by Sean McGlynn
54
Ibid. 34, 35.
55
Richard Kaeuper, Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe (Oxford, 1999), 3.
56
Cited in Philippe Contamine, War in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1984), 290.
57
Maurice Keen, ‘Chivalry, Nobility and the Man-at-Arms’, in Christopher Allmand (ed.), War, Literature and Politics in the Late Middle Ages (Liverpool, 1976), 45.
58
The Latin, literally ‘by iron and flame’, is ferro flammisque. Roger of Wendover uses this phrase on a number of occasions, e.g. Roger of Wendover, Flores Historiarum, ed. and trans. H. G. Hewlett, Rolls Series, 1886–1889, ii, 98, 161, 163 for the original Latin.
CHAPTER 3: BATTLES
1
Orderic Vitalis, ii, 218.
2
John Gillingham, ‘An Age of Expansion, c. 1020–1204’, in Maurice Keen (ed.), Medieval Warfare: A History (Oxford, 1999), 76.
3
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 199.
4
Roger of Wendover, ii, 364.
5
A. J. Holden, D. Crouch and S. Gregory (eds), History of William Marshal (2002), i, 395 (hereafter History of William Marshal).
6
S. Weinberg, Glory and Terror (New York, 2004), 61.
7
Henry Riley (ed. and trans.), Annals of Roger of Hoveden (Lampeter, 1997), ii, 140–1. I have used the superior translation in John Gillingham, Richard 1 (1999), 127.
8
R. A. Brown (ed. and trans.) The Norman Conquest (Woodbridge, 1985), 35.
9
Froissart, cited in Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, 256–7.
10
Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusade, 135.
11
Einhard and Nokter, Two Lives of Charlemagne, trans. Lewis Thorpe (Harmondsworth, 1969), 61.
12
Ibid., 62–3.
13
A. B. Scott and F. X. Martin (eds and trans.), Expugnatio Hibernica (Dublin, 1978), 59 (hereafter Gerald of Wales, Expugnatio).
14
G. H. Opren (ed. and trans.), Song of Dermot and the Earl (Lampeter, 1994), 111.
15
Gerald of Wales, Expugnatio, 59–65 for the debate.
16
C. P. Melville and M. C. Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’, in B. Z. Kedar (ed.), The Horns of the Hattin (London and Jerusalem, 1992), 211.
17
D. S. Richards (ed. and trans.), The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, (Aldershot, 1992), 75.
18
Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusade, 138.
19
Melville and Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’, 212.
20
Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 34.
21
Ibid.
22
Richards, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, 74.
23
Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 34.
24
Richards, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, 164–5.
25
Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusade, 349.
26
Gillingham, Richard I, 167.
27
Marianne Ailes and Malcolm Barber (eds and trans.), The History of the Holy War (Woodbridge, 2003), ii, 108; Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 229.
28
Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusade, 224.
29
Ailes and Barber, The History of the Third Crusade, 108; Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 231.
30
Peter W. Edbury (ed. and trans.), The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation (Aldershot, 1996), 108.
31
Cited in Gillingham, Richard I, 170.
32
Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem, 180.
33
Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, 231; Richards, Saladin, 165.
34
Anne Curry (ed. and trans.), The Battle of Agincourt: Sources and Interpretations (Woodbridge, 2000), 82 (hereafter, Curry). This is a superbly comprehensive (and convenient) collection of all relevant medieval sources.
35
Ibid., 47.
36
Ibid., 52.
37
Ibid., 37.
38
Ibid., 37.
39
Ibid., 47.
40
Ibid., 62.
41
Ibid., 92–3.
42
Ibid., 107; Anne Curry, Agincourt: A New History (Stroud, 2005), 248.
43
Curry, 53.
44
Ibid., 39–40.
45
Ibid., 108.
46
Ibid., 131.
47
H. T. Riley (ed.), Annals of John of Trokelow (London, 1886), 87.
48
Curry, Agincourt: A New History, 250.
49
Keith Dockray (ed.), Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and the Wars of the Roses: A Source Book (Stroud, 2000), 112.
50
Ibid., 133.
51
Alistair Dunn, ‘A Kingdom in Crisis: Henry IV and the Battle of Shrewsbury’, History Today, 53 (8) (2003), 32.
52
Roger of Wendover, ii, 508.
53
Froissart, 93.
54
Richard W. Kaueper and Elspeth Kennedy (eds and trans.), The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny (Pennsylvania, 1996), 99.
55
Cited in J. F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 1997), 44.
56
Ibid., 45.
57
Ibid., 48.
58
Suger, 32–3.
59
Joinville and Villehardouin, Chronicles of the Crusades, ed. and trans. M. R. B. Shaw (Harmondsworth, 1963), 252–3.
60
Cited in Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, 82, n.1.
CHAPTER 4: SIEGES
1
R. A. Brown, English Castles (1976), 198.
2
John France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 (1999), 126.
3
H. F. Delaborde, Oeuvres de Rigord et de Guillaume le Breton (Paris, 1882), ii, 198.
4
Michael Prestwich, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (1996), 300.
5
Keen, Laws of War, 124.
6
Orderic Vitalis, iv, 218.
7
R. Howlett (ed.), Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, 4 vols, Rolls Series, i, 331.
8
Steven Runciman, The First Crusade (Cambridge, 1980), 188.
9
H. E. Mayer, The Crusades (Oxford, 1988), 56.
10
Edward Peters, The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials (Pennsylvania, 1988), 110.
11
Susan Edgington, The First Crusade (1996), 9.
12
Peters, First Crusade, 205.
13
Rosalind Hill (ed. and trans.), Gesta Francorum (1962), 91–2.
14
Peters, First Crusade, 92.
15
Ibid., 260–1.
16
Carol Sweeetenham (ed. and trans.), Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade (Aldershot, 2005), 200–2.
17
Ibid., 200.
18
Peters, First Crusade, 256.
19
Ibid., 92.
20
Ibid., 90.
21
David Hay, ‘Gender Bias and Religious Intolerance in Accounts of “Massacres” of the First Crusade’, in Michael Gervers and James M. Powell (eds), Tolerance
and Intolerance: Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades (Syracuse, 2001), 6.
22
Hill, Gesta Francorum, 91.
23
Peters, First Crusade, 248–9.
24
Delaborde, Oeuvres, ii, 197.
25
Ibid., i, 217.
26
Ibid., ii, 199.
27
Ibid., 200.
28
Ibid., 199.
29
Ibid., 199–200.
30
Wendover, ii, 311–13.
31
W. A. Sibly and M. D. Sibly (eds and trans.), The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay’s Historia Albigensis (Woodbridge, 1998), 50.
32
Janet Shirley (ed. and trans.), The Song of the Cathar Wars (Aldershot, 1996), 19.
33
Ibid., 20.
34
Joseph Strayer, The Albigensian Crusades (New York, 1971), 62.
35
Cited in Malcolm Barber, The Cathars (Harlow, 2000), 211 and n. 20.
36
W. A. Sibly and M. D. Sibly (eds and trans.), The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens (Woodbridge, 2003), 33.
37
Sibly and Sibly, History of the Albigensian Crusade, 50–1.
38
Shirley, Song of the Cathar Wars, 21–2.
39
Ibid.
40
Ibid.
41
Ibid.
42
Sibly and Sibly, History of the Albigensian Crusade, 237.
43
Roger of Wendover, ii, 281.
44
Froissart, 176.
45
Clifford J. Rogers (ed.), The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations (Woodbridge, 1999), 192.
46
Froissart, 178.
47
Ibid., 179.
48
Richard Barber, Edward: Prince of Wales and Aquitaine (Woodbridge, 1978), 226; 125 for the following Walsingham quote.
49
Richard Barber (ed.), Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, (1979), 137.
50
Rogers, Wars of Edward III, 193.
51
Barber, Edward, 226.
52
Michael Jones, ‘War and Fourteenth-Century France’, in Anne Curry and Michael Hughes (eds), Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War (Woodbridge, 1994), 117.
53
Barber, Life and Campaigns, 137.
54
Froissart, 176.
55
Rogers, Wars of Edward III, 193.
56
Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege (Woodbridge, 1992), 161.
57
Froissart, 177–8.
58
Christopher Allmand (ed.), Society at War: The Experience of England and France during the Hundred Years War (Woodbridge, 1998), 132.
59
Matthew Strickland, ‘A Law of Arms or a Law of Treason? Conduct in War in Edward I’s Campaigns in Scotland, 1296–1307’, in Richard W. Kaeuper (ed.), Violence in Medieval Society (Woodbridge, 2000), 76.
60
Prestwich, Armies and Warfare, 239.
61
John Barnie, War in Medieval English Society: Social Values in the Hundred Years War, 1377–99 (New York, 1974), 75.
62
David Green, Edward the Black Prince (Harlow, 2007), 92.
63
Michael Prestwich, The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377 (2003), 164.
64
Barber, Edward, 226.
65
History of William Marshal, ii, 301.
66
Hill, Gesta Francorum, 19–20. Here I have used in preference William Zajac’s translation from William Zajac, ‘Captured Property on the First Crusade’, in Jonathan Phillips (ed.), The First Crusade: Origins and Impact (Manchester, 1997), 155.
67
Keen, Laws of War, 112.
68
Roger of Wendover, ii, 396–7 (slightly amended).
69
Peter Thompson (ed. and trans.), Contemporary Chronicles of the Hundred Years War (1966), 271.
70
Froissart, 106.
71
Roger of Wendover, ii, 339.
72
John Gillingham, ‘William the Bastard at War’, in Christopher Harper-Bill, Christopher Holdsworth and Janet Nelson (eds), Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge, 1989), 150.
73
Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. by Charles Mierow (Toronto, 1994), 284.
74
Ibid., 285.
75
Peter Speed (ed.), Those Who Fought: An Anthology of Medieval Sources (New York, 1996), 171.
76
Otto of Freising, Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, 285.
77
A. R. Myers (ed.), English Historical Documents, iv (1969), 220–2.
CHAPTER 5: CAMPAIGNS
1
J. Gillingham, The Wars of the Roses: Peace and Conflict in Fifteenth-Century England (1981), 45.
2
Delaborde, Oeuvres, i, 45.
3
Clifford J. Rogers, ‘The Age of The Hundred Years War’, in Keen, Medieval Warfare, 146–7.
4
R. C. Johnston (ed. and trans.), Jordan Fantosme’s Chronicle (Oxford, 1981), 33–5.
5
Speed, Those Who Fought, 213.
6
Cited in Achille Luchaire, Social France at the Time of Philip Augustus (1912), 261.
7
C. W. C. Oman, The Art of War in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, 1953; originally 1885), 61.
8
William E. Kapelle, The Norman Conquest of the North, 1060–1135 (1979), ch.5.
9
Ann Williams, The English and the Norman Conquest (Woodbridge, 1995), 40.
10
F. M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 1971), 603.
11
D. C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (1964), 211.
12
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 204.
13
Ibid., 203, 204.
14
Henry of Huntingdon, 28.
15
R. Allen Brown (ed.), The Norman Conquest: Documents of Medieval History (1984), 120.
16
‘Florence’ of Worcester, A History of the Kings of England, trans. by J. Stephenson (Lampeter, no date: c. 1990), 137 (hereafter John of Worcester).
17
William of Malmesbury, A History of the Norman Kings, trans. J. Stephenson (Lampeter, 1989), 25.
18
Simeon of Durham, 137–8.
19
Orderic Vitalis, ii, 230–3.
20
Williams, The English and the Norman Conquest, 43.
21
William of Malmesbury, History of the Norman Kings, 5.
22
Kapelle, Norman Conquest of the North, 118.
23
John Palmer, ‘The Conqueror’s Footprints in Domesday Book’, in Andrew Ayton and J. L. Price (eds), The Medieval Military Revolution: State, Society and Military Change in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (1995), 37.
24
John Palmer, ‘War and Domesday Waste’, in Matthew Strickland (ed.), Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France (Stamford, 1998), 259.
25
R. Allen Brown, The Normans and the Norman Conquest (Woodbridge, 1985), 170.
26
K. R. Potter (ed.), Gesta Stephani (Oxford, 1955), 33.
27
Donald Matthew, King Stephen (2002), 70; D. D. R. Owen, William the Lion: Kingship and Culture, 1143–1214 (East Linton, 1997), 12; Matthew Strickland, ‘Killing or Clemency? Ransom, Chivalry and Changing Attitudes to Defeated Opponents in Britain and Northern France,
7–12th Centuries’, in Hans-Henning Kortum (ed.), Krieg im Mittelalter (2001) (from www.deremilitari.org/strickland, 17).
28
G. W. S. Barrow, ‘The Scots and the North of England’, in Edmund King (ed.), The Anarchy of King Stephen’s Reign (Oxford, 1994), 265.
29
Henry of Huntingdon, 68.
30
David Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, 1135–54 (2000), 74.
31
John of Worcester, 191.
32
Henry of Huntingdon, 69–70.
33
Gesta Stephani, 36–7.
34
Richard of Hexham, ‘History of the Acts of King Stephen’, in J. Stephenson (trans.), Contemporary Chronicles of the Middle Ages (Lampeter, 1988), 61.
35
Ibid., 61–2.
36
Christopher Allmand, ‘The Reporting of War in the Middle Ages’, in Diana Dunn (ed.), War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain (Liverpool, 2000), 20.
37
Richard of Hexham, 61–2.
38
Simeon of Durham, 139.
39
Ibid.
40
Gesta Stephani, 9–10.
41
John of Worcester, 188.
42
Gerald of Wales, Expugnatio, 37.
43
K. H. Jackson (ed.), A Celtic Miscellany (Harmondsworth, 1971), 239–41.
44
Strickland, ‘A Law of Arms’, 49.
45
Cited in Niall Barr, Flodden (Stroud, 2001).
46
Sean McGlynn, ‘Britain and Europe: A Medieval Comparison’, in Politics, 16 (3), (1996), 172.
47
R. R. Davies, The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343 (Oxford 2000), 131.
48
Keith J. Stringer, The Reign of Stephen (1993), 31.
49
Johnston, Jordan Fantosme’s Chronicle, 127.
50
E. L. G. Stones (ed. and trans.), Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1174–1328 (Oxford, 1965), 140–5.
51
Barrow, ‘The Scots and the North of England’, 246.
52
Alan Lloyd, King John (1973), 392; Ralph V. Turner, King John (Harlow, 1994), 258.
53
J. Stephenson (ed.), Radulphi de Coggeshall Chronicon Anglicanum, Rolls Series (1875) (hereafter Ralph of Coggeshall).
54
Roger of Wendover, ii, 349.
55
Ralph of Coggeshall, 178–9.
56
History of William Marshal, ii, 225.
57
F. Michel (ed.), Histoire des Ducs de Normandie et des Rois d’Angleterre (Paris, 1840), 164.
58
Ralph of Coggeshall, 177–8.
59
Sean McGlynn, ‘Roger of Wendover and the Wars of Henry III, 1216–1234’, in Björn K. U. Weiler and Ifor W. Rowlands (eds), England and Europe in the Reign of Henry III, 1216–1272 (Aldershot, 2002), 197–8.
60
Roger of Wendover, ii, 351, 349.
61
Ibid., 349.
62
