in Brooklyn, 199 , 200 –212
calls for investigation of, 269 –270
deaths of black men during, 201 –204 , 208 –210 , 215 –219 , 257 –258 , 342
inquest, 257 –260
Naval Reserves used during, 213 –215
newspapers’ reactions to, 265 –271
property seizure claims, 341
at Record building, 191 –195 , 233
“situation serious telegram,” 205 –206
at Sprunt Cotton Compress, 191 –199 , 200 , 211 –213
“Victory, White Supremacy and Good Government” jubilee following, 270 –271
Waddell’s incitement of, 189 –191
Wilmington government overthrow and, 220 –227
November 10, 1898, legacy
centennial anniversary of, 337 –340
Daniels and, 341 –346
Manly and, 347 –348 , 349 –352
Miller and, 348 –349
News and Observer, in later years, 343 –344
North Carolina legislature report on (2000), 340 –342 , 346
University of North Carolina monuments and, 346 –347
white supremacy and, 329 –336
November 10th events. See November 10, 1898, events
Odell Hardware Company, 102
Oklahoma, grandfather clause in, 317 , 330
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 37
Opera House (Wilmington), 52
“Organization of Colored Ladies,” 156 –157
Parmele, Edgar G., 225 , 250 , 263 –264
Peamon, Carter, 129 , 230 –231
Perkins (black policeman), 219
Philadelphia, Underground Railroad in, 26
Philadelphia Inquirer, 8
Philadelphia Record, 268
Philadelphia Times, 105
Phoenix (South Carolina), racial violence in, 288 –289
Pickens, Robert B., 245 , 248 –249
Pine Forest Cemetery, as hiding place, 228 , 240
Piner, George, 202
Piney Woods, 18 –21 , 116 –117
Plessy, Homre, 53 –54
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 53 –54
poll tax, 302
Populist Party (People’s Party). See also Fusionists
election day (November 9) results, 174 –175
overview, 67
post-November 10th influence of, 303
White Supremacy Campaign inception and, 67 , 74 , 76
Posse Comitatus Act (1878), 134
Pritchard, Jeter, 312
Quarterly Review (AME Zion Church), 58
race riot of 1898. See November 10, 1898, events
“Race War at the South” (Second Baptist Church, Washington, DC), 160
Raleigh Gazette, 49 , 50 –51
Raleigh Morning Post , 93
Randolph, John, Jr., 28 , 30
rapists, fears/rhetoric about. See sex and race
Reardon, Robert, 244
rebellion fears (by whites)
about black women servants, 104 , 170
election day rumors and, 162 , 164 , 169 –170
gun purchase attempt by black men, 102 –106
militias and, 61 –62 , 98 –101
Record building protected by blacks and, 91 –92 , 193
rumors of, during November 10th violence, 191 , 193 –194 , 196 –197 , 199 , 201 –207 , 209 , 214 –216
Turner’s rebellion and, 59 –60 , 105
Reconstruction
end of, 66 –68
Ku Klux Klan during, 33 –34
Reconstruction Acts and postwar constitutions, 38
Wilmington at end of Civil War and, 5 , 13
Record/Daily Record (Wilmington)
advertising by white businesses, 50
black vote encouraged by, 153 –154 , 157
burning of, 191 –195 , 233 , 261 , 267 , 281 , 342
as Daily Record , 50
forced move to new building, 93
inception of, 48 –51
Manly (Carrie) on, 351
Manly’s editorial in, 83 –89 , 90 –95
publication ceased by, 182
on rape accusations against blacks, 51
state historical marker of, 348
on voting intimidation of blacks, 128
Washington, DC edition of, 324
Redeemers, 66
Red Shirts, 132 –138
assaults on black citizens, before election, 129 –131 , 134 –138 , 149 –151 , 156
banishment campaign and, 230 –234 , 240 –245 , 246 –248 , 250 , 252 –256
election day behavior of, 163 , 164 –165 , 169 –170 , 172 –173
end of mob violence, 260
“fighting whiskey” and liquor ban, 150 , 157 –158 , 164 , 224
at Great White Man’s Rally and Basket Picnic, 125 –126
November 10th events and, 217
Pritchard’s letter to McKinley on, 132 –134
textbooks about, 335 –336
White Supremacist Campaign inception and, 72
“Wilmington Declaration of Independence” demands, 181 , 185
Wilmington government overthrow and, 220 , 222 , 226 , 227
religious leaders (black)
arrests of, 245
banishment of, 239 –242 , 245 , 248 –249
on election threats, 153 –154 , 159
Kirk on election day voting, 163
November 10th events and, 210 , 215
return of blacks after November 10th, 263 –264
religious leaders (white)
banishment campaign and, 247 , 248
on November 10th events, 217
return of blacks after November 10th, 262 –263
Strange and, 165
on “Wilmington Declaration of Independence,” 182 , 185
“Remember the 6” (“Big 6”) campaign, 114 –120 , 206 , 221 , 230 –234 , 296
Republican Party
civil rights movement and changes in, 331
election day (November 9) results, 174 –175
fired white workers, after November 10th, 276
Fusionists, defined, 67
post-November 10th influence of, 303
“Remember the 6” campaign and, 118 –120
Republican Executive Committee, 103
“Revolution of 1898.” See November 10, 1898, events
Richmond Planet, 268–269
Richmond Times
gun purchase attempt by black men and, 104
reaction to November 10th events, 266
on Red Shirt rally, 150
“Rise Ye Sons of Carolina” (White Supremacy anthem), 162
Rivera, Thomas, 180 –185
Robbins, Bill, 216
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 317 , 320
Rountree, George
biography and characterization of, 340
election to state house, 175
grandfather clause and, 302
gun purchase attempt by black men and, 103
November 10th events and, 197 –199 , 201 , 208
overview, xii
“Remember the 6” campaign and, 118 –120
in state legislature, 301
Vigilance Committee of, 97 –101
Waddell and, 143 , 148
“Wilmington Declaration of Independence” and, 176 , 178 –180
Wilmington government overthrow and, 222 , 225 , 226 –227
Rountree, George, III (grandson), 338 –340
Rountree, Robert, 339
Rowan, Tom, 218
Russell, Daniel
banishment campaign and, 253
black policemen fired by, 156
election deal imposed on, 155
election of August 1900, 316
federal troops, not requested, 287 –288
on grandfather clause, 312 –313
as last Republican North Carolina governor until 1972, 331
Manly’s editorial and, 92 –93
militia demobiliz
ation and, 260 –261
November 10th events and, 193
overview, xii
presiding at White Supremacy Campaign meeting, 81
reaction to November 10th events and, 269 , 271
Red Shirts and, 133 –135
“Remember the 6” campaign and, 118 –120
Russell’s Black Battalion and, 111 –112
“situation serious” telegram and, 204 –206
voting by, and death threats against, 170 –173
Waddell and, 142 , 147
Wilmington government overthrow and, 226
Wilmington Light Infantry commanded by, 172 , 191
Russell, Sarah, 288
Russell’s Black Battalion, 111 –113
Sadgwar, Carrie, xii , 85 –86 , 279 , 324 , 350 –351
Sadgwar, Felice, 350
Sadgwar, Frederick, Jr., 85 –86 , 180 –185 , 325
Sadgwar, Mabel, 350
Sasser, L. B., 164 –165
Sasser’s Drug Store, 164 –165
Saunders, William L., xii , 10 , 71 , 140 –141
Savage, W. T. “Tuck,” 195
Schonwald, J. T., 259
Schurz, Carl, 5 –6
Scott, Armond
banishment of, 233 –234 , 310
Committee of Colored Citizens, response by, 180 –185 , 189 –191 , 197 , 210 , 235
late life of, 319 –320
overview, xii
Russell’s Black Battalion and, 112
in Washington, DC, 284
Scott, Benjamin, 183 –184
Second Baptist Church (Washington, DC), 160
Second Regiment Band, 135
Secret Nine. See also MacRae, Hugh; Taylor, J. Allan
banishment campaign by, 230 –234 , 244 –245 , 249 –250 , 254 , 256 (See also
banishment campaign)
Colt rapid-fire guns purchased by, 105
November 10th events and, 209
overview, 98 –99
“revolution” (November 10) planned by, 137 –138 , 164 –165
Spanish-American War and, 109
“Wilmington Declaration of Independence” and, 177 , 178
segregation
North Carolina’s legally mandated segregation, 311 –318
Waddell on segregated schools, 15
sex and race. See also interracial marriage
“black beast rapist” narratives, 69 , 76 , 79 , 174 , 334
fear stoked about rape by black men, 77 –82
Felton’s letter/speech about purported
rapes, 83 –89
Galloway on hypocrisy of, 23
interracial marriage, 35 , 40 , 58
interracial sex as illegal, 311
Manly on Felton’s letter/speech, 83 –89 , 90 –95
Manly on white men’s assaults on black
women, 87 –88 , 321 –322
rape accusations against black men, 50 –51
rape statistics in eastern North Carolina (1897–1898), 80
White Supremacist Campaign inception and, 69
Shelby County v. Holder (2013), 332 –333
“Silent Sam” (Civil War monument), 346 –347
Simmons, Furnifold
biography and characterization, 72 –74
cartoon of, on election day results, 175
as collector of internal revenue, 74
Dowling and, 164
on election results, 174
fear stoked about black rapists, 79 –82
grandfather clause and, 301 –308
initial response to Manly’s editorial by, 90
in New Bern, 285 –286
overview, xii
political career of, following 1900, 316 –317
reaction to November 10th events and, 271 –272
Red Shirts and, 133 , 135
US Senate election of, 301 , 316
White Government Unions (white supremacy clubs), 96 –97
White Supremacy Campaign inception and, 65 –66 , 74 –76
Skelding, Mrs. A. B., 291
slavery
artisan work of slaves, 24 –25
Black Codes and, 35 –36
contrabands, 27
Emancipation Proclamation and, 5 , 31 , 52 –53 , 73 , 310
Russell as slave owner, 92 –93
Tillman family as slaveowners, 123
Underground Railroad, 26
Wilmington at end of Civil War, 5
Smith, James D., 211 –213
South Carolina, Black Codes and, 35
Spanish-American War
black soldiers serving in, 321
events of, 108
Light Infantry procession following, 107 –113
militia of MacRae (Donald) in, 199
as priority over Wilmington, 286 –287 , 293 , 300
Russell’s Black Battalion and, 111 –112
weapons provided to private vessels during, 199
Wilmington Light Infantry and, xxi
spies
Galloway, 26
Sykes, 17 –21
Sprunt, James
attempt to recover employees from hiding, 253
as British vice consul, 109 , 217
on November 10th events, 334
November 10th events and, 196 , 216 –217
overview, xii
“Remember the 6” campaign and, 119 –120
Spanish-American War and, 109
Sprunt Cotton Compress
November 10th events at, 191 –199 , 200 , 211 –213
overview, xix
Spanish-American War and, 109
St. James Episcopal Church, 165
St. Luke’s AME Church, 194 , 195 , 264 , 340
St. Matthew’s Evangelical Lutheran Church, xxi
St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, 46
St. Stephen AME Church, 338
Stanly, Edward (military governor, Union-controlled areas of NC), 29
Starkey, Mary Ann, 27 –28 , 30
Star of Zion (AME Zion Church), 58
State Chronicle (Raleigh), 70 –76
State Negro Council, 303 –304
Stedman, Frank, 232 –233 , 309 –310
Stewartsville Township, Graham’s abuse in, 130 –131
Story of the Wilmington Rebellion, The (Hayden), 334
Strange, Robert, 165 , 247 , 248
Struthers, William, 224 , 226
suffrage. See voting and voter suppression
Supreme Court (US)
on grandfather clauses, 330
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 53 –54
Shelby County v. Holder (2013), 332 –333
on voter ID laws, 331 –333
Sykes, Catherine, 18 , 20
Sykes, Matthew, 17 –21
Sykes, Unity, 20 , 21
Talented Tenth, 48
taxes, paid by blacks, 54
Taylor, J. Allan
as alderman, 261
banishment campaign and, 230 –234 , 244 –245 , 249 –250 , 251 –252
election of August 1900, 309
on November 10th events, 334
overview, xii , 209 , 210
Wilmington government overthrow and, 223 , 224
Taylor, John, 180 , 318
Taylor, Katharine, 337
Taylor, Walker
militia demobilized by, 260 –261
November 10th events and, 204 –207 , 213 –216
overview, xii
on Red Shirts, 246
Spanish-American War and, 110
Wilmington Light Infantry command by, 90 , 110 , 171 , 191
Telfy, J. K., 264
Terry, Alfred Howe, 4 , 129
Terry, S. Hill, 129
Thalian Hall
“People’s Declaration of Racial Interdependence” (1998), 340
Waddell’s “Cape Fear carcasses” speech at, 144 –148 , 160 –161 , 247
Third North Carolina Cavalry, 11 , 33
Thirteenth Amendment, Redeemers and, 66
&nbs
p; Tillman, George, 123
Tillman, “Pitchfork” Ben, xii , 122 –126 , 351
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 59
Tolbert, Robert “Red,” 289
Tolbert, Thomas, 288 –289
Toomer, F. P., 274 –275
trains, Jim Crow laws, 311 –312
Turner, Nat, 59 –60 , 100 , 105
turpentine
trade of, 3 , 16 , 36 –37 , 104 , 145 , 200
as weapon against stowaway slaves, 25 –26
Tyson, Timothy, 343
Underground Railroad, 26
Union army. See also United States Colored Troops
county militias allowed free rein by, 8 –10
Home Guards, 9
Wilmington at end of Civil War and, 5
United States Colored Troops. See also black soldiers
First North Carolina Colored Regiment of
Volunteers, 27 –30
Fort Fisher captured by, 3 –4
Galloway and, 27 –30
pay of, 9 , 28 –29
soldier’s murder, 16
University of North Carolina, 336 , 337 , 346 –347
“Victory, White Supremacy and Good Government” jubilee, 270 –271
Vigilance Committee
banishment campaign and, 247
financing of, 98
inception of, 97 –101
Manly’s escape and, 165 –166
“Wilmington Declaration of Independence” and, 185
vigilantes. See Red Shirts
Virginia, grandfather clause in, 317 , 330
voting and voter suppression. See also Fifteenth Amendment; Red Shirts; White Government Unions (white supremacy clubs)
ballot stuffing by white supremacists, 160 –161
black vote, statistics, 305 , 309 , 315 –316 , 330 –331
election day events, 162 –164
election threats, 152 –160
Galloway on, 23 , 31 , 39
gerrymandering of black wards, 160 , 163 , 167 –168 , 333
grandfather clause, 301 –308 , 312 –316 , 321 –323 , 330
Holden on, 13
by KKK, 40
threats by white supremacists, 160 –161
voter ID laws, 331 –332
Voting Rights Act (1965), 330 , 331
Waddell on, 15
white-capping, 127 –131
White Supremacist Campaign inception and, 69
Waddell, Colonel Alfred Moore
“An Address Delivered to the Colored
People by Their Request,” 13–16
banishment campaign and, 233 , 247 , 248 –249 , 253 –256
biography and characterization of, 139 –143
on black exiles returning to Wilmington, 274 –275
blacks’ return to Wilmington and, 261
“Cape Fear carcasses” speech of, 144 –148 , 160 –161 , 247
Civil War role of, 11 –13 , 33
Confederate Home Guards and Sykes’ death, 17 –21
election of August 1900, 309 –310
election to Congress, 46
Wilmington's Lie Page 45
