Wilmington Messenger
Wilmington Post
Wilmington Star
Wilmington Star-News
MISCELLANEOUS
Minutes of the Organizational Meeting of the Association of Members of the Wilmington Light Infantry, Lumina, Wrightsville Beach, December 14, 1905. North Carolina Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
“The 1898 Wilmington Racial Violence and Its Legacy: A Symposium.” Video recording. William Madison Randall Library, University of North Carolina at Wilmington.
Carrie Sadgwar Manly, letters to sons Milo A. Manly and Lewin Manly, La Mott, PA, November 10, 1953; November 19, 1953; December 3, 1953; January 14, 1954; February 19, 1954; May 18, 1955; November 19, 1955. Alex L. Manly Papers, East Carolina University Manuscript Collection, Collection 0065.
Galloway Family Files, New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington, NC.
Lisa Adams, great-granddaughter of William Everett Henderson, address to symposium, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, November 1998.
INTERVIEWS
Milo Manly interview by H. Leon Prather Sr., May 25, 1977, Philadelphia, cited in H. Leon Prather Sr., We Have Taken a City, Wilmington Racial Massacre and Coup of 1898. Wilmington: Associated University Presses, NU World Enterprises Inc., 1984.
Milo Manly interview by Charles Hardy III, September 11, 1984. Cited in Prather, We Have Taken a City.
Transcript of interviews with Felice Sadgwar and Mabel Sadgwar Manly, by Beverly Smalls, Wilmington, May 14, 1985. Cape Fear Museum, Wilmington.
Author telephone interview, Lisa Adams, January 12, 2016.
Author telephone interview, Faye Chaplin, August 16, 2018.
Author interview, Frank A. Daniels Jr., Raleigh, NC, June 8, 2018.
Author telephone interview, Lewin Manly, Jr., June 7, 2018.
Author interview, George Rountree III, Wilmington, June 5, 2018.
INDEX
“Address Delivered to the Colored People by Their Request, An” (Waddell), 13 –16
African Americans. See black middle class of Wilmington; black soldiers; black working class of Wilmington; individual names
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zion Church, 58
Afro-American Council, 293
Afro-American Sentinel (Omaha), 283
Alabama, grandfather clause in, 317 , 330
Aldridge, Bessie, 77 –78
Aldridge, John, 77
Alger, Russell A., 287
American Baptist Publication Society, xvii
American Missionary Association, 47
American Tobacco Company, 288
Ames, John Worthington, 6 –7
Anglo-African (New York), 31
artisans, black men as, 24 –25 , 37
Associated Press, 284
Atlanta Constitution
on black exodus from Wilmington, 274
on election day events, 169 , 174
fear about black men stoked by, 81
Felton’s letter to, 83 –89
on inquest, 258
Aycock, Charles
Bernard and, 294
as North Carolina governor, 301 , 304 , 313 –314 , 316 –317 , 335
textbooks about, 335 –336
Baltimore Sun
on election day events, 169 –170
gun purchase attempt by black men and, 104
Manly’s interview, 280 –282
on return of blacks after November 10th, 264
banishment campaign, 246 –256 , 273 –284
attempt to return hiding families, 253 –254
Bunting and, 249 –250 , 251 –252
Dancy and, 242 –243 , 282 –283
French and, 231 –233
Gilbert and, 252
Henderson and, 235 –238 , 255 –256
imprisonment of captives and lynching threats, 243 –245 , 246 –249
initial response by black middle class, 228 –229
Kirk and, 239 –242
Melton and, 250 –252
Miller and, 238 –239
Moore (William A.) and, 240 –241
North Carolina report on (2000), 342
Peamon and, 230 –231
Scott and, 233 –234 , 284
Wright and, 254 –256
Basset, John Spencer, 256
Beadle, W. H. H., 7 , 9
Bell, C. D., 259 , 283
Bell, I. J., 245 , 248 –249
Bell, Salem J., 245 , 248 –249
Bellamy, John D., 105 , 164 , 169 , 178 , 321
Bernard, Claude M., xi , 294 –299
“Big 6” (“Remember the 6”) campaign, 114 –120 , 206 , 221 , 230 –234 , 296 . See also Chadbourn, William H.; Foster, Flavel W.; French, George Z. “Gizzard”; Melton, John; Wright, Silas P.
Bizell (black man), 203
“Black Belt” region, defined, 66
Black Codes, 35 –36
black middle class of Wilmington, 52 –180 –185
Dancy and, 57 –59
Emancipation Day and, 52 –53 , 310
Henderson and, 55 –57 , 59
intimidation of, by Light Infantry, 105 –106
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and, 53 –54
prior to riot of November 10, 1898, xvii –xviii
on Spanish-American War, 111 –113
whites’ fear of rebellion and, 49 , 59 –60
Wilmington government overthrow of aldermen, 220 –227
Wilmington infrastructure (1898) and, 54 –55
black newspapers. See Raleigh Gazette; Record/Daily Record (Wilmington); Richmond Planet; Washington Bee ; Wilmington Journal
black soldiers
pay disparity of white and black soldiers, 9 , 28 –29
Russell’s Black Battalion, 111 –112
in Spanish-American War, 321
United States Colored Troops, 3 –4 , 9 , 16 , 27 –30
Blackwell, Calvin S., 185
black working class of Wilmington
after November 10th, 228 –229 , 275 –278
competition between Irish and, 149
pay disparity of white and black brakemen and, 38
population statistics, Wilmington after November 10th, 273 –278
return of, after November 10th events, 261 –264
Sprunt Cotton Compress, xix , 109 , 191 –199 , 200 , 211 –213
voting ultimatums by employers of, 128 –131
Wilmington population after November 10th, 273 –278
board of aldermen
black workers fired by, 276 –278
election of August 1900, 309
overthrow of, 220 –227
“Wilmington Declaration of Independence” and resignation demanded of, 178 –185
Bourke, Charles Francis, 229
Boyd, James E., 295
Boylan, George, 244
Bragg, Braxton, 3 , 4 , 99 , 124 , 143 , 150
Bray, Nicholas, 29 –30
Brooklyn Baptist Church, 262 –263
Brooklyn (Wilmington neighborhood), xviii –xxii , 195 , 199 . See also November 10, 1898, events
Brown, George W., 279
Bruce, John Edward, 283
Brunjes’ Saloon, xix , xxi , 200
Bryant, Ari, 244 –245 , 248 –249
Bunting, Robert H., xi , 249 –250 , 251 –252 , 285 –286
Burkhimer, Buck, 217
Butler, Marion, 132
Cajuns, grandfather clause and, 306 –308
“cake and wine” influence, 6
Cameron, Rebecca, 148
Cape Fear. See also Wilmington, North Carolina
militia of, 121
Piney Woods, 18 –21 , 116 –117
plantations of, 6
“Cape Fear carcasses” (Waddell’s speech), 144 –148 , 160 –161 , 247
Cape-Fear Recorder, 61–62
Cape Fear Steam Fire Engine, 145 , 194 –195 , 276
carpetbaggers, 39 , 92 , 115 –116 , 231 , 263
Carr, Julian Shakespeare, 70 , 291 , 346 –347
cartoons (Jennett)
inception of, 76
Red Shirt depiction by, 135
of Russell, 81
of Simmons on election day results, 175
Cash, W. J., 72 , 175
Cassidey, Jesse J., 141
Central Baptist Church, 229 , 239 , 264
Chadbourn, William H., 114 , 118 , 197
Chadwick, N. B., 202
Chamber of Commerce (Wilmington), 277
Chaplin, Faye, 348 –349
Charleston News and Courier, 266
Charleston Post and Courier, 258
Charlotte Observer
apology issues by, 343
fear about black men stoked by, 81
on McKinley, 287
Chrysanthemum Committee, 271
citizenship. See Fourteenth Amendment
civil rights movement, Republican and Democratic Parties on, 331
Civil War
Fort Fisher, 3 –4 , 18 , 110
Forts Johnston and Caswell, 12
Forty-First North Carolina Regiment, 100
McKinley on, 292
police abuse of blacks, 7 –8
prisoner of war camps (Confederate), 4
Reconstruction following, 5 , 13 , 33 –34 , 38 , 66 –68
Rountree family during, 339 –340
“Silent Sam” (monument), 346 –347
Unionists and secession opposition, 69 –70
Waddell’s role during, 11 –13
Wilmington’s losses during, xviii , 3 –10
Clawson, Thomas. See also Messenger (Wilmington)
during Brooklyn violence, 202 , 203
Hoe press sale to Manly by, 48 , 50 , 99 , 165
on November 10th events, 214
overview, xi
on Vigilance Committee plans, 99
“Wilmington Declaration of Independence” and, 177
Clayton, Eva, 330
Cleaves, Mary, 69
Cleveland, Grover, 56 , 122 –123
Clinton, Mildred, 259 –260
Cody, Sue Ann, 341
Coleman, W. C., 49 –50
Collier’s Weekly
on black exodus following November 10th violence, 229
on Brooklyn violence, 202 , 216
reaction to November 10th events, 266 –267
Waddell’s account in, 195
colored troops. See United States Colored Troops
Committee of Colored Citizens’
identification of, 180 –185
Jacobs as member of, 257
misinformation about response of, 189 –191
Reardon as member of, 244
response letter of, 197 , 210 , 235
Scott’s banishment, 233 –234
Committee of Twenty-Five, 220 –227 , 262 –263
Company K, United States Volunteers of Wilmington Light Infantry, 107 –108 , 110 –113
Confederate Home Guards, 17 –21
Conservative Party, 44 , 66 . See also Democratic Party
Constitutional Union Guards, 32 –33. See also Ku Klux Klan
Convivial Cornet Band, 52
Cooper Union meeting, 270 , 280
Cordill, C. C., 307
coup events (Wilmington), 220 –227
Cronly, Jane, 100 –101 , 170 , 216 , 217 –218 , 230
Cronly, Michael, 170
Crosby, John, 303
“crying nigger,” 69
Cuba, Spanish-American War and, 107 –108. See also Spanish-American War
Curtis, Moses Ashley, 60 –61
D. C. Evans Funeral Home, 258
Daily Journal (Wilmington), 35 –36 , 39
Daily Record. See Record/Daily Record (Wilmington)
Dancy, Florence, 242 –243
Dancy, John, Jr. (son), 58
Dancy, John C.
banishment of, 242 –243
on black exodus from Wilmington, 274
characterization of, 57 –59
excluded from Committee of Colored Citizens, 180
as federal customs collector, 57
Harrison’s appointment of, xvii
late life of, 320
Manly confronted by, 94 –95
in New York, 282 –283
overview, xi
as port customs collector, 105
Russell’s Black Battalion and, 112
on State Negro Council, 303 –304
as “trimmer,” 94
Daniels, Frank A., Jr. (grandson), 345 –346
Daniels, Jonathan (son), 69
Daniels, Josephus. See also News and Observer
Aycock and, 294
biography and characterization, 69 –72
on election results, 174
fear stoked about black rapists by, 77 –82
grandfather clause and, 301 –308
on gun purchase attempt by black men, 102 –103
late life and legacy of, 341 –346
on Manly’s editorial, 92 –93
on Manly’s escape, 279
News and Observer financing, 291
North Carolinian, weekly paper of, 79
political career of, following 1900, 316 –317
Pritchard and, 133
as public printer, 71
reaction to November 10th events and, 270
on Record, 85
on Red Shirt rally, 150
Russell and, 111
on Spanish-American War, 108
White and, 321 –322
White Supremacy Campaign inception and, 65 –69 , 74 –76
Daniels, Josephus “Jody” (father), 69 –70
Daniels, Mary Cleaves (mother), 69
Dave (enslaved man), 60
Davis, George J., 203
Davis, W. J., 168
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 59
Democratic Party. See also Red Shirts
characterization of, post-Civil War, 65 –67
civil rights movement and changes in, 331
Conservative Party roots of, 44 , 66
Democratic Party Hand Book (Simmons), 75 –76
on grandfather clause, 304 –308
Great White Man’s Rally and Basket Picnic in, 121 –126
Red Shirts vigilante militia, 72
“Remember the 6” campaign of, 114 –120 , 206 , 221 , 230 –234 , 296
Taylor (Walker) and, 110
Vigilance Committee of, 97 –101
White Government Unions of, 96 –97
White Supremacy Campaign inception, 65 –76
Dempsey, Frank, 276
Dennen, Christopher, 217
DeRosset family, 139 –140
Douglass, Frederick, 22 , 46
Dowling, Mike. See also Red Shirts
employment of, after November 10th, 276 , 277 –278
lynching plan of, 164 –165
November 10th events and, 192
overview, xi
Red Shirt violence incited by, 149 –150
Duke, Benjamin, 288
Dunston, A. S., 264
Easom, Inez, 338
Eden, Richard, 25 –26
Edmonds, Helen, 336
education
Aycock as “Education Governor,” 317
Galloway’s demand for schools, 28 , 29
literacy and, xviii , 22 –23 , 29 , 54 , 301 –308
textbooks about November 10th events, 335 –336
Waddell on segregated schools, 15
Washington on, 58
of white child laborers, 277
in Wilmington (1897), 54
Edwards, Elias, 18 , 19
1898 Memorial Park, 342
election day events (November 8, 1898), 167 –173
election results, 174 –175
“fighting whiskey” and liquor ban, 150 , 157 –158 , 164 , 224
liquor ban, 164 , 224
Manly’s escape, 164 –166
November 10th events (See November 10, 1898, even
ts)
rebellion fears and, 169 –170
Russell’s voting on, 170 –173
stuffed ballot boxes, 167 –168
voting, 162 –164
“Wilmington Declaration of Independence,” 175 –185
Emancipation Proclamation
civil liberties and, 5
Emancipation Day, 52 –53 , 310
Simmons on, 73
voting rights and, 31
Emlen, John Thompson, 325
Evening Dispatch, 231 , 239
Excelsior (French’s plantation), 117
Fayetteville, Great White Man’s Rally and Basket Picnic in, 121 –126
federal investigation
appeals to McKinley, 286 –294 , 299 –300
Bunting, Gilbert, and Melton in Washington, 286 , 289
Griggs on, 134 , 286 –287 , 294 –299
Phoenix, South Carolina, events and, 288 –289
Spanish-American War as priority over, 286 –287 , 293 , 300
Felton, Isaac K., 28 , 30
Felton, Rebecca Latimer, 83 –89 , 280 , 281 –282
Felton, W. H., 83
Fifteenth Amendment
congressional election (Wilmington) and, 46
grandfather clause and, 302 , 312
ratification of, 38
Redeemers and, 66
Supreme Court on grandfather clauses, 330
Fifth Ward Cornet Band, 121 , 122
First Baptist Church, 185
First North Carolina Colored Regiment of Volunteers, 27 –30
First Presbyterian Church, 155 , 263 , 340
Fishblate, Silas, 107 , 127 , 176 , 178 –179 , 192 , 222
Fort Caswell, 12
Fort Fisher, 3 –4 , 18 , 110
Fort Johnston, 12
Fortune, Junius, 174 –175
Fortune, T. Thomas, 270
Forum magazine (New York), 158 –159
Foster, Flavel W., 114 , 296
Fourteenth Amendment
gerrymandering and, 333
grandfather clause and, 312
ratification of, 35 , 38
Redeemers and, 66
Fowler, John J., 250 , 309 –310
freedmen
“An Address Delivered to the Colored People by Their Request” (Waddell), 13 –16
Freedmen’s Bureau (Wilmington), 6 , 7 , 9
whites’ fear of rebellion by, 49 , 59 –60 , 98 –101
Wilmington at end of Civil War and, 5 , 36 –38
Freemasons, 45 , 232 –233
French, George Z. “Gizzard”
banishment of, 231 –233
black deputies fired by, 156
federal investigation and, 295 –296
French’s Agricultural Lime, 117
Naval Reserves and Brooklyn violence, 206
November 10th events and, 198
overview, xi
“Remember the 6” campaign against, 114 , 116 –120 , 206
Fulton, Abram, 168
Furlong, John, 230 , 238 , 243 –245
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