“All look bad” Ibid., 271.
One day, he Ibid., 271–272.
The reporter wrote Philadelphia Inquirer, August 9, 1865.
“By colored man” John Richard Dennett, The South as It Is (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2010), 125–126.
After the war Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 71.
“Houses of colored” Report of the Joint Committee, 272.
In Charleston in Downs, After Appomattox, 58.
In Mississippi that Hahn, Miller, et al., Freedom, 122.
Across the South Ibid., 122.
But blacks were Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 99.
The city’s white Hahn, Miller, et al., Freedom, 131–132.
They stormed the Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 81, 250.
Ultimately, federal military Ibid., 81.
The Wilmington Journal Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 12.
“Blood is thicker” Wilmington Journal, April 17, 1868.
Two: Good Will of the White People
“My health was” Waddell, Some Memories, 54–57.
He moved to Ibid., 7–8, 28, 39–45.
He pointed out Wilmington Herald, January 11, 1861.
They “insult and” Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 76.
Other whites complained David S. Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom: Abraham Galloway & the Slaves’ Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 176.
Though Governor Holden Ibid.
Both blacks and Powell, Encyclopedia of North Carolina, 1,047.
Waddell announced that Wilmington Herald, July 27, 1865.
One of Wilmington’s Wilmington Journal, March 13, 1874.
Seated on the Wilmington Herald, July 27, 1865.
He stood five Military identification card, Alfred Moore Waddell, North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
A few hours Wilmington Herald, July 27, 1865.
Three: Lying Out
In the spring Wilmington Herald, October 26, 1865.
He participated in Wilmington Herald, October 21, 23, 1865.
A fellow Confederate Wilmington Herald, October 12, 1865.
There was a Wilmington Herald, October 13, 1865.
They then stabbed Wilmington Herald, October 11, 12, 1865. Wilmington Daily Dispatch, October 11, 1865.
One side of Wilmington Herald, October 12, 13, 19, 1865.
It pronounced the Wilmington Herald, October 14, 18, 25, 26, 1865.
But there was Wilmington Dispatch, February 24, 1866. Waddell, Some Memories, 89–92. Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 25–32.
Four: Marching to the Happy Land
He was described New York Times, September 17, 1865.
Frederick Douglass’s abolitionist New National Era, September 22, 1870.
Copies of the New York Times, September 17, 1865.
“The time has” Wilmington Herald, September 8, 1865.
He returned to Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, 189.
Galloway was born Ibid., 2–4. William Still, Still’s Underground Rail Road Records, with a Life of the Author. Narrating the Hardships, Hairbreadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in Their Efforts for Freedom. Together with Sketches of Some of the Eminent Friends of Freedom, and Most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road (Philadelphia: William Still, 1886), 150. Galloway Family Files, New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington, N.C. New National Era, September 22, 1870.
Abraham later said Still, Still’s Underground Rail Road, 150.
Abraham was the Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, 6. Still, Still’s Underground Rail Road, 150. (Still, perhaps misunderstanding what Galloway had told him, identified Galloway’s master as Milton Hawkins.)
“He always said” Still, Still’s Underground Rail Road, 150.
Hankins required Galloway Ibid., 151.
“Times were hard” Ibid., 150–151.
They arranged with Ibid., 151.
The photo showed Ibid., 151–152.
Galloway had found Ibid., 152.
Posing as a Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, 49–52.
In Union territory New National Era, September 22, 1870.
Thousands of fugitive Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, xiii–xiv. Judkin Browning, Shifting Loyalties: The Union Occupation of Eastern North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 88
Union officers called Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), 3.
Raised as the Edward W. Kinsley Papers, A Little More About Mary Ann Starkey, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
But because there Edward W. Kinsley Papers, Ordered to Newbern, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
“You will allow” Bowdoin S. Parker, History of Edward W. Kinsley Post, No. 113 (Norwood, Mass.: Norwood Press, 1913), 144.
“Among the blacks” Albert W. Mann, History of the Forty-Fifth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, New York Public Library, 301.
Galloway wanted an Edward W. Kinsley Papers, Raising the First North Carolina Colored Regiment , University of Massachusetts Amherst Library. Mann, History of the Forty-Fifth Regiment, 301–302. Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, xv.
Yet some Union Robert Dale Owen, James McKaye, and Samuel G. Howe, “Preliminary Report of the American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission,” to E. M. Stanton, 30 June 1863, in U.S. Adjutant General’s Office, Negro in the Military Service, roll 2, vol. 3, pt. 1: Military Employment 1863.
Under existing North Douglass’ Monthly, July 1862. Browning, Shifting Loyalties, 78.
It was little Douglass’ Monthly, July 1862, 678. Browning, Shifting Loyalties, 79.
Kinsley repeated Galloway’s Edward W. Kinsley Papers, Raising the First North Carolina Colored Regiment .
The next day Mann, History of the 45th Regiment, 302.
“It seemed to” Edward W. Kinsley Papers, Raising the First North Carolina Colored Regiment .
They enlisted in Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom , 80.
Galloway would soon Library of Congress, African American Soldiers During the Civil War. Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, 80.
Five: Ye Men of Unmixed Blood
He built a reputation New National Era, Washington, D.C., September 22, 1870.
He attracted national Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, 103–114.
Lincoln assured the North Carolina Times, New Bern, May 21, 1864. Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, 115–117.
He was neither Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, 204.
The Wilmington Post Wilmington Post, August 13, 1867.
“His power of” Dennett, The South as It Is, 152.
He referred to Wilmington Daily Journal, February 14, 1868.
A secretive band Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Made to the Two Houses of Congress February 19, 1872 (Government Printing Office, 1872). J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1964), 461. Stanley F. Horn, Invisible Empire—The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871 (Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1969).
After the Civil William Lord deRosset, Pictorial and Historical New Hanover County and Wilmington, North Carolina, 1723–1938 (Wilmington, N.C.: William Lord deRosset, 1938), 30.
Moore’s Klan camp Ibid.
Many of Wilmington’s McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 300.
“He did yeoman’s” deRosset, Pictorial and Historical New Hanover County, 30.
Moore, just thirty Wilmington Journal, December 15, 1865.
The robes were Report of the Joint Select Committee.
The penalty for Weekly Standard, Raleigh, N.C., September 7, 1870.
“You solemnly swear” Report of the Joint Select Committee.
“A friend to” Ibid.
“To keep down” Otto H. Olsen, “The Ku Klux Klan: A Study in Reconstruction Politics and Propaganda,” North Carolina Historical Review 39, n
o. 3 (July 1962): 352.
“My people stand” Wilmington Evening Star, September 25, 1867.
Galloway promised that New National Era , Washington, D.C., September 22, 1870.
In 1866, North James E. Bond, “Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in North Carolina,” Wake Forest Law Review 20, no. 89 (1984): 101.
Black children could Laura F. Edwards, “Captives of Wilmington,” in David S. Cecelski and Timothy B. Tyson, eds., Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 120–121.
The codes relied Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 167–177, 434.
White-run newspapers Wilmington Journal, March 17, 26, 1868.
For a dollar Dancy, Sand Against the Wind, 66. Powell, Encyclopedia of North Carolina, 1,046.
For a time Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails , 195.
“Decidedly they are” Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on Their Economy (London: Sampson Low, Son, and Co., 1856), 338–348.
North Carolina’s thirty thousand Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 526.
By 1880, Wilmington Lawrence H. Larsen, The Rise of the Urban South (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985), 38.
Five railroads set Hayumi Higuchi, “White Supremacy on the Cape Fear: The Wilmington Affair of 1898,” thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1980, 4.
paid white brakemen McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 320.
Congress denied the Stephen Marc Appell, “The Fight for the Constitutional Convention: The Development of Political Parties in North Carolina During 1867,” thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1969.
In North Carolina Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 30.
It would be Ibid., 191.
His hometown Daily Wilmington Daily Journal, February 26, 1868.
THE NIGGER CONVENTION Ibid.
THE GORILLA CONVENTION Ibid.
THE KANGAROO KONVENSHUN Wilmington Daily Journal, February 19, 1868.
One newspaper editor Raleigh Sentinel, March 18, 1868.
Galloway had the Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., March 27, 1868; Wilmington Daily Journal, March 27, 1868.
He was. Wilmington Daily Post, February 4, 1868.
“If I could” Wilmington Journal, February 23, 1868.
“As I have” Wilmington Post, April 21, 1868.
In 1868, blacks Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 496.
“Shall MARRIAGE BETWEEN ” Wilmington Journal, April 14, 1868.
“Arise then, ye” Wilmington Journal, April 21, 1868.
Six: The Avenger Cometh
“The Shrouded Knight” Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., March 24, 1868.
“Terrible was the” Daily Journal, Wilmington, N.C., April 18, 1868.
These black militias Otis Singletary, Negro Militia and Reconstruction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1957), 16.
Whites called it Ibid., 118.
A white lawyer Daily Journal, April 21, 1868.
On the rain-swept Wilmington Star, April 21, 1868.
Another newspaper complained Wilmington Post, April 21, 1868.
During three days Wilmington Star, April 24, 1868.
“Galloway ought to” Daily Journal, April 21, 1868.
“Niggers, white and” Daily Journal, April 24, 1868.
Still, they held Daily Journal, April 21, 1868.
Seven: Destiny of the Negro
Newspapers speculated that New National Era, September 22, 1870. Cecelski, The Fire of Freedom, 213.
Six thousand people New National Era, September 22, 1870.
It was described Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., September 4, 1870.
The church was Ibid.
The newspaper displayed New National Era, September 22, 1870.
His paternal grandfather Manley Family Genetic Genealogy Project via FamilyTreeDNA. Prather, We Have Taken a City, 69. Descendants of Governor Charles Manly (1795–1871) confirmed through DNA testing that Samuel Trimetitus Grimes Manly, nicknamed “Trim,” born in the 1830s, was the son of Governor Manly and that Samuel Manly was the father of Alexander Lightfoot Manly, born 1866.
His grandmother, possibly Ibid.
Among the black Milo Manly, interview with H. Leon Prather, Philadelphia, May 25, 1977.
Alex’s mother, Corrine United States Census, 1870, Raleigh Township, Wake County, N.C., June 16, 1870, 48.
In 1880, the United States Census, 1880, Selma Township, Johnston County, N.C., June 3, 1880, 7.
Alex’s teachers were Hampton University Archives, research by Robert Wooley.
He never graduated Ibid.
He struck out Charles Hardy III, interview with Milo Manly, September 11, 1984. Prather, We Have Taken a City, 70.
Around 1893, the Thomas W. Clawson, “The Wilmington Race Riot in 1898, Recollections and Memories,” manuscript, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Two other Manly Manly family research by Robert Wooley.
“My father’s family” H. Leon Prather, interview with Milo Manly, Philadelphia, May 25, 1977.
“The young editor” Chicago Record, November 13, 1898.
Alex refused to Ray Stannard Baker, Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy (Williamstown, Mass.: Corner House Publishers, 1973), 161.
He was the Henry Louis Gates Jr., “Who Really Invented the ‘Talented Tenth’?” in The Root, at https://www.theroot.com/who-really-invented-the-talented-tenth-1790895289.
Manly printed an Prather, We Have Taken a City, 70–71. Jack Thorne, Hanover: Or Persecution of the Lowly—Story of the Wilmington Massacre, published by M. C. L. Hill, copy in the North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 13.
“We will wait” Daily Record, September 28, 1895.
The Raleigh Gazette Raleigh Gazette, August 28, 1897.
“We have been” Daily Record, September 28, 1895.
The paper carried Daily Record, November 15, 1897; March 26, 1898; August 18, 1898.
“a very creditable” Clawson, “The Wilmington Race Riot.”
“The Only Negro” Daily Record, November 15, 1897.
“There is but” Raleigh Gazette, August 28, 1897.
“Be careful, young” Ibid.
Eight: A Yaller Dog
Alex Manly wrote Reaves, Strength Through Struggle , 5.
White citizens gathered Ibid., 7. Research by Robert Wooley.
These and other Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 34–36. Watson, Wilmington, North Carolina, to 1861, 140. Hahn, Miller, et al., Freedom, 801.
The justices noted Supreme Court of the United States, Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
By 1897, Wilmington’s Riot Commission Report, 457.
In 1898, black Ibid., 330, 332.
Black children typically Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1898.
In 1897, at Riot Commission Report, 292, 326.
Black homeowners often Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1898.
Horsecar lines began Howell, The Book of Wilmington, 175.
After complaints about Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 215.
As early as 1880 Star-News, Wilmington, N.C, June 29, 2016.
It was a hardened Prather, We Have Taken a City, 24, 161. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 186.
It was a small Cody, “After the Storm,” 100.
He lived the Lisa Adams, great-granddaughter of William Everett Henderson, address to symposium, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, November 1998. Lisa Adams, telephone interview with author, January 12, 2016.
He lost the Indianapolis Register , June 25, 1932.
He fled with Lisa Adams address, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, November 1998.
“Wilmington was a” Ibid.
His prominence Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 111–112.
“The colored man” Wooley, “Race and Politi
cs,” 32–33.
He required his Dancy, Sand Against the Wind, 60.
“If I had” Ibid., 61.
He sent his Ibid., 61, 64.
“I had never” Higuchi, “White Supremacy on the Cape Fear,” 37.
“I’d rather be” Lisa Adams address, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, November 1998.
“a nightmare constantly” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 358.
His bones were Thomas R. Gray, The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, Va., as Fully and Voluntarily Made to Thomas. R. Gray (Baltimore: Lucas and Deaver, 1831; electronic version, Documenting the American South, North Carolina Collection, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Atlantic, August 1861. Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), 294–295.
“invasion and slaughter.” Charles Edward Morris, “Panic and Reprisal: Reaction in North Carolina to the Nat Turner Insurrection, 1831,” North Carolina Historical Review 62, no. 1 (January 1985): 32.
DISTURBANCES AMONG THE SLAVES ! Raleigh Register, September 22, 1831.
Their heads were Morris, “Panic and Reprisal,” 40–42.
“quite in the” Diary of Moses Ashley, September 1831, M. A. Curtis Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
“If ever stern” Cape-Fear Recorder, September 21, 1831.
From that day Star-News, Wilmington, N.C., May 27, 2009. Morning Star, Wilmington, N.C., November 11, 1945; December 15, 1945; May 13, 1947. Leslie H. Hossfeld, Narrative, Political Unconscious and Racial Violence in Wilmington, North Carolina (New York: Routledge, 2005), 133, 153. Powell, Encyclopedia of North Carolina, 785–786.
BOOK TWO : RECKONING
Nine: The Negro Problem
Josephus Daniels and Rachel Marie-Crane Williams, “A War in Black and White: The Cartoons of Norman Ethre Jennett and the North Carolina Election of 1898,” Southern Cultures 19, no. 2 (2013): 7–31.
“The Negro shall” Wooley, “Race and Politics,” 258.
The Black Belt Alexander Weld Hodges, “Josephus Daniels, Precipitator of the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898,” honors essay, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1990, 39. Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 120.
For the next Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics, 8–9.
Wilmington's Lie Page 37
