by Unknown
Such precautions should be consistent with the aforementioned clarifica-
tion of the rule governing the use of identifying information. This could be accomplished, for example, through the use of multiple windows, differing colors of data, or clear labeling of the nature of information displayed.
Additional guidelines will be issued to provide details of the aforemen-
tioned clarifications as needed.
Dated: December 22, 1998
Nancy Gist
Director, Bureau of Justice Assistance
[FR Doc. 98-34547 Filed 12-29-98; 8:45 a.m.]
Billing Code 4410-18-P
Appendix E: Lists of Most
Common Languages
List of Official Languages by Language and Area Spoken
Abkhaz
• Abkhazia (independence disputed)
• Georgia, on the territory of Abkhazia
Afrikaans
• South Africa (with English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati,
Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)
Albanian
• Albania
• Kosovo (independence disputed)
• Montenegro (with Montenegrin, Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian)
• Serbia (in Kosovo and several municipalities in Central Serbia)
Amharic
• Ethiopia
Arabic
• Algeria
• Bahrain (with English)
• Chad (with French)
• Comoros (with French and Comorian)
• Djibouti (with French)
• Egypt
• Eritrea (with Tigrignan)
• Iraq (with Kurdish)
• Israel (with Hebrew)
489
490
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Lebanon (with French and English)
• Libya
• Mauritania
• Morocco (with French and Spanish)
• Oman
• Palestinian Authority
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• Somalia (with Somali)
• Sudan
• Syria
• Tunisia
• United Arab Emirates
• Western Sahara
• Yemen
Armenian
• Armenia
Assamese
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Assam
Aymara
• Bolivia (with Spanish and Quechua)
• Peru (with Spanish and Quechua)
Azeri
• Azerbaijan
Basque
• Spain (co-official in Basque autonomous community)
Belarusian
• Belarus (with Russian)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
491
Bengali
• Bangladesh
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Tripura
• West Bengal
Bislama
• Vanuatu
Bosnian
• Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Croatian and Serbian)
• Montenegro (with Montenegrin, Serbian, Albanian, and Croatian)
• Serbia (in the region of Sandžak)
Bulgarian
• Bulgaria
Burmese
• Myanmar
Catalan
• Andorra
• Spain (co-official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community)
Chinese (Sinitic languages)
• Republic of China in Taiwan (Mandarin is spoken, traditional
Chinese is written, Mandarin is designated as national language.)
• People’s Republic of China (Varieties of Chinese languages are
spoken, simplified Chinese is written, Mandarin is designated as
national language.)
• Hong Kong (The Sino-British Joint Declaration and Hong Kong
Basic Law do not explicitly specify the standard for Chinese, but de facto Cantonese is spoken and traditional Chinese is written,
co-official with English.)
492
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Macau (Cantonese is spoken de facto, traditional Chinese is written,
co-official with Portuguese.)
• Singapore (Mandarin is spoken, simplified Chinese is written, with
English, Malay, and Tamil.)
Croatian
• Part of Austria
• Burgenland (with German and Hungarian)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Bosnian and Serbian)
• Croatia
• Part of Italy
• Molise
• Part of Serbia
• Vojvodina (with Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovak, and
Ruthenian)
• Montenegro (with Montenegrin, Serbian, Bosnian, and Albanian)
Czech
• Czech Republic
Danish
• Denmark
• Faroe Islands (with Faroese)
• Greenland (with Kalaallisut)
Dari
• Afghanistan (with Pashto)
Dhivehi
• Maldives
Dutch
• Belgium (sole official language in Flanders, with French in Brussels)
• The Netherlands (sole official language in every province except
Friesland, where West Frisian is co-official)
• Aruba (with Papiamento)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
493
• Netherlands Antilles (with English and Papiamento)
• Suriname
Dzongkha
• Bhutan
English
• Antigua and Barbuda
• Australia (considered de facto as no official language is mentioned in the Australian Constitution)
• Bahamas
• Barbados
• Belize
• Botswana (but the national language is Tswana)
• Canada (with French)
• Cameroon (with French)
• Dominica
• Fiji (with Bau Fijian and Hindustani)
• Hong Kong (with Chinese)
• The Gambia
• Ghana
• Grenada (with French Creole)
• Guernsey (with French)
• Guyana
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Republic of Ireland (with Irish)
• Jamaica
• Jersey (with French)
• Kenya (with Swahili)
• Kiribati
• Lesotho (with Sotho)
• Liberia
• Madagascar (with Malagasy and French)
• Malawi (with Chichewa)
• Malta (with Maltese)
• Isle of Man (with Manx Gaelic)
• Marshall Islands (with Marshallese)
• Mauritius
• Micronesia
• Namibia (Afrikaans, German, and Oshiwambo are regional spoken.)
• Nauru (with Nauruan)
494
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Netherlands Antilles (with Dutch and Papiamento)
• New Zealand (with Māori and New Zealand Sign Language)
• Nigeria
• Pakistan (with Urdu as the national language)
• Philippines (with Filipino)
• Palau (with Palauan and Japanese)
• Papua New Guinea (with Tok Pisin and Motu)
• Rwanda (with French and Kinyarwanda)
• St. Kitts and Nevis
• St. Lucia (with French Creole)
• St. Vincent and the Grenadines (with French Creole)
• Samoa (with Samoan)
<
br /> • Seychelles (with Creole, French)
• Sierra Leone
• Singapore (with Chinese, Malay, and Tamil)
• Solomon Islands
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho,
Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)
• Sudan (with Arabic)
• Swaziland (with Swati)
• Tanzania (with Swahili)
• Tonga
• Trinidad and Tobago
• Tuvalu
• Uganda (with Swahili)
• United Kingdom
• United States
• Vanuatu (with Bislama and French)
• Zambia
• Zimbabwe
Estonian
• Estonia
Fijian
• Fiji (with English and Hindustani)
Filipino
• Philippines (with English)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
495
Finnish
• Finland (with Swedish)
French
• Belgium (with Dutch and German)
• Benin
• Burkina Faso
• Burundi (with Kirundi)
• Cameroon (with English)
• Canada (with English)
• Central African Republic
• Chad (with Arabic)
• Comoros (with Arabic and Comorian)
• Côte d’Ivoire
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Djibouti (with Arabic)
• Equatorial Guinea (with Spanish)
• France
• French Guyana
• French Polynesia
• French Loyalty Islands
• French Southern and Antarctic Lands
• Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean
• Guadeloupe
• Martinique
• Mayotte
• Morocco
• New Caledonia
• Réunion
• Saint Barthélemy
• Saint Martin
• Saint Pierre et Miquelon
• Wallis and Futuna
• Adelie Land
• Clipperton Island
• Gabon
• Guernsey (with English)
• Guinea
• Haiti (with Haitian Creole)
• Part of Italy
• The Aosta Valley with Italian
496
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
• Jersey (with English)
• Luxembourg (with German and Luxembourgish)
• Madagascar (with Malagasy and English)
• Mali
• Monaco
• Niger
• Republic of the Congo
• Rwanda (with English and Kinyarwanda)
• Senegal
• Seychelles (with English)
• Saint Lucia (French Patois with English)
• Switzerland (with German, Italian, and Rhaeto-Romansch)
• Geneva
• Vaud
• Jura
• Neuchâtel
• Fribourg (with German)
• Bern (with German)
• Valais (with German)
• Togo
• Vanuatu (with Bislama and English)
Frisian (West)
• The Netherlands (with Dutch)
Gagauz
• Moldova (with Moldovan, Russian, and Ukrainian)
Georgian
• Georgia
• South Ossetia (with Russian and Ossetian—independence
disputed)
German
• Austria
• Belgium (with Dutch and French)
• Germany
• Liechtenstein
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
497
• Luxembourg (with French and Luxembourgish)
• Italy
• Province of Bolzano-Bozen (together with Italian and Ladin)
• Namibia national language (regional spoken)
• Switzerland (with French, Italian, and Rhaeto-Romansch)
• 17 of the 26 cantons (monolingual German)
• Graubünden (with Italian and Romansh)
• Bern (with French)
• Fribourg (with French)
• Valais (with French)
Greek
• Greece
• Cyprus (with Turkish)
• Parts of south Italy
• Salento (Grecia Salentina, together with Italian)
• Calabria (Bovesia, together with Italian)
Guaraní
• Paraguay (with Spanish)
Gujarati
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Dadra and Nagar Haveli
• Daman and Diu
• Gujarat
Haitian Creole
• Haiti (with French)
Hebrew
• Israel (with Arabic)
Hindi
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Fiji (with English and Bau Fijian; known constitutionally as
Hindustani as an umbrella term to cover Urdu, as well as Hindi)
498
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
Hiri Motu
• Papua New Guinea (with English and Tok Pisin)
Hungarian
• Hungary
• Part of Serbia
• Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Slovak, and
Ruthenian)
• Part of Romania
• Part of Austria
Icelandic
• Iceland
Indonesian
• Indonesia
Irish
• Ireland (with English)
• Northern Ireland (along with English and Ulster-Scots)
Italian
• Italy
• Switzerland (with German and French)
• Ticino
• Graubünden (with German and Rhaeto-Romansh)
• San Marino
• Vatican City (with Latin and French)
• Part of Croatia
• Istria County (with Croatian)
• Part of Slovenia
• Izola, Koper, and Piran municipalities (with Slovene)
Japanese
• Japan (de facto)
• Part of Palau
• Angaur (with Angaur and English)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
499
Kannada
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Karnataka
Kashmiri
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Jammu and Kashmir
Kazakh
• Kazakhstan (with Russian)
• Part of the People’s Republic of China
• Ili, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Barkol, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Mori, with Chinese (Mandarin)
Khmer
• Cambodia (with French)
Korean
• Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
• Republic of Korea
• Part of the People’s Republic of China with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Changbai (Jangbaek, Changbaek)
• Yanbian (Yeonbyeon, Yŏnbyŏn)
Kurdish
• Iraq (with Arabic)
Kyrgyz
• Kyrgyzstan (with Russian)
• Part of the People’s Republic of China
• Kizilsu (with Chinese [Mandarin])
Lao
• Laos
500
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
Latvian
• Latvia
Lithuanian
• Lithuania
Luxembourgish
• L
uxembourg (with French and German)
Macedonian
• Republic of Macedonia
• Part of Albania
• Korçë (with Albanian)
Malagasy
• Madagascar (with French and English)
Malay
• Malaysia
• Brunei
• Singapore (with English, Chinese, and Tamil)
Malayalam
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Kerala
• Pondicherry
• Lakshadweep
Maltese
• Malta (with English)
Manx Gaelic
• Isle of Man (with English)
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
501
Māori
• New Zealand (with English and New Zealand Sign Language)
Marathi
• India (with 22 other official languages)—Maharashtra
Mayan
• Mexico (with Spanish and Náhuatl)
Moldovan (identical to Romanian according to the law of Moldova)
• Moldova
Mongolian
• Mongolia
• Part of the People’s Republic of China
• Inner Mongolia, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Haixi, with Tibetan and Chinese (Mandarin)
• Bortala, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Bayin’gholin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Dorbod, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Qian Gorlos, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Harqin Left, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Fuxin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Weichang, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Subei, with Chinese (Mandarin)
• Henan, with Chinese (Mandarin)
Montenegrin
• Montenegro (with Bosnian, Albanian, and Croatian)
Náhuatl
• Mexico (with Spanish and Mayan)
Ndebele
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Northern Sotho, Sotho,
Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)
• Zimbabwe (with English and Shona)
502
Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages
Nepali
• Nepal
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Sikkim
• West Bengal
New Zealand Sign Language
• New Zealand (alongside Māori and English)
Northern Sotho
• South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Sotho, Swati,
Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)
Norwegian
• Norway (two official written forms— Bokmål and Nynorsk) Occitan
• Spain (Aranese is co-official in the Aran Valley and in Catalonia)
Oriya
• India (with 22 other official languages)
• Orissa
Ossetian
• South Ossetia (with Russian and Georgian—independence disputed)
Papiamento
• Aruba (with Dutch)
• Netherlands Antilles (with English and Dutch)
