They found no Ibid., 718. Minutes of Organizational Meeting, Wilmington Light Infantry, 6.
“The mob took” Kirk, “A Statement of Facts,” 11–12.
After waiting in McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 719.
“When we tu’nd” Collier’s Weekly, November 26, 1898.
“The poor creature” Cronly, Account of the Race Riot , 4.
But Maunder and Minutes of the Organizational Meeting, Wilmington Light Infantry, 4.
He was dead Clawson, “The Wilmington Race Riot in 1898,” 6. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 716. Report of the Commanding Officer, Public Documents, 29–30.
James Sprunt and Morning Star, Wilmington, November 13, 1898. Wilmington Messenger , November 13, 1898.
Now, as he again Cronly, Account of the Race Riot , 4.
But Father Dennen McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 721.
The soldiers responded Cronly, Account of the Race Riot, 4.
“For this was” Ibid., 1.
He had been Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898. Morning Star, Wilmington, November 12, 1898.
He died later Wilmington Messenger, November 13, 1898.
His body was Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion, 32. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 119. Nash, “The Cost of Violence,” 168.
White witnesses said he had fired Wilmington Messenger, November 14, 1898.
White witnesses said he had pointed Wilmington Evening Dispatch , November 11, 1898.
Another was shot Ibid.
A black man was shot News and Observer, November 12, 1898.
A black man was killed Ibid.
A member of McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 738. Hayden, “White Supremacy or Black Supremacy.”
Another Red Shirt McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 738.
A Red Shirt said Hayden, “The Wilmington Rebellion,” 32.
The city’s newspapers Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion, 31–32. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 119.
Twenty-Eight: Strictly According to Law
Black corpses were Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 115. Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898.
Reluctantly, he agreed Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion, 36.
“a lot of” Contested Election Case, 364.
The two men McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 698.
Eight white supremacists Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898. Rountree, “Memorandum of My Personal Recollection,” 17–18. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 699–700.
There was no Messenger, November 11, 1898. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 700.
“Simply, the old” Waddell, “The Story,” Collier’s Weekly.
Waddell led the Contested Election Case, 364.
A boycott mounted Keith, Memories, 97–111.
Waddell ordered Mayor Prather, We Have Taken a City, 138. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 700. Rountree, “Memorandum of My Personal Recollection,” 18.
“They resigned in” New York Times, November 11, 1898.
Finally, Struthers swore Manuscript Minutes, Board of Aldermen, Wilmington, N.C., November 10, 1898. North Carolina Department of Archives and History, Raleigh.
In a matter Thorne, Hanover, 9.
“They are utterly” Waddell, “The Story,” Collier’s Weekly.
“No people have” McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 748.
He told Rountree Contested Election Case, 364.
Parmele was sworn Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898.
It was generous Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 121. Prather, We Have Taken a City, 146.
But in the Manuscript Minutes, Board of Alderman, Wilmington, N.C.
The aldermen again Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898.
“Nominees of citizens” Rountree, “Memorandum of My Personal Recollection,” 18. New York Times, November 11, 1898. Charlotte Observer, November 11, 1898.
Several Red Shirts Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898.
“Further trouble of” New York Times, November 11, 1898.
Twenty-Nine: Marching from Death
“It was a” Kirk, “A Statement of Facts,” 9.
“In the woods” Collier’s Weekly, November 26, 1898.
“They were frightened” Cronly, Account of the Race Riot, 6.
It included the Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion, 39. Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1898.
They assigned a Prather, We Have Taken a City, 139.
It is more Ibid., 126. Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898.
“I would like” Wilmington Evening Dispatch, November 11, 1898. Prather, We Have Taken a City, 143.
He went to Prather, We Have Taken a City, 143. Hayden, “White Supremacy or Black Supremacy.”
He climbed aboard News and Observer, November 13, 1898. New York Times, November 12, 1898. Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1898. Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion , 40.
He and French McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 723–724.
Thirty: Not the Sort of Man We Want Here
“I feel it” Wilmington Evening Dispatch, November 11, 1898.
As Henderson thanked Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1898.
They were devoutly Sally Bettie Henderson diary, courtesy of Lisa Adams.
The man turned Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1898.
Some whites spread Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion, 20–39. Cody, “After the Storm,” 39. Prather, We Have Taken a City, 24, 140
He rode in Hayden, “White Supremacy or Black Supremacy.” Minutes of the Organizational Meeting, Wilmington Light Infantry.
DESERVING NEGROES WILL Wilmington Evening Dispatch, November 11, 1898.
“There are not many Tom Millers” Wilmington Messenger, November 30, 1898.
“take his departure” Wilmington Evening Dispatch, November 10, 1898.
He reached Petersburg Kirk, “A Statement of Facts,” 12–15.
The white men Dancy, Sand Against the Wind, 70.
On the same Wilmington Messenger, November 12, 1898.
The captives were Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898.
The News and News and Observer, November 12, 1898. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 188.
“All we saw” Minutes of the Organizational Meeting, Wilmington Light Infantry, 15. News and Observer, November 12, 1898. Wilmington Messenger, November 12, 1898. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 724.
“They are all” Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1898.
“He was of” Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898.
The next day’s Ibid.
Thirty-One: Justice Is Satisfied, Vengeance Is Cruel
His soldiers surrounded Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898.
Waddell no longer Manuscript Minutes, Board of Alderman, Wilmington, N.C.
The mayor explained J. Allan Taylor addenda to Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion.
He wanted to Cowan, “The Wilmington Race Riot.”
Waddell, Moore, and Morning Star, Wilmington, November 11, 1898. Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898. News and Observer, November 11, 27, 1898. Thorne, Hanover, 3–4. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 726–727.
“The undersigned upon” Wilmington Messenger, November 11, 1898.
Some whites on Prather, We Have Taken a City, 142. Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1898.
Separately, J. Allan J. Allan Taylor addenda to Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion.
Before the train Waddell, “The Story,” Collier’s Weekly. News and Observer, November 12, 1898. Wilmington Messenger, November 12, 1898.
“The negroes are” New York Times, November 12, 1898.
Josephus Daniels’s News News and Observer, November 13, 1898.
A handwritten sign Prather, We Have Taken a City, 140–141. Fayetteville Observer, November 11, 1898.
The city was Contested Election Case, 365.
The Morning Star Morning Star, Wilmington, November 12, 1898.
“None of that!” Co
ntested Election Case, 366
They later gave J. Allan Taylor addenda to Hayden, The Wilmington Rebellion.
“He could not” Minutes of the Organizational Meeting, Wilmington Light Infantry.
He felt humiliated Contested Election Case, 360–387.
The soldiers shoved Morning Star, Wilmington, November 15, 1898.
Bunting and Gilbert News and Observer, November 12, 1898. Morning Star, Wilmington, November 12, 1898.
“the double purpose” Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1898. Morning Star, Wilmington, November 12, 1898. Report of the Commanding Officer, Public Documents, 29–32.
Nonetheless, Sprunt told Morning Star, Wilmington, November 13, 1898.
“self-appointed vigilantes” New York Times, November 12, 1898. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 731.
Waddell singled out Wilmington Messenger , November 11, 1898.
Their task now Morning Star, Wilmington, November 13, 1898.
Henderson pulled down Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1898.
“A worse scared” Wilmington Messenger , November 15, 1898.
The two exiles Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1898. News and Observer, November 12, 1898.
“If he had” McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 749.
“The comparatively few” Morning Star, Wilmington, November 12, 1898.
Thirty-Two: Persons Unknown
Some of the Prather, We Have Taken a City, 133. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 115. Wilmington Messenger , November 11, 1898.
Other bodies, concealed Riot Commission Report, 1, 177–180.
“Some were found” Kirk, “A Statement of Facts,” 10.
“On the bare” News and Observer , November 13, 1898.
The inquest was Morning Star , Wilmington, November 12, 1898. Wilmington Messenger , November 12, 1898.
“This fact, perhaps” Atlanta Constitution , November 12, 1898.
A coroner’s jury Wilmington Messenger, November 15, 1898.
In a court Contested Election Case, 342–343.
“The said deceased” Wilmington Messenger , November 11, 12, 15, 16, 1898. Morning Star , Wilmington, November 13, 1898. Atlanta Constitution , November 12, 1898. Wilmington Evening Dispatch , November 12, 1898.
Russell turned the Wilmington Messenger , November 13, 1898.
“I do not” Morning Star , Wilmington, November 15, 1898.
The infantrymen and Prather, We Have Taken a City , 149.
The board of McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 737.
Black children ran Wilmington Messenger , November 13, 1898.
“I believe the” Waddell, “The Story,” Collier’s Weekly .
A group of Wilmington Messenger , November 15, 1898. Charlotte Observer , November 17, 1898.
One headline read Wilmington Messenger , November 12, 15, 1898.
But hundreds more Wilmington Messenger , November 13, 15, 1898.
The Reverend James McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 735.
Another prominent white Ibid., 734. News and Observer , November 13, 1898. Morning Star , Wilmington, November 15, 1898.
“We will give” News and Observer , November 15, 1898.
“[W]ho can quietly” Ibid.
On November 10 McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 721.
Parmele also instructed Wilmington Messenger , November 15, 1898. Charlotte Observer , November 17, 1898.
“Be still, be” Baltimore Sun article, reprinted in News and Observer , November 15, 1898.
Thrity-Three: Better Get a Gun
Kingsbury complained to McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 755.
“Never more shall” Wilmington Messenger , November 12, 1898.
“It was not” Morning Star , Wilmington, November 15, 1898.
“In this Wilmington” News and Observer , November 13, 1898.
“ ‘After the election’ ” Ibid.
“All of this” Wilmington Messenger , November 15, 1898.
“Some negroes were” Richmond Times , November 22, 1898, reprinted in Richmond Planet , November 26, 1898.
“It’s the most” Waddell, “The Story,” Collier’s Weekly .
“There has been” Washington Post article, reprinted in News and Observer , November 13, 1898.
“This is a” Philadelphia Record editorial, reprinted in News and Observer , November 16, 1898.
“The 10th was” New York Journal article, reprinted in Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1898.
“It was a” Richmond Planet, November 26, 1898.
“The Governor of” Washington Bee, November 12, 1898.
“The shotgun and” Indianapolis Freeman, December 3, 1898.
The National Anti New York Times, June 16, 1897.
“The treatment of” Prather, We Have Taken a City, 158. McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 750–751.
In Brooklyn, a Morning Post, Raleigh, November 15, 1898.
“condemning the white” McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 751.
THE MOST REMARKABLE News and Observer, November 16, 1898.
“We will do” News and Observer, November 15, 16, 1898. North Carolinian, Raleigh, November 17, 1898.
Thirty-Four: The Meanest Animals
Some children and Charles S. Morris. “The Wilmington Massacre,” in Phillip S. Foner and Robert James Branham, Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787–1900 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998), 875–878. Cody, “After the Storm,” 66.
“were in a” New York Times, November 13, 1898.
Others waited Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 282.
Some bought tickets Prather, We Have Taken a City, 147.
“… last week 150” Cody, “After the Storm,” 85.
The Atlanta Constitution Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1898.
Dancy put the Cody, “After the Storm,” 85.
White real estate Wilmington Messenger, December 4, 1898.
“They will be” Morning Star, Wilmington, November 13, 1898. Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow, 222.
Of course, the Wilmington Messenger, November 19, 1898.
“If the occurrences” Wilmington Messenger, December 18, 1898.
“Under the policy” Wilmington Messenger, April 18, 1899.
“to give to” Wilmington Messenger, November 12, 1898.
The all-black Prather, We Have Taken a City, 144.
The city’s ten Riot Commission Report, 190.
The new board Wilmington Messenger, November 19, 1898.
The black men’s gear Riot Commission Report, 191.
The aldermen fired Ibid., 190–191. Prather, We Have Taken a City, 145–146.
He was fired McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 770.
A White Laborer’s Riot Commission Report, 217. Wilmington Messenger, February 7, 1899.
White farmhands drifted Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 144.
In the first Prather, We Have Taken a City, 146.
A White Labor Riot Commission Report, 144. Wilmington Messenger, February 21, 1899. Prather, We Have Taken a City, 146.
The wage cuts Wilmington Messenger, November 24, 1898. Riot Commission Report, 191.
“It is proposed” Wilmington Messenger, November 19, 1898.
Some white employers Riot Commission Report, 192.
“glad that ‘dark town’” Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 124.
“Wilmington, N.C., is” Indianapolis Freeman, November 3, 1898.
Newspapers published purported Morning Post, Raleigh, November 15, 1898.
“He seemed to” Daniels, Editor in Politics, 309.
He was rescued Morning Star, Wilmington, November 13, 1898.
A headline caught Nash, “The Cost of Violence,” 159
She did not Carrie Sadgwar Manly, letter to sons, January 14, 1954.
He had made Literary Digest 17 (November 26, 1898): 625.
Black ministers in Ibid.
The Wilmington Morning Morning Star, Wilmington, November 17
, 1898.
They began providing bodyguards Wilmington Messenger, November 19, 1898.
It was of Baltimore Sun, November 14, 1898. Morning Star, Wilmington, November 15, 1898. Wilmington Messenger, November 15, 1898.
“When the negro” Literary Digest 17 (November 26, 1898): 625. News and Observer, November 16, 1898.
“Any utterance of” New York World article, reprinted in Wilmington Messenger, November 19, 1898.
Prior to Manly’s New York Times, November 21, 1898.
“The manhood of” Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow, 230.
“They are the” McDuffie, “Politics in Wilmington,” 752.
But rather than Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow, 230.
Down to his Afro-American, Washington, D.C., January 26, 1957.
“It has been stated” Morning Star, Wilmington, November 15, 1898.
Thirty-Five: Old Scores
Before the steamer Morning Star, Wilmington, November 12, 1898. News and Observer, November 12, 1898.
He was met Morning Star, Wilmington, November 12, 1898; November 15, 1898.
They decided to Wilmington Evening Dispatch, December 28, 1898.
They demanded federal Morning Star, Wilmington, November 15, 1898.
With no attribution, Morning Post, Raleigh, November 15, 1898.
Some American troops News and Observer, November 12, 1898.
An American general Robert W. Merry, William McKinley, Architect of the American Century (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017), 345.
Asked about the Prather, We Have Taken a City, 151. Umfleet, A Day of Blood, 130.
But Alger emphasized Charlotte Observer, November 11, 1898.
The Star reporter Evening Star, Washington, D.C., November 11, 1898.
Questioned by Southern New York Times, November 13, 1898. Morning Star, Wilmington, November 13, 1898.
Russell feared for Christensen, The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics, 21.
He wrote to a colleague Crow and Durden, Maverick Republican, 135. Riot Commission Report, 181.
“Mrs. Russell has” Riot Commission Report, 181.
He wrote to a friend Crow and Durden, Maverick Republican, 136.
“The President listened” New York Times, November 12, 1898.
“We the undersigned” Prather, We Have Taken a City, 155.
“The laws of” National Archives Materials Relating to the 1898 Wilmington Race Riot, RG 60, General Records of the Department of Justice, Box 117A “Year Files,” 1887–1904. File 17743-1898, transcribed August 2002.
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