Jacques Blot French Representative to the Contact Group (1995–1998)
Boutros Boutros-Ghali U.N. Secretary-General (1990–97)
Aleksi Buha Bosnian Serb “Minister of Foreign Affairs”
Momir Bulatovic President of Montenegro, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–97)
Nicholas Burns Spokesman, U.S. State Department (1994–97)
Jimmy Carter President of the United States (1977–81)
Hervé de Charette Foreign Minister of France (1995–97)
Jacques Chirac President of France (1995– )
Warren Christopher U.S. Secretary of State (1993–97)
Wesley Clark Lieutenant General, U.S. Army; Director for Strategic Plans and Policy, JCS (1993–96); Supreme Commander, NATO (1997– )
William Jefferson Clinton President of the United States (1993– )
William Crowe U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain (1994–97)
John Deutch Director, Central Intelligence Agency (1995–97)
Milorad Dodik Prime Minister, Republika Srpska (1998– )
Tom Donilon U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and Chief of Staff to the Secretary of State(1993–96)
S. Nelson Drew Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force; Senior Staffmember, National Security Council (1995)
Lawrence Eagleburger Deputy Secretary of State; later Secretary of State(1989–93)
Robert C. Frasure U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs (1994–95)
Leon Fuerth National Security Adviser to Vice President Gore (1993– )
Peter Galbraith U.S. Ambassador to Croatia (1993–97)
Ejup Ganic Vice President, Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992–97); President, Federation (1998– )
Robert Gelbard U.S. Special Representative for the Implementation of the Dayton Accords (1997–1999)
Kiro Gligorov President of former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1991– )
Albert Gore Vice President of the United States (1993– )
Pavel Grachev Russian Defense Minister (1992–97)
Mate Granic Foreign Minister of Croatia (1993– )
Pamela Harriman U.S. Ambassador to France (1993–97)
Chris Hill Director, Office of South-Central European Affairs,U.S. Department of State (1994–96)
Robert Hunter U.S. Ambassador to NATO (1993–97)
Wolfgang Ischinger Political Director, German Foreign Ministry; Representative to the Contact Group (1994– )
Igor Ivanov Russian Deputy Foreign Minister; Representative to the Contact Group (1995– )
Alija Izetbegovic President of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992–)
Bernard Janvier Lieutenant General of France, Commander of all U.N. forces in the former Yugoslavia (1995–96)
George Joulwan General, U.S. Army; Supreme Commander of Allied Forces Europe (NATO) (1993–97)
Radovan Karadzic President of Bosnian Serb Republic (1992–96)
Donald Kerrick Brigadier (later Major) General, U.S. Army; Senior staff member, NSC; later, Deputy to the National Security Advisor (1995–96; 1997– )
Nikola Koljevic “Vice President” of Bosnian Serb Republic (1992–96)
John Kornblum U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs; later Assistant Secretary of State (1994–97)
Andrei Kozyrev Foreign Minister of Russia (1992–96)
Momcilo Krajisnik Speaker of Bosnian Serb Assembly; later Co-president of Bosnia (1996–1998)
Joseph Kruzel U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (1993–95)
Anthony Lake U.S. National Security Advisor (1993–96)
Jean-David Levitte Foreign policy advisor to President Chirac of France (1995– )
David Lipton U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Treasury for International Affairs (1993–96); Undersecretary of Treasury (1997– )
Jan Lodal Principal Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Policy (1993–)
John Major Prime Minister of Great Britain (1990–97)
Mike McCurry White House Spokesman (1994–1998)
John Menzies U.S. Ambassador to Bosnia-Herzegovina (1995–97)
Slobodan Milosevic President of the Republic of Serbia (1989–97); President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1997– )
Milan Milutinovic Minister of Foreign Affairs, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1995–97); President of Serbia (1997– )
Ratko Mladic General, Commander of Bosnian Serb Army (1992–96)
Pauline Neville-Jones Contact Group Representative from the United Kingdom (1993–96)
Roberts Owen Legal advisor on shuttle team
William Owens Admiral, U.S. Navy; Vice Chairman of the JCS (1994–96)
Leon Panetta White House Chief of Staff (1994–97)
Andreas Papandreou Prime Minister of Greece (1981–89, 1993–96)
James Pardew Director, Balkan Task Force, Department of Defense (1995–97)
Rosemarie Pauli Department of State; Executive Assistant to the author (1993–96)
Rudy Perina U.S. Chargé d’Affaires, Belgrade (1993–96)
William Perry U.S. Secretary of Defense (1993–97)
Thomas Pickering Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs (1997– )
Biljana Plavsic “Vice President” of Bosnian Serb Republic; Co-president of Republika Srpska (1996–1998)
Malcolm Rifkind British Defense Secretary, later Foreign Secretary (1992–97)
Muhamed Sacirbey Foreign Minister of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ambassador to the U.N. (1992–97)
John Shalikashvili General, U.S. Army; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1993–97)
John Shattuck Assistant Secretary of State for Humanitarian Affairs (1993–1998)
Haris Silajdzic Prime Minister of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992– )
Walter Slocombe U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy (1993– )
Leighton Smith Admiral, U.S. Navy; Commander of NATO forces, Southern Europe; Commander, IFOR (1995–96)
Rupert Smith Lieutenant General, British Army; Commander of U.N. forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1994–96)
James Steinberg Director of the Policy Planning Staff, U.S. Department of State (1994–96); Deputy National Security Advisor (1997– )
Michael Steiner Deputy German Representative to the Contact Group; Deputy High Representative (1996–97)
Thorvald Stoltenberg U.N. Representative to the International Conferenceon the Former Yugoslavia (1993–95)
Gojko Susak Defense Minister of Croatia (1992–1998)
Strobe Talbott U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (1994– )
Peter Tarnoff U.S. Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs (1993–97)
Franjo Tudjman President of Croatia (1991– )
Alexander (Sandy) Vershbow Senior
Director for Europe, U.S. National Security Council (1994–97); U.S. Ambassador to NATO (1998– )
John White Deputy Secretary of Defense (1996–97)
Boris Yeltsin President of Russia (1991– )
Warren Zimmermann American Ambassador to Yugoslavia (1989–92)
Kresimir Zubak President of the Muslim-Croat Federation in Bosnia; later Co-president of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1996–1998)
Notes
Chapter 1: The Most Dangerous Road in Europe
1. Warren Zimmermann, Origins of a Catastrophe: Yugoslavia and Its Destroyers (New York: Times Books, 1996), p. 22.
Chapter 2: “The Greatest Collective Failure …”
1. “America, a European Power,” Foreign Affairs, March-April 1995, p. 40.
2. Warren Zimmermann, Origins of a Catastrophe: Yugoslavia and Its Destroyers (New York: Times Books, 1996), pp. 151–53.
3. Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 1994), p. 252.
4. Zimmermann, p. 174.
5. David C. Gompert, “The United States and Yugoslavia’s Wars,” in The World and Yugoslavia’s Wars, Richard H. Ullman, ed. (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996), pp. 122, 134. Gompert’s essay is courageous in its candor.
6. James A. Baker III, with Thomas M. DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995), p. 483.
7. Zimmermann, p. 216.
8. Laura Silber and Allan Little, Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation (London: Penguin Books/BBC Books, 1996), p. 201.
9. Baker, p. 637.
10 Gompert, pp. 127–28.
11 Silber and Little, p. 166.
12 Ibid., pp. 171–72.
13 Baker, p. 637.
14 Zimmermann, p. 177.
15 Silber and Little, pp. 211–12.
Chapter 3: A Personal Prelude
1. Henry A. Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 225.
Chapter 6: Pale’s Challenge
1. The Wall Street Journal, September 20, 1993.
2. Robert Scheer, “Clinton’s Globetrotter,” Los Angeles Times Magazine, February 21, 1995.
Chapter 7: Bombing and Breakthrough
1. Bernard-Henri Lévy, Le Lys et la Cendre: Journal d’un Écrivain au Temps de la Guerre de Bosnie (Paris: Grasset, 1996), pp. 464–70. Translated for the author by Kathe Rothe.
Chapter 10: The Siege of Sarajevo Ends
1. Mira Markovic, Night and Day: A Diary (Belgrade, 1995), pp. 17–18.
2. Warren Zimmermann, Origins of a Catastrophe: Yugoslavia and Its Destroyers (New York: Times Books, 1996), p. 175.
Chapter 13: Cease-fire
1. Laura Silber and Allan Little, Yugoslavia: The Death of a Nation (London: Penguin Books/BBC Books, 1996), p. 224.
Chapter 15: Decisions with Consequences
1. Colin Powell, with Joseph E. Persico, My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1994), p. 149.
Chapter 17: ’Peace in a Week”
1. Pauline Neville-Jones, “Dayton, IFOR, and Alliance Relations in Bosnia,” Survival, Winter 1996–97, pp. 50–51.
2. Ibid., p. 51.
Chapter 21: America, Europe, and Bosnia
1. Foreign Policy, Winter 1997–98, p. 66.
2. Christopher Bennett, “No Flying Colors for Dayton—Yet,” Transitions, December 1997, p. 37.
3. Transitions, August 1997, “Don’t Fool Around with Principles.”
4. This issue is addressed in a valuable study by the United States Air Force, DELIBERATE FORCE: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning, a study directed by Colonel Robert C. Owen. In the unclassified conclusion, Colonel Owen writes: Contacts between military leaders and some key diplomats did not seem to have kept up with the pace of events just before and after DELIBERATE FORCE…. Ambassador Holbrooke and General Ryan made plans and took actions in ignorance of one another’s positions in key areas. [Published in Airpower Journal, Fall 1997, pp. 21–22.]
5. Carl Bildt, Uppdrag Fred [Assignment Peace] (Stockholm: Norstedts, 1997); translation provided by the author.
6. Speech to the Center for National Policy, January 13, 1998.
7. An extended example of the first view can be found in Radha Kumar’s Divide and Fall? Bosnia in the Annals of Partition. The author’s generic criticism of partition from Korea to Cyprus is insightful, but she misstates the goals of Dayton and confuses the Dayton agreement with the way it has been implemented.
8. The Economist, December 6, 1997, p. 16.
9. “America, a European Power,” Foreign Affairs, March-April 1995, p. 138.
10 Bildt; translation provided by the author.
11 Henry A. Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp. 833–34.
12 Vaclav Havel, The Art of the Impossible (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), pp. 232–34.
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