675
Thugga, see Dougga
thymiateria (incense burners) 302, 332, 334, 351, 358, 592
Thymiaterium (tng; Tangier; Thinge; Tingi) 265, 628, 632, 639
Tiglath-pileser I 44, 66, 467
Tiglath-pileser III 59, 64–5, 67, 658
Til Barshib (Til-Barship) 64, 472
Timaeus (Timaios) of Taormina (Tauromene; Tauromenion; Tauromenium) cited by Diodorus Siculus 675
on Carthaginian expansion 264
on the foundation of Carthage 61, 142–3, 145, 263, 679–80
on the foundation of Ibiza 571
Timna mines 408
Timoleon of Syracuse 156, 161, 544, 546, 675
tin bars and ingots 406, 424
–bronze 404, 406–8, 412
cargo in shipwrecks 406, 410, 424, 429, 592
found on Sardinia 406, 411
Iberian Peninsula and Atlantic shores 3, 75, 403, 406, 585, 588, 603
Tin Islands (Kassiterides) 648, 651, 652
Tingi (tng; Tangier; Thinge; Thymiaterium) 265, 628, 632, 639
Tinnit, see Tanit
Tjeker (Tjekker; Sikil) 45, 466
Tocae (Tokai), see Dougga
tomb chamber 134, 460, 487, 549, 560–1, 592
cist 134
hypogeum 294, 298, 302, 305–6, 574, 576, 578
rock-cut 134, 554, 556, 557, 561
shaft 134–5, 294, 560
tophet sanctuaries Altiburos (Médaina) 288, 312, 315–16
Bithia (Bitia) 284, 288, 320, 527
Chapelle Cintas (Carthage) 146, 320
Constantine (Cirta) El-Hofra sanctuary 234–5, 288, 314
Dougga (Thugga) 322
Hadrumetum 320–2
Lilybaeum 548
Late North African 288, 314, 314, 321–2, 637–8
Monte Sirai 284, 288, 314
Motya (Mozia) 230, 284, 288–9, 320–1, 539, 541–2
Nora 284, 288, 320–1, 527
Salammbô (Carthage) 190, 311–12, 312, 315–20
Sant’Antioco (Sulcis; Sulky) 284, 288, 522, 526–7
Tal-Virtù (Malta) 558, 560
Tharros 284, 288–9, 318–20, 528
Torre Galli 508
Toscanos (possibly Mainoba) defensive wall 593
domestic architecture 436, 443, 446
early Phoenician settlement 585, 586, 590
palatial building (Building H) 438, 445, 590
warehouse (Building C) 438, 445, 590
Toumba (Lefkandi) 500–1
Trayamar 294, 304, 306, 592
treaty Hannibal – Philip V of Macedonia 170, 176, 264, 283
Carthage – Rome 149, 163, 170–1, 543–4, 574, 596, 622
false Rome – Macedon 667
Esarhaddon – Baal of Tyre 64, 67, 264, 279, 474
Greek – Punic (Sicily) 151, 544, 546
Hiram – Solomon 65, 661
Tyre – Rome 111, 687
Tridacna squamosa shells 363, 374, 377–9, 378, 474
Tripoli(s) xviii, 10, 104, 112, 114, 394, 716
Truceless War (Libyan War; Mercenary War) 160, 172–4, 177
turquoise mines 201, 241
Tuvixeddu (Cagliari) 294–5, 528
tuyère 404, 405, 414
U
udjat (oudjat) – eyes (Horus eyes) 298, 361, 609
Ugarit (Ras Shamra) Archive, tablets 10, 43–4, 234, 277, 337, 339
banquet commemorating the dead 303
collapse of 43–4, 50–1
myths 274–5
paleography 202, 242–3
relationship with Cyprus 481
Ulpian of Tyre (Domitius Ulpianus; Oulpianos) 111, 114, 116, 687, 689, 690
Uluburun shipwreck 43, 344, 406, 424
Um el-Amed 279, 353, 624
Uni (Ashtart) 148, 230, 284–5, 514
Ur, Phoenician inscription 227, 244
Urbanistic inscription 412, 441, 446
Ushu 10, 68
Usnatu (Usnu) 58, 64, 66
ustrinum 300, 608
Utica deflection to Rome 179, 185
earliest Phoenician phase 77–9, 599, 613, 647–8
Euboeans in 146
foundation xvii, 61, 76
relationship with Carthage 144–5, 159–60, 171, 173
trade with Rome 163
ʻUzzibaʻl 396, 396
V
vegetables 456–8, 590
Veio 509, 511–13, 515
Venus 121–2, 144, 262, 284; see also Aphrodite; Ashtart; Uni
Vetulonia 508–9, 509, 512–13, 515; see also Poggio alla Guardia
villa 437, 459, 564, 594, 597
Villaricos 231, 302, 436, 585, 593
vine 83, 454, 456, 590, 605; see also wine
Virgil, Aeneid 142, 263, 281, 680
viticulture, see vine; wine
W
Wadi Aravah mines 402, 408
Wâdi el-Ḥôl 201, 242
Wadi Faynan mines 408
wall painting 165, 178, 294, 298, 302, 354, 361
warehouse 375, 409–10, 438, 445, 590
warship depicted on reliefs of Sennacherib’s palace 425, 426
depicted on Sidonian coins 387
from Syracuse 162
Marsala shipwrecks 430
of the Battle of the Egadi Islands 431, 431
shipsherds in Carthage 158, 179
weight standard Attic 389, 391–2, 394, 398–9
Carthaginian 184
Greek 93
Hellenistic (Alexander the Great’s) 390, 399
Near Eastern stone pan-balance 424
Persian 93, 394
Phoenician 389, 391, 394, 398, 609
Wenamun (Wen-Amon) 12, 44–5
wine amphorae 344, 424, 426, 515, 581, 591, 605
ceramic for consumption of 334–7, 342, 513, 526, 592, 633
funerary rituals 301–3
exchange for metals 410
export from the Greek world to Carthage 162
introduction in the western Mediterranean 82, 514
Mago on grape cultivation 266
presses, cisterns, basins 458, 594, 564
production in the Levant 113, 454, 469, 475
production in Ibiza 578, 581
production in Malta and Gozo 554, 564
X
Xenophon 62, 159
Xlendi Bay shipwreck 428, 555, 556, 561
Y
Yaba, queen 359–60
Yamm (Yam) 277, 393–4
Yanuh 121, 127, 129
Yariris of Carchemish 64, 243
Yehawmilk inscription 91, 225, 286, 353
Z
Zakar-baal 12, 45
Zama, Battle of 177, 581, 689
Zechariah 660, 667
Żejtun 554, 564
Zemar (Sumur; Simyra; Tell Kazel) 10, 40, 45–7, 127, 133, 352, 353
Zeus –Ammon 104
Beelgalasos 121
on coins 104
as bull 721, 722
Meilichios 547, 548
Olympios 58
sanctioner of oaths 265
Zincirli, Phoenician inscriptions 200, 227, 243, 244, 296, 472
Zita 312, 315, 412
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Carolina Lopez-Ruiz, The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean