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Tejano music, 400–401
música jíbara, 331
Muskogean-speaking people, 36, 42, 55
Muskogee people, 96
mutulistas, 358
Nacogdoches (Texas), 183
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 405–407
Nanipacana people, 38
Napoleon III. See Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon
narco crime, 409, 413–416
narcocorridos, 414
narcotraficantes, 409
Narváez, Pánfilo de, 21, 26, 33, 34
Nashville (Tennessee), 217
Natchez (Mississippi), 37
Natchez territory, 124–125
Natchitoches chiefdom, 97
National Hispanic Heritage Month, 434
Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, 332
Native Americans
British and Spanish in colonial period, 96
claims to the land, 107
enslavement of, 90
French and, 94
infectious diseases, 22, 72, 85, 88, 95
marriages of whites to, 85n
North Ordinance and, 122
trade with Spanish, 109–110
nativos, 286
Natural History of the Indies (Fernández de Oviedo
y Valdés), 31, 35n
Navajo people, 62
Navarro, José, 138
Navidad (California), 77
Navigation Acts, 112
Nebraska, 65, 98
Negro Fort (Florida), 169–170, 224
Nevada, 249
New Amsterdam, 87
A New and Accurate Account of the Provinces of South Carolina and Georgia (Oglethorpe), 101
New England, colonial period, 87–88
New France, 92
New Laws of the Indies (1542), 28
“New Madrid,” 127, 128
New Mexico, 141, 142, 216, 225, 226, 242, 250, 252, 281, 371–372
17th century uprisings, 98
Chicano activism, 378
Civil War and, 242–243
economy of, 71
education spending, 371–372
Enabling Act (1910), 286
geography, 62
government and administration, 72
indigenous people, 61–62
land grants, 250–252, 378
missions in, 70–72, 80
nativos, 286
Oñate, 66–68, 80–81
Peralta, 69
population of, 72–73
slavery, 242
Spanish exploration, 61–63, 66–68, 80–81
statehood, 250, 281–287
New Orleans (Louisiana), 108, 143–153, 310–311
New Smyrna (Florida), 114
New Spain
19th century, 163–165
connecting east and west, 141–142
encomienda system, 10, 28, 42
Gálvez and, 109
history, 22
Internal Provinces, 109
map of mission sites, xii
missionaries and missions, 24
religious conversion, 10–11
New World, use of term, 12
New World Mural (Miami), 383
New York City
20th century Spanish immigrants, 324–326
Cuban exiles in the 1800’s, 260–261
Cuban music, 329–332
Spanish culture, 323–346
urban renewal, 369
Ngai, Mae, 6
Nicaragua, 175, 389
Nieto-Phillips, John, 377
No Transfer Resolution (1811), 162
la Noche Triste, 21
Nogales (Arizona), 1–2, 250, 302
Nogales (Mexico), 1–2
Nootka Convention, 132–133
Nootka Sound (B.C., Canada), 129–133
North Carolina, 31–32, 37, 49, 83, 123
North West America (schooner), 131
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 122
Notable History of Florida (Laudonnière), 46
Nova Albion, 77
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato (mission), 56
Nuestra Señora de la Bahía de Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga (presidio), 98
Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais (mission), 98
Nuestra Señora de los Dolores mission, 79
Nueva Vizcaya, 66
Obama, Barack, 345, 381, 403, 408, 409, 411, 418, 420
Obregón, Alvaro, 292, 301
O’Donojú, Juan, 176
Of the New World (Martyr), 35n
Official Languages Act (1902), 275
Ogé, Vincent, 146
Oglethorpe, James Edward, 100–104
Ohio, 178
Ohkay Owingeh people, 67
Ohlone people, 137, 138, 140
Ojeda Ríos, Filiberto, 345–346
Oklahoma, 281, 284
Old Spanish Trail highway, 316–317
Olmos, Alonso de, 53–54
Olson, Culbert L., 355
O’Malley, Walter, 366
Omi, Michael, 5
Oñate, Juan de, 65–69, 80–81
Onís, Luis de, 171–172, 173
Opata people, 62
Operation Bootstrap, 339–340
Operation Gatekeeper, 415
Operation Hold the Line (1993), 415
Operation Sea Signal, 390
Operation Wetback, 363–364
Opportunities in the Colonies and Cuba, 276
ordinances of discovery, 54
O’Reilly, Alejandro, 126, 145
Organic Act (1900), 275
Orista people, 41, 42, 51, 55
Oroysom people, 138
Orozco, José Clemente, 352
Orozco, Pascual, 291, 292
Ortiz, Juan, 36
Ortiz Cofer, Judith, 328
Ortiz Monasterio, José María, 200
Osage people, 127
O’Sullivan, John Louis, 207
Otermin, Antonio de, 74
Otero, Miguel, 283–285
Our Lady of Sorrows mission, 79
Ovando, Nicolás de, 14
pachucos, 355, 356
Pacific railroad Act (1862), 248
Pacino, Al, 388
Pact of Zanjón, 262
Painter, Nell Irvin, 5
Pakenham, Richard, 206
Palóu, Francisco, 135
Pan American Exposition (1939), 318
Panama Canal, 280, 316
Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 316
Paquiquineo (Don Luis de Velasco), 37, 52–54
Pardo, Juan, 49, 50
Pareja, Fracisco, 55
Paris, Treaty of (1763), 108, 119–121
Paris, Treaty of (1898), 271, 272
Parris Island (South Carolina), 13–14, 40
Partido Liberal Mexicano, 290
Patriot War, 162
Pauger, Adrien de, 143
Pawnee people, 98, 99
Paz, Octavio, 2
Peace with Mexico (Gallatin), 215
Pecos people, 63, 74
Pedro de Corpa, 56
Peña Nieto, Enrique, 402
Peña y Peña, Manuel de la, 216
Peninsular War, 166
peninsulares, 157
Pensacola (Florida), 112, 118, 172, 173, 434
Pensacola Bay (Florida), 37
Perales, Alonso, 360
Peralta, Pedro de, 69
Pérez, Juan, 130, 131
Perfecto de Cos, Martín, 193
Pershing, John, 299
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996), 390
Peru, 23, 175
Philippe d’Anjou (French prince), 95
Philippines, 78, 282
Phinney, Jennifer, 428
Phoenix (Arizona), 369
Pico, Andrés, 211
Picolata (fort), 103
Picuris people, 74
Pierce, Franklin, 223–224, 240, 241
Pilgrims, 88
Pima Bajo people,
62
Pinckney, Thomas, 151
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), 151
Piñero, Jesús, 340
Pino, Pedro Bautista, 165n
Pino Suárez, José María, 293
piracy, 39–40, 78, 87
Piro people, 61, 67, 74, 75
Pitt, William (the Younger), 132
Pizarro, Francisco, 23
Plains Indians, 62, 65
Plains people, 137
Plan de Ayala, 292, 296
Plan de Guadalupe, 293
Plan de San Diego, 297, 298, 301
Plan of Casa Mata, 177
Plan of Cuernavaca, 193
Plan of Iguala, 176
Plan of Veracruz, 177
El plan spiritual de Aztlán, 376–377
plantation economy, Carolinas, 91
plantations, 16th century Ireland, 83
Platt Amendment (1903), 384
Pless v. Ferguson, 373
Plymouth, 84
Plymuth Colony, 88
Pocahantas, 85
Poinsett, Joel R., 186
Polk, James Knox, 206–207, 208–209, 211, 213, 217, 218, 232, 239
Polk, Sarah, 217
Pollock, Oliver, 117
Ponce de León, Juan, 14–16, 25, 30, 31
Ponce Massacre, 335
Po’pay (religious leader), 73
Popham Colony, 85
Port Royal Sound (South Carolina), 32, 40, 41
Porter, Cole, 331
Portillo, Pedro, 294
Portiriato period, 289
Portobello, Battle of, (1739), 103
Portolá, Gaspar de, 135, 136
Portugal, sphere of influence in New World, 3
Portuguese exploration, California, 78
Portuguese slave trade, 27
Poulson, Norris, 365
Power, Ramón, 158
Powhatan confederacy, 85
Prado, Pérez, 331
Preemption act of 1841, 227–228
Prescott, William Hickling, 210
The Presidential Succession in 1910 (Madero), 290–291
presidios, 109
Price, Sterling, 246
Primería Alta, 62, 134
Princess Royal (ship), 132
Prinze, Freddie, 399
Proclamation Line of 1763, 120, 121
PROMESA (Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act) (2016), 422
Prospect Bluff (Florida), 169
Protestant Reformation, 39
Protocol of Querétaro, 232
Pueblo people, 61, 62, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72–76, 234, 283
Pueblo religious practices, 69–70
Pueblo Revolt, 73–74
Puente, Ernesto “Tito,” 331
Puerto Rican music, 331–332
Puerto Ricans
21st century, 421–425
activism of, 379–380
in New York City (20th century), 326–327
Puerto Rico, 14, 16, 40, 50, 160, 175, 262, 271–280
Albizu Campos, 332–333
baseball and, 267
Boricua Popular Army (Los Macheteros), 345
citizenship, 277–278, 335
commonwealth status, 342, 422
debt crisis, 422
FALN, 344–345
Gag Law, 341
Great Depression and, 333–334
Hurricane María, 423–424
Jones-Shafroth Act (1917), 278, 279
modenr economy, 340
modern status of, 341–346
music of, 331–332
nationalist movement, 335–338
Operation Bootstrap, 339–340
pharmaceutical companies in, 421
Ponce Massacre, 335
Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA), 422
race and, 270
Section 936, 421
statehood movement, 422–423
Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA), 333–334
Pulitzer, Joseph, 268
Pupo (fort), 103
Puritans, 87–88
Quapaw people, 127
Queen Anne’s War (1702–13), 95
Queen Calafia, legend of, 134
Queen Charlotte Islands, 130, 131
Quejo, Pedro de, 31, 32
Quetzalcóatl (Aztec god), 18
Quintanilla-Pérez, Selena, 400–401
Quisqueya (Hispaniola), 9–10
Quitman, John A., 240
Quivara, 63
race
caste system, 48
Cubans and, 264–265, 273–274, 310–311, 367
Hispanic identity and, 5–6
mestizaje, 5, 11, 48
Puerto Rico and, 270
“racialization,” 5
railroads, 224, 248–249
Raleigh, Walter, 83
Ramírez, Francisco P., 229–231, 232n
Ramírez Ortiz, Antulio, 387
Ramos, Basilio, 297
rancherías, 137
Rattlesnake Island, 104
Raynal, Abbé, 111
Read, Lucy, 299
Reagan, Ronald, 389
rebellions. See uprisings and rebellions
Reclamation Act (1902), 304
Reconstruction, 248
Red Eagle (Native American), 167
Red Stick War, 167–168
Reform and Control Act (1986), 389–390
Reform War, 244
Reily, E. Montgomery, 279–280
La Relación (Cabeza de Vaca), 35
religious conversion of indigenous population, 10–11, 24
in California, 138
by English colonists, 87
in Florida, 52–58
in Mexico, 64–65
of Pueblo people, 69–70
in Texas, 99
Republic of Fredonia, 190
Republic of Mexico, 189, 244
Republic of Texas, 205
Republic of West Florida, 161
Republican Army of the North, 164
Resolution (ship), 129
Revolutionary War. See American Revolution
Rhode Island, 204
Ribault, Jean, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45
Ribero, Diego, 33
Rickahockan people, 90
Riggs, Elisha Francis, 334
Río de los Brazos de Dios (Texas), 182, 184
Río Grande, 66–67, 153, 207–208, 223
Río Grande valley, 65, 72
Río Hondo (Texas), 154
Río Jesús y María, 98
Rio San Lorenzo, 98
Rivera, Diego, 352
Rivière de Mai (Florida), 40–41
Roanoke people, 83
Roberto Alvarez v. Lemon Grove School District (1973), 372
Robinson Creek (Florida), 102
Rochambeau, Vocomte de (Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur), 152
Rodríguez, Abelardo, 353
Rodríguez, Agustín, 64
Rodríguez, Ricardo, 235
Rodriguez, Richard, 5–6
Rogel Juan, 55
Rolfe, John, 85, 87
Romney, Mitt, 403
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 320, 333
Roosevelt, Theodore, 271, 284
Roosevelt Corollary, 280
Roosevelt Dam (Arizona), 304
Rosselló, Ricardo, 422–423
Rothschild, L.G. (Baron), 284
Rouffi, Guillaume, 43
“Rough Riders,” 271
Royal African Company, 86, 89
Rubí, Marqués de (Cayetano María Pignatelli Rubí Corbera y San Climent), 108–109
Ruíz, José Francisco, 199
Ruiz de Burton, María Amparo, 254–257
The Rum Diary (Muñoz Marín), 343
rumba music, 330
runaway slaves, 100, 102, 103, 115, 121
Russian-American Company, 188
Russians, northern Pacific coast, 12–130
Sabine River (Texas), 154, 174, 181, 186
Sahagún,
Bernardino de, 35n
Sainsevain, Pierre, 227
Saint-Domingue, 92, 146, 148, 149, 151–152, 160
Salas, José Mariano, 222
Saldívar, Yolanda, 400
Salinan people, 138
Salinas, Carlos, 405
Salinas Pueblo MIssions National Monument, 80
Salvatierra, Juan Maria de, 79
San Antón de Carlos (Florida fort), 46
San Antonio (ship), 135, 136
San Antonio (Texas), 165
San Antonio de Béxar (presidio), 98, 164, 193, 196, 197
San Antonio de Valero (mission), 98
San Augustine (Texas), 98
San Blas (Mexico), 109
San Carlos (ship), 135, 136
San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (mission), 136
San Clemente (California), 315
San Diego (California), 77, 211, 316
San Diego (fort), 103
San Diego (California), 415
San Diego de Alcalá (mission), 136
San Diego de Satuache (mission, South Carolina), 54
San Estevan del Rey (mission), 80
San Felipe de Austin (Texas), 184, 192, 200
San Felipe del Nuevo México, 65
San Francisco Bay, 136
San Francisco de Asís (mission), 136
San Francisco de los Tejas (mission), 95
San Gabriel (mission), 140
San Gabriel de Yunque (New Mexico), 67
San Gregorio de Abó (mission), 80
San Ildefonso, Third Treaty of (1800), 152
San Jacinto (Texas), 194, 218
San José (ship), 135
San José de Guadalupe (California), 141
San Juan Bautista (island). See Puerto Rico
San Juan Bautista (Texas), 97
San Juan de los Caballeros (New Mexico), 67
San Juan de Ulúa (fort) (Mexico), 81
San Juan Hill, Battle of, 271
San Lorenzo, Treaty of (1795), 151
San Lorenzo de Nuca (British Columbia), 131
San Luis de Apalachee mission, 91
San Luís de Talimali (mission), 57–58
San Luis Obispo (California), 140
San Luis Rey (mission), 252
San Marcos (fort), 91, 95
San Marcos de Apalache (fort), 172
San Miguel (church, Santa Fe), 79–80
San Miguel de Culiacán (Mexico), 60
San Miguel de Gualdape (colony), 32–33
San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes (mission), 98
San Pasqual, Battle of, 211
San Patricios Battalion, 211
San Pedro de Mocama (mission), 55
San Pelayo (ship), 45
San Ramón (ship), 118
San Sabá (mission), 135
San Salvador, discovery of, 9
San Xavier del Bac (mission), 79
Sánchez, Francisco, 65
Sánchez, Francisco del Moral, 101
Sánchez, George I., 371
Sánchez, George J., 6
Sánchez y Tapia, José María, 182
Santa Ana (galleon), 78
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 177, 190, 192, 193, 195–196, 198, 199–200, 201, 202, 203, 205–206, 211, 213, 224
Santa Bárbara (Mexico), 64, 65, 66
Santa Bárbara (mission), 187
Santa Catalina de Guale (mission), 55, 56