The Source of All Things

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The Source of All Things Page 21

by Reinhard Friedl


  10 Santoro et al., “The anatomic location of the soul.”

  11 B. N. Justin et al., “Heart disease as a risk factor for dementia,” Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 5, 2013, pp. 135–45.

  12 P. Taggart et al., “Heart-brain interactions in cardiac arrhythmia,” Heart, vol. 97, no. 9, May 2011, pp. 698–708; P. Taggart et al., “Significance of neuro-cardiac control mechanisms governed by higher regions of the brain,” Autonomic Neuroscience, no. 199, August 2016, pp. 54–65.

  13 Taggart et al., “Significance of neuro-cardiac control mechanisms”; M. A. Samuels, “The brain-heart connection,” Circulation, vol. 116, 2007, pp. 77–84; K. Shivkumar et al., “Clinical neurocardiology defining the value of neuroscience-based cardiovascular therapeutics,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 594, no. 14, July 15, 2016, pp. 3911–54.

  14 Santoro et al., “The anatomic location of the soul.”

  15 M. E. Ceylan et al., “The soul, as an uninhibited mental activity, is reduced into consciousness by rules of quantum physics,” Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, vol. 51, no. 4, December 2017, pp. 582–97.

  16 F. Shaffer et al., “A healthy heart is not a metronome: An integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 30, no. 5, September 2014; R. McCraty & M. A. Zayas, “Cardiac coherence, self-regulation, autonomic stability, and psychosocial well-being,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 29, no. 5, September 2014, p. 1090; J. L. Ardell et al., “Translational neurocardiology: Preclinical and cardioneural integrative aspects,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 594, no. 14, July 15, 2016, pp. 3877–909.

  17 M. Parzuchowski et al., “From the heart: Hand over heart as an embodiment of honesty,” Cognitive Processing, vol. 15, no. 3, August 2014, pp. 237–44.

  18 J. R. Doty, Into the Magic Shop: A neurosurgeon’s quest to discover the mysteries of the brain and the secrets of the heart, Avery, New York, 2016.

  19 D. E. Ingber et al., “Tensegrity, cellular biophysics, and the mechanics of living systems,” Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 77, no. 4, April 2014; S. Chien, “Mechanotransduction and endothelial cell homeostasis: The wisdom of the cell,” American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 292, no. 3, March 2007, H1209–24.

  20 E. Shokri-Kojori et al., “An autonomic network: Synchrony between slow rhythms of pulse and brain resting state is associated with personality and emotions,” Cerebral Cortex, vol. 29, no. 4, April 1, 2019, p. 1702.

  21 G. S. Chan et al., “Contribution of arterial Windkessel in low-frequency cerebral hemodynamics during transient changes in blood pressure,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 110, no. 4, 2011, pp. 917–25; I. Zamzuri, “Searching for the origin through central nervous system: A review and thought which related to microgravity, evolution, big bang theory and universes, soul and brainwaves, greater limbic system and seat of the soul,” Malaysian Journal of Medical Science, vol. 21, no. 4, July 2014, pp. 4–11.

  22 Samuels, “The heart–brain connection”; R. Gordan et al., “Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function,” World Journal of Cardiology, vol. 7, no. 4, 2015, pp. 204–14.

  23 S. Romanenko et al., “The interaction between electromagnetic fields at megahertz, gigahertz and terahertz frequencies with cells, tissues and organisms: risks and potential,” Journal of the Royal Society Interface, vol. 14, no. 137, December 2017.

  24 R. McCraty, “New frontiers in heart rate variability and social coherence research: Techniques, technologies, and implications for improving group dynamics and outcomes,” Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 5, October 12, 2017, p. 267; N. Herring & D. J. Paterson, “Neuromodulators of peripheral cardiac sympatho-vagal balance,” Experimental Physiology, vol. 94, no. 1, January 2009, pp. 46–53.

  25 F. Shaffer et al., “A healthy heart is not a metronome: An integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 30, no. 5, September 2014.

  26 B. Vickhoff et al., “Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 4, no. 334, July 9, 2013.

  27 F. Lombardi, “Chaos theory, heart rate variability, and arrhythmic mortality,” Circulation, vol. 101, no. 1, January 4, 2000, pp. 8–10; P. C. Ivanov et al., “Multifractality in human heartbeat dynamics,” Nature, vol. 399, no. 6735, June 3, 1999, pp. 461–65.

  28 D. C. Lin & A. Sharif, “Common multifractality in the heart rate variability and brain activity of healthy humans,” Chaos, vol. 20, no. 2, June 2010.

  29 Lin & Sharif, “Common multifractality”; A. H. Kemp et al., “From psychological moments to mortality: A multidisciplinary synthesis on heart rate variability spanning the continuum of time,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 83, December 2017, pp. 547–67.

  30 E. Chargaff, Heraclitean Fire: Sketches from a life before nature, The Rockefeller University Press, New York, 1978, p. 179.

  31 Shaffer et al., “A healthy heart.”

  32 Kemp et al., “From psychological moments to mortality.”

  Heart Tone

  1   D. Ladinsky, A Year with Hafiz: Daily contemplations, Penguin, New York, 2011.

  2   Shaffer et al., “A healthy heart”; R. McCraty, “New frontiers in heart rate variability and social coherence research.”

  Wisdom from the Heart

  1   A. L. Hansen et al., “Vagal influence on working memory and attention,” International Journal of Psychophysiology, vol. 48, pp. 263–74; I. Grossmann et al., “A heart and a mind: Self distancing facilitates the association between heart rate variability, and wise reasoning,” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 10, April 8, 2016, p. 68.

  2   Kemp et al., “From psychological moments to mortality.”

  3   A. Lischke, “Interindividual differences in heart rate variability are associated with interindividual differences in empathy and alexithymia,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 9, February 27, 2018, p. 229.

  4   S. U. Maier & T. A. Hare, “Higher heart-rate variability is associated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity and increased resistance to temptation in dietary self-control challenges,” Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 37, no. 2, January 11, 2017, pp. 446–55.

  5   Grossmann et al., “A heart and a mind.”

  6   D. Sinnecker et al., “Expiration-triggered sinus arrhythmia predicts outcome in survivors of acute myocardial infarction,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 67, no. 19, May 17, 2016, pp. 2213–20.

  7   S. Hillebrand et al., “Heart rate variability and first cardiovascular event in populations without known cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis and dose-response meta-regression,” Europace, vol. 15, no. 5, May 2013, pp. 742–49.

  8   Thayer et al., “The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors,” International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 141, no. 2, May 28, 2010, pp. 122–31.

  9   A. Tawakol et al., “Relation between resting amygdalar activity and cardiovascular events: A longitudinal and cohort study,” The Lancet, vol. 389, no. 10071, February 25, 2017, pp. 834–45.

  10 A. H. Kemp et al., “Effects of depression, anxiety, comorbidity, and antidepressants on resting-state heart rate and its variability: An ELSA-Brasil cohort baseline study,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 171, no. 12, 2014, pp. 1328–34.

  11 B. H. Friedman, “An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone,” Biological Psychology, vol. 74, 2007, pp. 185–99.

  12 U. Kumar et al., “Neuro-cognitive aspects of ‘OM’ sound/syllable perception: A functional neuroimaging study,” Cognitive Emotions, vol. 29, no. 3, 2015, pp. 432–41.

  13 B. Allen et al., “Resting high-frequency heart rate variability is related to resting brain perfusion,” Psychophysiology, vol. 52, no. 2, 2015, pp. 277–87.

  Hearts i
n Sync

  1   B. A. Danalache et al., “Oxytocin-Gly-Lys Arg stimulates cardiomyogenesis by targeting cardiac side population cells,” Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 220, no. 3, January 30, 2014, pp. 277–89.

  2   T. Oyama et al., “Cardiac side population cells have a potential to migrate and differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo,” Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 176, 2007, pp. 329–41; J. Paquin et al., “Oxytocin induces differentiation of P19 embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002, pp. 9550–55.

  3   Jones et al., “Ethological observations of social behavior in the operating room.”

  4   T. Müller, “Ethikrat bekennt sich zur bestehenden Hirntod-Praxis” [“Ethics Council commits to existing brain death practice”], ÄrzteZeitung, February 24, 2015, www.aerztezeitung.de/politik_gesellschaft/organspende/article/880051/organspende-ethikrat-bekennt-bestehenden-hirntodpraxis.html, accessed December 7, 2018.

  5   J. A. Dipietro et al., “Prenatal development of intrafetal and maternal-fetal synchrony,” Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 120, 2006, pp. 687–701; J. Patrick et al., “Influence of maternal heart rate and gross fetal body movements on the daily pattern of fetal heart rate near term,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 144, 1982, pp. 533–38; S. Lunshof et al., “Fetal and maternal diurnal rhythms during the third trimester of normal pregnancy: Outcomes of computerized analysis of continuous twenty-four-hour fetal heart rate recordings,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 178, 1998, pp. 247–54.

  6   P. Van Leeuwen et al., “Influence of paced maternal breathing on fetal-maternal heart rate coordination,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 33, August 18, 2009, pp. 13661–66.

  7   P. Ivanov et al., “Maternal-fetal heartbeat phase synchronization,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 33, August 18, 2009, pp. 13641–42.

  8   C. Huygens, Horologium Oscillatorium: Sive de motu pendulorum ad horologia aptato demonstrationes geometricae [The Pendulum Clock: Or geometrical demonstrations concerning the motion of pendula as applied to clocks], Iowa State University Press, 1986 [1673].

  9   J. B. Bavelas et al., “Listener responses as a collaborative process: The role of gaze,” Journal of Communication, vol. 52, no. 3, 2002, pp. 566–80; A. S. Pikovsky et al., Synchronization: A universal concept in nonlinear science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 2001.

  10 P. Ostborn et al., “Phase transitions toward frequency entrainment in large oscillator lattices,” Physical Review, 2003, E68: 015104.

  11 P. Van Leeuwen et al., “Aerobic exercise during pregnancy and presence of fetal-maternal heart rate synchronization,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 8, August 27, 2014; C. Porcaro et al., “Fetal auditory responses to external sounds and mother’s heartbeat: Detection improved by Independent Component Analysis,” Brain Research, vol. 1101, 2006, pp. 51–58.

  12 J. Gutkowska et al., “The role of oxytocin in cardiovascular regulation,” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, vol. 47, no. 3, 2014, pp. 206–14.

  13 Danalache et al., “Oxytocin-Gly-Lys Arg stimulates cardiomyogenesis”; M. Jankowski et al., “Oxytocin in cardiac ontogeny,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 101, no. 35, August 31, 2004, pp. 13074–79.

  14 J. A. DiPietro, “Psychological and psychophysiological considerations regarding the maternal-fetal relationship,” Infant Child Development, vol. 19, no. 1, 2010, pp. 27–38.

  15 R. McCraty, Science of the Heart: Exploring the role of the heart in human performance, vol. 2, HeartMath Institute, 2015.

  16 X. Cong et al., “Parental oxytocin responses during skin to skin contact with preterm infants,” Early Human Development, vol. 91, 2015, pp. 401–06.

  17 D. Vittner et al., “Increase in oxytocin from skin-to-skin contact enhances development of parent-infant relationship,” Biological Research for Nursing, vol. 20, no. 1, January 2018, pp. 54–62.

  18 A. S. Kadic & A. Kurjak, “Cognitive functions of the fetus,” Ultraschall in der Medizin—European Journal of Ultrasound, vol. 39, no. 2, April 2018, pp. 181–9; E. R. Sowell et al., “Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 24, no. 38, 2004, pp. 8223–31.

  19 Merker, “Consciousness without a cerebral cortex.”

  20 R. Brusseau, “Developmental perspectives: Is the fetus conscious?” International Anesthesiology Clinic, vol. 46, no. 3, Summer 2008, pp. 11–23.

  21 Kadic & Kurjak, “Cognitive functions of the fetus”; G. Z. Tau & B.S. Peterson, “Normal development of brain circuits,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 35, no. 1, 2010, pp. 147–68.

  22 Porcaro et al., “Fetal auditory responses”; R. Draganova et al., “Sound frequency change detection in fetuses and newborns: A magnetoencephalographic study,” NeuroImage, vol. 28, 2005, pp. 354–61; K. Dunn et al., “The functional fetal brain: A systematic preview of methodological factors in reporting fetal visual and auditory capacity,” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 13, June 2015, pp. 43–52.

  The Heart in the Incubator

  1   A. Hemakom et al., “Quantifying team cooperation through intrinsic multi-scale measures: respiratory and cardiac synchronization in choir singers and surgical teams,” Royal Society Open Science, vol. 4, no. 12, November 6, 2017, p. 170853.

  2   P. M. Lehrer & R. Gevirtz, “Heart rate variability biofeedback: How and why does it work?” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 5, 2014; Kemp et al., “From psychological moments to mortality”; Vickhoff et al., “Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers.”

  3   L. Bernardi et al., “Effect of rosary prayer and yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms: Comparative study,” British Medical Journal, vol. 323, 2001, pp. 1446–49.

  4   J. E. Mathieu et al., “The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 85, 2000, pp. 273–83; J. A. Cannon-Bowers & E. Salas, “Reflections on shared cognition,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 22, 2001, pp. 195–202.

  5   Vickhoff et al., “Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers.”

  6   Porcaro et al., “Fetal auditory responses to external sounds and mother’s heartbeat.”

  What the Heart Can Feel

  1   Gordan et al., “Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function”; Shivkumar et al., “Clinical neurocardiology.”

  2   Herring & Paterson, “Neuromodulators of peripheral cardiac sympatho-vagal balance.”

  3   McCraty, Science of the Heart.

  4   D. Childre et al., Heart Intelligence, Waterfront Press, San Francisco, 2016.

  5   J. L. Helm et al., “Assessing cross-partner associations in physiological responses via coupled oscillator models,” Emotion, vol. 12, no. 4, August 2012, pp. 748–62.

  6   K. C. Light et al., “More frequent partner hugs and higher oxytocin levels are linked to lower blood pressure and heart rate in premenopausal women,” Biological Psychology, vol. 69, 2005, pp. 5–21.

  7   J. Gutkowska et al., “Oxytocin releases atrial natriuretic peptide by combining with oxytocin receptors in the heart,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 94, no. 21, October 14, 1997, pp. 11704–09; Gutkowska et al., “The role of oxytocin in cardiovascular regulation.”

  8   I. Schneiderman et al., “Love alters autonomic reactivity to emotions,” Emotion, vol. 11, no. 6, December 2011, pp. 1314–21.

  9   J. Chatel-Goldman et al., “Touch increases autonomic coupling between romantic partners,” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 8, March 27, 2014, p. 95
; P. Goldstein et al., “The role of touch in regulating interpartner physiological coupling during empathy for pain,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, June 12, 2017, p. 3252.

  10 S. C. Walker et al., “C-tactile afferents: Cutaneous mediators of oxytocin release during affiliative tactile interactions?” Neuropeptides, vol. 64, August 2017, pp. 27–38; K. Uvnäs-Moberg et al., “Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 5, January 12, 2015, p. 1529.

  11 Goldstein et al., “The role of touch in regulating interpartner physiological coupling.”

  12 M. H. Huang et al., “An intrinsic adrenergic system in mammalian heart,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 98, no. 6, September 15, 1996, pp. 1298–1303; M. H. Huang et al., “Neuroendocrine properties of intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cells in fetal heart rate,” American Journal of Physiology Heart Circulation Physiology, vol. 288, no. 2, February 2005, H497–503.

 

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