by Nick Thorpe
18. Le Monde, ‘Crise migratoire: le ton monte entre la France et la Hongrie’, 30 August 2018, http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2015/08/30/laurent-fabius-denonce-l-attitude-scandaleuse-de-la-hongrie-dans-la-crise-des-migrants_4740538_3210.html
19. ‘Szijjártó hits back at French Foreign Minister’, Magyar Nemzet daily, 31 August 2015, https://mno.hu/belfold/szijjarto-visszavagott-a-francia-kulugyminiszternek-1302397
20. ‘Together, bravely’ opinion piece by Jean-Claude Juncker in Népszabadság daily, 27 August 2015: http://nol.hu/velemeny/egyutt-batran-1559435
5 A Refugee Victory
1. Angela Merkel on refugee policy: ‘Flexibility is called for now’, 31 August 2015, https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/EN/Artikel/2015/08_en/2015-08-31-sommer-pk-der-kanzlerin_en.html; ‘Merkel in der Bundespressekonferenz’, 31 August 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdVjH0JEbJ4
2. ‘This is also an Iron Curtain, but this one is for us not against us’, Viktor Orbán, 3 September 2015, https://444.hu/2015/09/03/orban-ez-is-egy-vasfuggony-csak-ez-most-ertunk-van/
3. ‘Migrant crisis “a German problem”’, 3 September 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34136823
4. Economist leader comment on ‘Merkel the bold’, 3 September 2015, https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21663228-refugees-germanys-chancellor-brave-decisive-and-right-merkel-bold
5. ‘Migrants: Frontex signale un traffic de faux passeports syriens’, 1 September 2015, http://www.europe1.fr/international/migrants-frontex-signale-un-trafic-de-faux-passeports-syriens-2508147
6. ‘Death of Alan Kurdi’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alan_Kurdi, last updated 4 July 2018.
7. For a summary of comments by Viktor Orbán and his ministers on Islam, see: ‘Orbán’s double standards on Islam’ Népszava daily, 2 October 2015, http://nepszava.hu/cikk/1071820-orban-ketkulacsos-muszlimbaratsaga
8. ‘They tricked the refugees’ Népszabadság daily, 3 September 2015, http://nol.hu/belfold/atvertek-a-menekulteket-pattanasig-feszult-a-helyzet-bicsken-1560817; ‘Refugee scandal at Bicske station’ 3 September 2015, http://www.blikk.hu/aktualis/politika/menekultek-botrany-a-bicskei-vasutallomason/ggshr73
9. ‘Refugees set out with tents and sleeping bags’ Index news portal, 4 September 2015, https://index.hu/video/2015/09/04/vonulas_menekultek_menekultvalsag/
10. ‘Clashes erupt between refugees, football hooligans in Budapest (video, photos), 4 September 2015, https://www.rt.com/news/314459-clashes-refugees-football-hungary/
11. N. Thorpe, ‘Tired migrants finally cross into Austria’, 5 September 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34166115
6 The Closing of the Curtain
1. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5700_en.htm
2. For an excellent, blow-by-blow reconstruction of the events of that night, see: ‘The night Germany lost control’, 30 August 2016, http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/2016-08/refugees-open-border-policy-september-2015-angela-merkel
3. B. Bayrhammer, ‘Faymann: EU–Lösung oder Friedensnobelpreis abgeben’, 5 September 2015, http://diepresse.com/home/innenpolitik/4814407/Faymann_EULoesung-oder-Friedensnobelpreis-abgeben?
4. P. Bognar and E. Kocina, ‘Refugees may go to Austria’ Die Presse 4 September 2015: http://diepresse.com/home/ausland/eu/4813926/Fluechtlingeduerfen-nach-Oesterreich?from=suche.intern.portal
5. N. Nielsen, ‘Germany sets example on EU migrants’, 7 September 2015, https://euobserver.com/migration/130130
6. J. Clayton, ‘UNHCR chief issues key guidelines for dealing with Europe’s refugee crisis’, 4 September 2015, http://www.unhcr.org/55e9793b6.html#_ga=1.74185362.1633667661.1453992302
7. Ralf Schuler, ‘Will the Refugee crisis destroy the Union?’, 6 September 2015, https://www.bild.de/politik/inland/grosse-koalition/zerreisst-fluechtlingskrise-union-42470310.bild.html
8. ZDF-Political Barometer, 11 September 2015, https://presseportal.zdf.de/pressemitteilung/mitteilung/zdf-politbarometer-september-2015/
9. ‘We must keep Europe Christian says Hungarian PM’, 17 September 2015, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/we-must-keep-europe-christian-says-hungarian-pm-fjwnmlzcv07
10. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-15-5614_en.htm
11. Monty Python: Ministry of Silly Walks sketch, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iV2ViNJFZC8
12. ‘N1 sacked the camerawoman who kicked the refugee child’ kasnyikm, 444, 8 September 2015 https://444.hu/2015/09/08/ime-a-menekult-kisgyerekeket-rugdoso-n1-operatorno
13. ‘Internal instruction from editors: no refugee children on public service TV’, 25 August 2015, https://444.hu/2015/08/25/belso-szerkesztoi-utasitasra-nem-szerepelhetnek-gyerekek-a-kozszolgalati-teve-menekultes-anyagaiban/
14. B. Kálnoky, ‘In the end there will be more Muslims than us’, 16 September 2015, https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article146497225/Am-Ende-werden-die-Muslime-mehr-sein-als-wir.html
15. M. Fleming, ‘UNHCR outlines proposals to manage refugee and migration crisis in Europe ahead of EU Summit’, 22 September 2015, http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/9/56015ba86/unhcr-outlines-proposals-manage-refugee-migration-crisis-europe-ahead-eu.html
16. B. Novak, ‘Counter-terrorism police racheted up violence at Röszke says photographer’, September 21 2015, https://budapestbeacon.com/counter-terrorism-police-ratcheted-up-violence-at-roszke-says-photographer/; R. Field, ‘What really happened at Röszke?’, 22 September 2015, http://budapestbeacon.com/public-policy/what-really-happened-at-Röszke/27850; ‘Witnesses recount chaos at Röszke following border closure at trial of Ahmed H.’, 24 September 2016, http://budapestbeacon.com/public-policy/witnesses-recount-chaos-at-Röszke-following-border-closure-at-trial-of-ahmed-h/39821
17. Informal meeting of EU heads of state or government on migration, 23 September 2015: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/09/23-statement-informal-meeting/; N. Nielsen and E. Zalan, ‘EU forces “voluntary” migrant relocation on eastern states’, 22 September 2015, https://euobserver.com/migration/130374; ‘Migrant crisis: opponents furious over new EU quotas’, 22 September 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34331126
18. World Food Programme, Annual Performance Report for 2015, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/213317f2-2843-4208-bf57-74208bf23bcf/download/
19. Statewatch, ‘Explanatory note on the “Hotspot” approach’: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2015/jul/eu-com-hotsposts.pdf
20. Statement by H.E. Viktor Orbán: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/events/ga/2015/docs/statements/HUNGARY.pdf
7 Three Savage Frontiers
1. ‘Letter to my wife’ Miklós Radnóti, Lager Heidenau, August–September 1944: http://radnoti.mtak.hu/hu/04-07.htm
2. ‘Battle for Kobane’, 25 June 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29688108
3. ‘Beheaded Syrian scholar refused to lead Isis to hidden Palmyra antiquities’, 19 August 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/18/isis-beheads-archaeologist-syria
4. Readers’ comments on ‘Ask not from whom the AK-47s flow’, April 2016, https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21697019-answer-often-serbia-croatia-or-bulgaria-ask-not-whom-ak-47s-flow
5. ‘Conflict timeline 2015’, http://www.iamsyria.org/2015.html
6. ‘Casualties of the Syrian civil war’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War, last updated 7 July 2018.
7. ‘Global trends: forced displacement in 2016’, http://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2016/
8. Philip Faigle et al., ‘It really wasn’t Merkel’, 11 October 2016, http://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2016-10/angela-merkel-influence-refugees-open-borders-balkan-route
9. ‘François Hollande and Angela Merkel face MEPs’, 7 October 2015, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20150929IPR94921/francois-hollande-and-angela-merkel-face-meps
10. ‘Why people don’t need to drown in the Aegean’, a policy proposal, ESI, 17 September 2015: https://www.esiweb.org/pdf/
ESI%20-%20Why%20people%20drown%20in%20the%20Aegean%20-%2017%20September%202015.pdf
11. ‘Letter from European Commission to Hungarian government’, 6 October 2015, http://www.statewatch.org/news/2015/oct/eu-com-letter-hungary.pdf
12. Stefan Braun, ‘Refugees will decide Merkel’s fate’, 7 October 2015: http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/asylpolitik-die-fluechtlinge-werden-merkels-schicksal-1.2681500
13. ‘Seehofer’s explosive self-defence speech’: http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/horst-seehofer-brisantes-notwehr-gerede-a-1057081.html
14. ‘Seehofer widens rift with Merkel over refugee policy’ 9 October 2015, Deutsche Welle: https://www.dw.com/en/seehofer-widens-rift-with-merkel-over-refugee-policy/a-18773458
15. ‘“We are in deep trouble”: Orbán stares down Merkel on migration . . .’, 22 October 2015, https://www.politico.eu/article/orban-refugees-hungary-we-are-in-deep-trouble/ (Madrid)
16. T. Arango, ‘Merkel links Turkey’s E.U. hopes to stemming flow of refugees’, 18 October 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/19/world/merkel-links-turkeys-eu-hopes-to-stemming-flow-of-refugees.html
17. ‘Migrant crisis: Thousands enter Slovenia after Hungary closes border’, 18 October 2015: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34564830
18. ‘Still the refugees are coming, but in Europe the barriers are rising’, 31 October 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/31/austria-fence-slovenia-wire-europe-refugees
19. Border Crossing Spielfeld website, https://bordercrossingspielfeld.org
20. ‘Meeting on the Western Balkans Migration Route: Leaders agree on 17-point plan of action’, Brussels, 25 October 2015: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5904_en.htm
21. G. van Kote, ‘Daniel Psenny: “La balle, on ne l’entend pas arriver”’, 19 November 2015, http://www.lemonde.fr/attaques-a-paris/article/2015/11/19/daniel-psenny-la-balle-on-ne-l-entend-pas-arriver_4813686_4809495.html
22. ‘Here’s what we know about the Paris attackers’, 15 November 2015, Updated 4 January 2017: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/paris-attackers_us_56488d01e4b0603773496f39?c4gnl8fr
23. M. McPhee and B. Ross, ‘US Intel: ISIS may have passport printing machine, blank passports’, 10 December 2015, http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-intel-isis-passport-printing-machine-blank-passports/story?id=35700681
24. ‘The mass murderers of Paris planned and waited in Budapest’, 27 September 2016, https://magyaridok.hu/belfold/budapesten-szervezkedtek-es-varakoztak-parizsi-tomeggyilkosok-1038598/
25. ‘Paris victims, remembered’, 20 November 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/20/world/europe/Paris-terror-victims-list.html
26. ‘“You will not have my hate”: Antoine Leiris on losing his wife in the Paris attacks’, 16 October 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/16/antoine-leiris-you-will-not-have-my-hate-interview-paris-attacks-helene-bataclan
8 A Warehouse of Souls
1. S. Bjelotomic, ‘Death of the Balkan route: UNHCR and IOM’s strategy in Serbia’, 25 January 2017, http://serbianmonitor.com/en/featured/29317/death-of-the-balkan-route-unhcr-and-ioms-strategy-serbia/; ‘Enough is enough:deaths on the western Balkans route’, 22 March 2017, http://www.irr.org.uk/news/enough-is-enough-deaths-on-the-western-balkans-route/
2. ‘Napoleon Bonaparte quotes’, http://www.azquotes.com/author/1621-Napoleon_Bonaparte
3. ‘Paris attacks: Who was Hasna Ait Boulahcen?’, 22 November 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34877374
4. Muhammad Awzal d. ad 1749, http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-nr97034325/; ‘The Berber literary tradition of the Sous – with . . . “The Ocean of Tears” by Muhammad Awzali (d. 1749)’, https://www.amazon.com/Berber-Literary-Tradition-Sous-Translation/dp/3896459996
5. ‘Islamic State can make fake Syrian passports: US report’, 11 December 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-passports/islamic-state-can-make-fake-syrian-passports-u-s-report-idUSKBN0TV02820151212
6. ‘Macedonia to grant passage only to migrants allowed in EU, says Poposki’, 23 November 2015, http://www.mia.mk/en/Inside/RenderSingleNews/328/132908028 (Macedonia to grant passage only to 3 nationalities)
7. ‘Abandoned Athens Olympic 2004 venues, 10 years on – in pictures’, 13 August 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2014/aug/13/abandoned-athens-olympic-2004-venues-10-years-on-in-pictures
8. ‘Greece “will not become Lebanon of Europe”’, 25 February 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/25/greece-wont-be-lebanon-of-europe-yannis-mouzalas-refugees-eu
9. L. Hart, N. Graviano and S. Klink, Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration: At a Glance 2015, 2015, https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/our_work/DMM/AVRR/AVRR-at-a-glance-2015.pdf; ‘Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration 2015 Key Highlights’, 2016, https://publications.iom.int/books/assisted-voluntary-return-and-reintegration-2015-key-highlights
10. ‘Johannes Pfuhl’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Pfuhl; ‘Eurytion’, http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/KentaurosEurytion1.html
11. ‘10 Commission priorities for 2015–19’, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/priorities/migration_en
9 The EU–Turkey Deal
1. ‘Mass sexual assault in Egypt’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt
2. ‘Investigation committee opens first meeting on Cologne N[ew] Y[ear’s] E[ve] assaults’, 18 February 2016, http://www.dw.com/en/investigation-committee-opens-first-meetingon-cologne-nye-assaults/a-19055748; ‘Cologne attacks: first trial for sexual assault on New Year’s Eve begins’, 6 May 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36225177
3. ‘Report: Cologne New Year’s Eve attacks “could have been prevented”’, 17 March 2017, http://www.dw.com/en/report-cologne-new-years-eve-attacks-could-have-been-prevented/a-37979296
4. ‘Copper – a driving force behind the automotive industry’, http://www.makin-metals.com/about/uses-of-copper-in-cars/
5. ‘Aksaray, Fatih’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksaray,_Fatih
6. ‘Syrian refugee entrepreneurs boost Turkey’s economy’, 16 May 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/93e3d794-1826-11e6-b197-a4af20d5575e
7. ‘DR Congo: 24 killed since election results announced’, 21 December 2011, https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/21/dr-congo-24-killed-election-results-announced
8. ‘Protests in Congo over president’s future’, 20 January 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/20/-sp-deadlyprotests-democratic-republic-congo-drc-president-kabila
9. For a more recent assessment of the situation in DR Congo, see: ‘Democratic Republic of Congo in crisis’, 9 April 2018, https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/democratic-republic-congo-crisis
10. ‘The organisation of Asylum and migration policies. Factsheet: France’, https://www.immigration.interieur.gouv.fr/content/download/39552/303018/file/8.FRANCE_Factsheet_Institutional_Chart_October2012.pdf; http://www.asylumineurope.org/reports/country/france/asylumprocedure/general/short-overview-asylum-procedure
11. ‘Some Syrians chart pre-approved path to European asylum’, https://www.apnews.com/dc5ece27b897426ca92569c4faa55306
12. D. Bilefsky, ‘Sweden and Denmark add border checks to stem flow of migrants’, 4 January 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/world/europe/sweden-denmark-border-check-migrants.html
13. M. Dettmer and C. Reiermann, ‘Budget battle begins over Germany’s new residents’, 29 February 2016, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/budget-battle-begins-over-refugees-in-germany-a-1079864.html
14. ‘Germany spent 20 billion euros on refugees in 2016’, 24 May 2016, http://www.dw.com/en/germany-spent-20-billion-euros-on-refugees-in-2016/a-38963299
15. ‘Demography, Immigration, Refugees’, https://www.iwkoeln.de/themen/demografie/zuwanderung/fluechtlinge.html
16. ‘Turkey’s PM plays hardball at EU summit’, 7 March 2016, https://euobserver.com/migration/132579
17. EU–Turkey Statement, 18 March 2016, http://www.consilium.europa.e
u/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/
18. ‘EU and Turkey reach refugee deal’, 20 March 2016, https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-and-turkey-finalize-refugee-deal/
19. ‘EU Minister: Turkey won’t take back migrants already on Greek islands’, 10 March 2016, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/eu-minister-turkey-wont-take-back-migrants-already-on-greek-islands-96265
20. M. Cheresheva, ‘Bulgarian, Turkish premiers seek solution on migrants’, 26 August 2016, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bulgaria-s-borissov-meets-turkish-pm-to-seek-partnership-on-migration-08-25-2016
21. ‘EU–Turkey deal a historic blow to rights’, 18 March 2016: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/03/eu-turkey-refugee-deal-a-historic-blow-to-rights/
22. ‘Erdogan blasts the West’s response to Turkey coup, refugee crisis’, 8 August 2016, http://www.businessinsider.de/erdogan-blasts-international-response-to-turkey-coup-refugee-crisis-2016-8?r=UK&IR=T
23. ‘Saxony-Anhalt state election 2016’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt_state_election,_2016
24. Conversations between Gerald Knaus and the author, August 2018.
10 The Street of Four Winds
1. ‘Interview: Pope Francis’, 17 May 2016, https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Pape/interview-Pope-Francis-2016-05-17-1200760633
2. ‘On the run from Isis: Jihadists “targeting Paris attacker Salah Abdeslam for chickening out of killings”’, 19 November 2015, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attack-eighth-attacker-salah-abdeslam-could-also-be-on-the-run-from-isis-amid-fears-the-group-a6740781.html
3. T. Miles, ‘More Europe-bound migrants may be dying in Sahara than at sea: report’, 15 July 2016, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-sahara/more-europe-bound-migrants-may-be-dying-in-sahara-than-at-sea-report-idUSKCN0ZV22C
4. ‘“Six thousand migrant arrivals is not an invasion”: Renzi’, 15 April 2016, https://www.thelocal.it/20160415/nearly-6000-migrants-reach-italy-since-tuesday
5. ‘Libya: Humanitarian support to migrants and IDPs’, 30 January 2016, https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/situation_reports/file/IOM-LBY-Situation-Report-Jan-2016.pdf
