22. See Jan-Bernd Lohmöller, Jürgen W. Falter, Johann de Rijke and Andreas Link, ‘Der Einfluss der Weltwirtschaftskrise auf den NSDAP-Aufstieg’, in Jürgen W. Falter, Christian Fenner and Michael Th. Greven (eds.), Politische Willensbildung und Interessenvermittlung (Opladen, 1984), pp. 391–401, especially pp. 400–401.
23. For some cautious remarks on this see Richard Bessel, ‘The Nazi capture of power’, Journal of Contemporary History, 39 (2004), pp. 169–88, especially p. 170.
24. Hess to Fritz Hess, Munich, 24.10.1930, HB, p. 405.
25. Brechtken, Albert Speer, pp. 31–4.
26. GT, 6.1.1931, I/2/I, p. 319.
27. Speech, 16.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 108; Speech, 1.12.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 141.
28. Speech, 16.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 115.
29. Thus Turner, Big Business, p. 127.
30. Article 1.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 43.
31. Speech, 1.12.1930, RSA, IV/1, pp. 141–4.
32. WA, pp. 68–9.
33. Speech, 18.1.1931, IV/1, p. 174.
34. Article, 8.4.1931, IV/1, p. 274; Speech, 25.10.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 30.
35. Speech, 1.12.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 142; Speech, 29.1.1931, RSA, IV/1, pp. 180–81; Speech, 23.10.1930, RSA, IV/1, pp. 26–7; Speech, 1.12.1930, IV/1, p. 142; Speech, 13.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 103; Speech, 13.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 96; Speech, 16.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 110.
36. WA, pp. 204–6.
37. WA, p. 213.
38. WA, pp. 276–7.
39. WA, p. 214.
40. WA, p. 214.
41. Thus Speech, 13.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 91.
42. E.g. Speech, 6.9.1930, RSA, III/3, p. 384; Speech, 2.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 47; Speech, 5.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 53; Speech, 7.12.1930, IV/1, p. 153.
43. Speech, 13.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 104; Speech, 23.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 131.
44. See Reiner Flik, Von Ford lernen? Automobilbau und Motorisierung in Deutschland bis 1933 (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 2001), pp. 58–9.
45. Speech 8.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 80. In the same vein see Speech, 5.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 53.
46. Speech, 29.1.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 181.
47. Speech, 7.12.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 152.
48. Speech, 8.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 79. In the same vein see Speech, 7.12.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 152; Speech, 24.4.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 332; Article, 4.7.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 26; Speech, 9.9.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 99; Speech, 3.11.1931 RSA, IV/2, p. 180.
49. Declaration, 6.2.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 185.
50. Speech, 5.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 53. In same vein see Speech, 13.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 95.
51. Thilo Vogelsang, ‘Neue Dokumente zur Geschichte der Reichswehr, 1930–1933’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 2 (1954), pp. 397–436 (quotation on p. 406).
52. Fein, Hitlers Weg nach Nürnberg, p. 201.
53. Turner, Big Business, pp. 129–31.
54. Quoted in Turner, Big Business, p. 218.
55. Thus Horst Matzerath and Henry A. Turner, ‘Die Selbstfinanzierung der NSDAP, 1930–1932’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 3 (1977), pp. 59–92, especially pp. 69–70. This picture is confirmed by Otto Dietrich, 12 Jahre mit Hitler (Munich, 1955), pp. 185–8.
56. Decree, 7.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 64.
57. Albrecht Tyrell, ‘Der Wegbereiter–Hermann Göring als politischer Beauftragter Hitlers in Berlin 1930–1932/33’, in Manfred Funke, Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Hans-Helmuth Knütter and Hans-Peter Schwarz (eds.), Demokratie und Diktatur. Geist und Gestalt politischer Herrschaft in Deutschland und Europa. Festschrift für Karl-Dietrich Bracher (Düsseldorf, 1987), pp. 178–97.
58. See the memoirs of the deputy leader, Theodor Duesterberg, Der Stahlhelm und Hitler (Wolfenbüttel and Hanover, 1949), pp. 13–14.
59. Speech, 22.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, pp. 122–3.
60. Malinowski, Vom König zum Führer, especially pp. 445, 478, 508, 516. See also Georg H. Kleine, ‘Adelsgenossenschaft und Nationalsozialismus’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 26 (1978), pp. 100–143, especially p. 113.
61. ‘Aufzeichnung des Fürsten Eulenburg-Hertefeld über seine Besprechung mit Hitler am 24. Januar 1931’, in Kurt Gossweiler and Alfred Schlicht, ‘Junker und NSDAP, 1931/32’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 15 (1967), pp. 653–62.
62. WA, pp. 49–53.
63. Adolf Kimmel, Der Aufstieg des Nationalsozialismus im Spiegel der französischen Presse, 1930–1933 (Bonn, 1969), pp. 73–81; William F. Sheldon, ‘Das Hitler-Bild in der “Time” 1923–1933’, in Joachim Hütter, Reinhard Meyers and Dietrich Papenfuss (eds.), Tradition und Neubeginn. Internationale Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert (Cologne, 1975), pp. 67–81, especially pp. 75–7; and Frank McDonough, ‘The Times, Norman Ebbut and the Nazis, 1927–37’, Journal of Contemporary History, 27 (1992), pp. 407–24 (for Nazi attempts to influence Ebbutt, p. 40).
64. Thus Hess to Fritz Hess, Munich, 24.10.1930, HB, p. 405.
65. WA, p. 89.
66. WA, p. 90.
67. Thus WA, p. 230.
68. Interview, 2.10.1930, RSA, IV/1, pp. 3–4.
69. WA, p. 90.
70. Conradi, Hanfstaengl, pp. 80, 83, 85.
71. Interview, 4.10.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 5; Interview, 14.10.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 21.
72. Alfred Kube, Pour le mérite und Hakenkreuz. Hermann Göring im Dritten Reich (Munich, 1986), pp. 17–18. See also Hans Woller, ‘Machtpolitisches Kalkül oder ideologische Affinität? Zur Frage des Verhältnisses zwischen Hitler und Mussolini vor 1933’, in Wolfgang Benz, Hans Buchheim and Hans Mommsen (eds.), Der Nationalsozialismus. Studien zur Ideologie und Herrschaft (Frankfurt, 1993), pp. 42–63.
73. See Wolfgang Schieder, Faschistische Diktaturen. Studien zu Italien und Deutschland (Göttingen, 2008), pp. 236–41.
74. GT, 20.2.1931, II/1, pp. 349–50; GT, 27.2.1931 II/1, p. 354.
75. Decree, 3.2.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 183. For Hitler and Röhm’s homosexuality see Burkhard Jellonnek, Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz. Die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich (Paderborn, 1990), pp. 58–61.
76. ‘Das aussenpolitische Exposé von Ernst Röhm über die Zukunft Europas’ [April 1931], in Hans-Günter Richardi and Klaus Schumann, Geheimakte Gerlich/Bell. Röhms Pläne für ein Reich ohne Hitler (Munich, 1993), pp. 206–14.
77. Speech, 7.3.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 229; Speech, 4.4.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 260.
78. See Richard Bessel, Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism: The Storm Troopers in Eastern Germany, 1925–1934 (New Haven, 1984); and Conan Fischer, Stormtroopers: A Social, Economic and Ideological Analysis, 1929–35 (London, 1983).
79. Benjamin Carter Hett, Crossing Hitler: The Man Who Put the Nazis on the Witness Stand (Oxford, 2008), pp. 83–9, 263–75.
80. Speech, 7.4.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 272; Decree, 27.4.1931, RSA, IV/1, pp. 336–8; Speech, 2.5.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 352.
81. GT, 8.6.1931, I/2/I, p. 34.
82. WA, p. 106.
83. Milan Hauner, Hitler: A Chronology of His Life and Time, 2nd edn (Basingstoke, 2005), p. 73; Interview, 1.5.1931, RSA, IV/1, pp. 347–8.
84. Interview, 9.6.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 407.
85. WA, pp. 154–9.
86. Speech, 8.2.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 194. In the same vein Speech, 22.2.1931, IV/1, p. 220; and Speech, 19.4.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 317.
87. Speech, 24.4.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 334; Speech, 5.11.1930, IV/1, p. 56; Speech, 11.12.1930, IV/1, p. 164.
88. Karl Erich Born, Die deutsche Bankenkrise 1931. Finanzen und Politik (Munich, 1967), especially pp. 64–109.
89. Speech, 8.2.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 194; Speech, 16.4.1931, RSA, IV/1, pp. 307–8; Speech, 9.5.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 371; Speech, 3.7.1931, RSA, IV/2, pp. 4–5; Interview, July 1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 46; Interview, 14.7.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 35; Interview, 22.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 302.
90. E.g. WA, p. 185 on Hitler’s response to the devalation of Sterling in autumn 1931.
91. Speech, 25.6.1931, RSA, IV/1, p. 414.
92. Speech, 25.6.1931, RSA, IV/1
, p. 417.
93. Speech, 4.9.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 73.
94. Article, 1.11.1930, RSA, IV/1, p. 45.
95. Turner, Big Business, p. 129.
96. WA, p. 198.
97. Article, 4.4.1931, IV/1, p. 252; Hitler to Rosenberg, 24.8.1931, RSA, VI, pp. 352–3.
98. Turner, Big Business, p. 143.
99. Hess to Klara and Fritz Hess, 3.9.1931, Berlin, HB, p. 413.
100. Quoted in Turner, Big Business, pp. 171–12.
101. Thus at any rate Heinrich Brüning, Memoiren, 1918–1934 (Stuttgart, 1970), p. 272.
102. GT, 24.8.1931, I/2/II, p. 83.
103. Thus Turner, Big Business, p. 217.
104. Hess to Klara and Fritz Hess, 3.9.1931, Berlin, HB, p. 413.
105. GT, 20.1.1931, I/2/II, p. 200; GT, 26.8.1931, I/2/II, p. 85; GT, 14–16.9.1931, I/2/II, pp. 97–101.
106. Dietrich, 12 Jahre, p. 197.
107. GT, 25.9.1931, I/2/II, p. 107; GT, 22.12.1931, I/2/II, p. 154; GT, 27.10.1931, I/2/II, p. 135.
108. Quoted in Hamann, Hitlers Bayreuth, p. 210.
109. Declaration, 21.9.1931, RSA, IV/2, pp. 109–11.
110. Reported in footnote to speech, RSA, IV/2, p. 111.
111. Thus Stratigakos, Hitler at Home, pp. 20–23, 149–54 et passim.
112. GT, 25.9.1931, I/2/II, p. 107; GT, 30.9.1931, I/2/II, p. 12.
113. Speech, 25.9.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 116.
114. Decree, 2.11.1931, RSA, IV/2, pp. 177–8.
115. Volker Hentschel, Weimars letzte Monate. Hitler und der Untergang der Republik (Düsseldorf, 1978), pp. 117–19.
116. Thus Sven Tode, Die Gelita Story. 125 Jahre DGF Stoess AG (Hamburg, 2003), pp. 119–20.
117. Turner, Big Business, p. 239.
118. Thus Wolfram Pyta, Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler (Munich, 2007), pp. 635–7. For an eyewitness account see Levetzow to Donnersmarck, in Gerhard Granier, Magnus von Levetzow. Seeoffizier, Monarchist und Wegbereiter Hitlers. Lebensweg und ausgewählte Dokumente (Boppard am Rhein, 1982), pp. 307–11.
119. Larry Eugene Jones, ‘Nationalists, Nazis and the assault against Weimar: revisiting the Harzburg Rally of October 1931’, German Studies Review, 29 (2006), pp. 483–94, especially pp. 486–8.
120. GT, 12.10.1931, I/2/II, p. 121.
121. Interview, 20.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 297; Hitler to Groener, 14.11.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 202; Decree, 28.11.1931, RSA, IV/2, pp. 212–15; Order of the Day, 1.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 225; Decree, 12.10.1931, RSA, IV/2, pp. 132–4.
122. Granier, Levetzow, p. 163.
123. Jens Petersen, Hitler–Mussolini. Die Entstehung der Achse Berlin–Rom 1933–1936: (Tübingen, 1973), pp. 44–5.
124. Waddington, Hitler’s Crusade, p. 42.
125. Quotation from Bernard V. Burke, Ambassador Frederic Sackett and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic, 1930–1933: The United States and Hitler’s Rise to Power (Cambridge, 1994), p. 8.
126. Hitler to Sefton Delmer, 30.9.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 120; Hitler to Brüning, 14.10.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 145; Press Conference, 4.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 233; Interview, 5.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, pp. 236–8.
127. Thus GT, 11.12.1931, I/2/II, p. 169.
128. GT, 5.12.1931, I/2/II, p. 164.
129. Article, 7.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, pp. 248–9; Article, 7.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 251; Interview, 20.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 297; Article, 7.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 251; Interview, 20.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 295. See also Burke, Sackett, p. 185.
130. Article, 7.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 252; Interview, 20.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, pp. 299–300; Broadcast, 11.12.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 259.
131. Quoted in Krebs, Tendenzen und Gestalten, p. 145.
132. Speech, 3.7.1931, RSA, IV/2, p. 21.
133. WA, p. 248.
134. Hitler to Brüning, 14.10.1931, RSA, IV/2, pp. 148, 158.
135. Speech, 26.1.1932, RSA, IV/3, p. 88.
136. WA, p. 58.
137. Article, 10.9.1930, RSA, III/3, p. 395.
Chapter 9: Making the Fewest Mistakes
1. See Krebs, Tendenzen und Gestalten, p. 137.
2. WA, p. 270, which dates these remarks to ‘just before Christmas 1931’.
3. Heinrich Brüning, Memoiren, 1918–1934 (Stuttgart, 1970), pp. 504–6.
4. See GT, I, 2/II, 10/11.1.1932, pp. 192–3.
5. Speech, 26.1.1932, RSA, IV/3, p. 108.
6. Hitler to Hindenburg, 28.2.1932, RSA, IV/3, p. 146.
7. See WA, pp. 368–74, 453–60, 474–7.
8. Lars Lüdicke, Constantin von Neurath. Eine politische Biographie (Paderborn, 2014), p. 205.
9. Hitler to Haniel, 25.1.1932, RSA, IV/3, pp. 68–9. Originally, the Industrieklub had invited Gregor Strasser.
10. Turner, Big Business, p. 97. See also Volker Hentschel, Weimars letzte Monate. Hitler und der Untergang der Republik (Düsseldorf, 1978), pp. 115–16; and Henry Ashby Turner, Jr, ‘Fritz Thyssen und “I paid Hitler”’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 19 (1971), pp. 225–44, especially pp. 231–3. Claims that Hitler received substantial foreign financial help to take power have also been disproved: Hermann Lutz, ‘Fälschungen zur Auslandsfinanzierung Hitlers’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 2 (1954), pp. 386–96.
11. Speech, 26.1.1932, RSA, IV/3, p. 104. See also Turner, Big Business, pp. 204–17.
12. Proclamation, 16.2.1932, RSA, IV/3, p. 128.
13. Larry Eugene Jones, ‘Adolf Hitler and the 1932 presidential elections: a study in Nazi strategy and tactics’, in Markus Raasch and Tobias Hirschmüller (eds.), Von Freiheit, Solidarität und Subsidiarität–Staat und Gesellschaft der Moderne in Theorie und Praxis (Berlin, 2013), pp. 549–73, especially pp. 555–6.
14. GT, 20.1.1932, I/2/II, p. 199.
15. Manfred Overesch, ‘Die Einbürgerung Hitlers 1930 [sic]’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 40 (1992), pp. 543–66.
16. GT, 3.2.1932, I/2/II, p. 209.
17. Christoph Raichle, Hitler als Symbolpolitiker (Stuttgart, 2014), pp. 29–31 (quotation on p. 30).
18. See Jones, ‘Adolf Hitler and the 1932 presidential elections’, pp. 563–4, 569.
19. Raichle, Symbolpolitker, p. 32.
20. GT, 14.3.1932, I/2/II, p. 242.
21. Article, 22.3.1932, RSA, IV/3, pp. 264–5; Adolf Hitler to Nordische Rundfunk AG, 17.3.1932, RSA, IV/3, pp. 245–6.
22. Thus Conradi, Hitler’s Piano Player, p. 91.
23. ‘Streng vertraulicher Bericht über die Besprechung mit Adolf Hitler am 22. März 1932’, in William L. Patch, ‘Adolf Hitler und der Christlich-Soziale Volksdienst. Ein Gespräch aus dem Frühjahr 1932’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 37 (1989), pp. 145–55 (quotations on pp. 151, 152, 153, 155).
24. See Jason Crouthamel, ‘“Comradeship” and “friendship”: masculinity and militarisation in Germany’s homosexual emancipation movement after the First World War’, Gender & History, 23 (2011), pp. 111–29, especially pp. 121 (re Hindenburg and homosexuals) and 124–5.
25. GT, 28.3.1932, I/2/II, p. 250.
26. Declaration, 6.4.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 32.
27. For Hitler’s private preoccupation with foreign policy at this time see GT, 23.2.1932, I/2/II, p. 225.
28. Declaration, 2.4.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 4; Speech, 23.1.1932, RSA, IV/3, pp. 53–4; Speech, 8.1.1932, RSA, IV/3, p. 19; Speech, 1.3.1932, RSA, IV/3, p. 155; 2.3.1932, RSA, IV/3, pp. 165–6; Speech, 4.3.1932, RSA, IV/3, p. 171.
29. Speech, 4.4.1932, RSA, V/1, pp. 20–21; Declaration, 2.4.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 12.
30. GT, 25.10.1931, 1/2/II, p. 133.
31. Interview, 29.4.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 101.
32. Thus GT, 12.5.1932, I/2/II, p. 279. See also Longerich, Braunen Bataillone, p. 154.
33. Thus Rudolph, ‘Nationalsozialisten in Ministersesseln’, p. 263.
34. Quoted in Raichle, Symbolpolitiker, p. 36, with other citations.
35. Otto Dietrich, Mit Hitler an die Macht. Persönliche Erlebnisse mit meinem Führer (Munich, 1934), p. 70.
36. Speech,
2.6.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 150; Speech, 14.6.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 173.
37. Thus Müller, ‘Der “jüdische Kapitalist” als Drahtzieher und Hintermann’, p. 182 (with quotations).
38. Proclamation, 22.6.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 190; Speech, 3.7.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 205; Preface, 15.7.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 222; Speech, 20.7.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 243; Speech, 12.6.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 164.
39. Lutz Kinkel, Die Scheinwerferin. Leni Riefenstahl und das ‘Dritte Reich’ (Hamburg and Vienna, 2002), pp. 35, 39–41 (quotations on pp. 35 and 41).
40. Turner, Big Business, pp. 247–8.
41. GT, 1.6.1932, I/2/II, p. 294. See also GT, 3.6.1932, I/2/II, p. 295.
42. Speech, 28.6.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 201. For the continued strength of Bavarian particularism see Robert S. Garnett, Jr, Lion, Eagle, and Swastika: Bavarian Monarchism in Weimar Germany, 1918–1933 (New York, 1991), pp. 294–307.
43. Speech, 3.7.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 205.
44. See Ian Kershaw, ‘Adolf Hitler. George Sylvester Viereck, 1932’, in the Guardian series ‘Great Interviews of the 20th Century’ (2007), pp. 7–9.
45. Meeting protocol, 13.8.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 167.
46. Quoted in Detlef Junker, Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei und Hitler 1932/33. Ein Beitrag zur Problematik des politischen Katholizismus in Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1969), p. 59. See also Wolfram Pyta, Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler (Munich, 2007).
47. Speech, 19.6.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 189; Speech, 14.6.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 176; Speech, 24.6.1932, RSA, V/1, p. 198.
48. See Thomas D. Grant, Stormtroopers and Crisis in the Nazi Movement: Activism, Ideology and Dissolution (London and New York, 2004), pp. 137–8 et passim.
49. Thus Thomas Childers and Eugene Weiss, ‘Voters and violence: political violence and the limits of National Socialist mass mobilization’, German Studies Review, 13 (1990), pp. 481–98, especially pp. 484, 489, 494.
50. Richard Bessel, ‘The Potempa murder’, Central European History, 10 (1977), pp. 241–54, especially pp. 242, 251; Paul Kluke, ‘Der Fall Potempa’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 5 (1957), pp. 279–97.
51. Thus GT, 5.2.1932, I/2/II, p. 211.
52. Thus GT, 2.5.1932, I/2/II, p. 273.
53. GT, 3.9.1932, I/2/II, p. 356.
54. GT, 7.10.1932, I/2/III, p. 31.
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