37See, among other works, the special issue on ‘Poverty Reduction in [the] 1990s’, of the EPW, dated 25–31 January 2003; K. Sundaram and Suresh D. Tendulkar, ‘Poverty in India in the 1990s: An Analysis of Changes in 15 Major States’, EPW, 5 April 2003; Angus Deaton, ed., The Great Indian Poverty Debate (New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2005).
38The words of the novelist Eduardo Galeano, writing of the Latin American city, which in these respects is wholly of a piece with its Indian counterpart. Galeano, ‘The Other Wall’, The New Internationalist, November 1989.
39Cf. special issue on ‘Footloose Labour’, Seminar, November 2003; Supriya RoyChowdhury, ‘Labour Activism and Women in the Unorganised Sector: Garment Export Industry in Bangalore’, EPW, 28 May-4 June 2005; and, for a more general overview, Ajit K. Ghose, ‘The Employment Challenge in India’, EPW, 27 November 2004.
40P. K. Joshi, Ashok Gulati, Pratap S. Birthal, and Laxmi Tewari, ‘Agriculture Diversification in South Asia: Patterns, Determinants and Policy Implications’, EPW, 12 June 2004; M. S. Sidhu, ‘Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry in India: An Appraisal of the Post-Reform Period’, EPW, 9 July 2005.
41Ramesh Chand, ‘Whithern India’s Food Policy: From Food Security to Food Deprivation’, EPW, 12 March 2005; Jean Dréze, ‘Praying for Food Security’, The Hindu, 27 October 2003; Madhura Swaminathan, Weakening Welfare: The Public Distribution of Food in India (New Delhi: LeftWord Books, 2000); Ashok Gulati, Satu Kåhkonen and Pradeep Sharma, ‘The Food Corporation of India: Successes and Failures in Foodgrain Marketing’, in Satu Kåhkonen and Anthony Lanyi, eds, Institutions, Incentives and Economic Reforms in India (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000); and, especially, P. Sainath, Everybody Loves a Good Drought: Stories from India’s Poorest Districts (New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 1996).
42P. Sainath, ‘Trains Raided for Water in TN’, The Times of India, 14 May 1993; Sowmya Sivakumar and Eric Kerbart, ‘Drought, Sustenance and Livelihoods: “Akal” Survey in Rajasthan’, EPW, 17 January 2004.
43Cf. Verrier Elwin, Maria Murder and Suicide (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1943).
44Farmers’ suicides were the subject of a remarkable series of field reports published by P. Sainath in The Hindu, too numerous to list individually, but easily tracked down on www.thehinduonnet.com
Cf. also R. S. Deshpande and Nagesh Prabhu, ‘Farmers’ Distress: Proof Beyond Question’, EPW, 29 October 2005; Tehelka, special issue on the farming crisis, 6 March 2004.
45Cf. Myron Weiner, The Child and the State in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
46Jean Dréze and Aparajita Goyal, ‘Future of Mid-Day Meals’, EPW, 1 November 2003.
47Sucheta Mahajan, ‘MVF India – Education as Empowerment’, Mainstream, 16 August 2003; Rukmini Banerji, ‘Pratham Experiences’, Seminar, February 2005.
48See ‘The PROBE Team’, Public Report on Basic Education in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), Chapter 9.
49Ramachandran, ‘The Best of Times, the Worst of Times’, Seminar, April 2004.
50Subhadra Menon, No Place to Go: Stories of Hope and Despair from India’s Ailing Health Sector (New Delhi; Penguin Books, 2004).
51Pamela Philipose, ‘India is Seriously Sick’, The New Indian Express, 24 January 2006.
52Peoples Union for Democratic Rights, Satpura ki Ghati: People’s Struggle in Hoshangabad (New Delhi: PUDR, 1992).
53Walter Fernandes, ‘Development-induced Displacement and Tribal Women’, in Govind Chandra Rath, ed., Tribal Development in India: The Contemporary Debate (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2006).
54Arup Maharatna, Demographic Perspectives on India’s Tribes (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), Chapter 2 and passim.
55Cf. Rahul, ‘The Bhils: A People Under Threat’, Humanscape, volume 8, number 8, September 2001; various issues of Budhan: The Denotified and Nomadic Tribes Rights Action Group Newsletter.
56Cf. Amita Baviskar, In the Belly of the River: Adivasi Battles over ‘Development’ in the Narmada Valley (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995); Jean Dreze, Meera Samson, and Satyajit Singh, eds, The Dam and the Nation (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998).
57Arjan De Haan and Amaresh Dubey, ‘Poverty, Disparities, or the Development of Underdevelopment in Orissa’, EPW, 28 May–4 June 2005; Sanjay Kumar, ‘Adivasis of South Orissa: Enduring Poverty’, EPW, 27 October 2001; Jean Dréze, ‘No More Lifelines: Political Economy of Hunger in Orissa’, The Times of India, 17 September 2001.
58Meena Menon, ‘The Battle for Bauxite in Orissa’, The Hindu, 20 April 2005.
59Anon., The Struggle Against Bauxite Mining in Orissa (Bangalore: Peoples Union for Civil Liberties, 2003); Anon., How Wrong? How Right? (Kashipur: Agragamee, 1999).
60Quoted in Manash Ghosh, ‘Sins of Development’, The Statesman, 9 March 1999.
61Darryl D’Monte, ‘Another Look at “Backwardness”’, Lokmat Times, 13 October 2000; idem, ‘Recent Memories of Underdevelopment’, posted on www.tehelka.com, 12 October 2000.
62The Struggle Against Bauxite Mining, pp. 15–16; reports in The Indian Express, 18 and 19 December 2000.
63Montek S. Ahluwalia, ‘Economic Reform of States in Post-Reform Period’, EPW, 6 May 2000; S. Mahendra Dev, ‘Post-Reform Regional Variations’, Seminar, May 2004.
64Cf. K. P. Kannan, ‘Shining Socio-Spatial Disparities’, Seminar, May 2004; Jean Dréze, ‘Where Welfare Works: Plus Points of the T[amil] N[adu] Model’, The Times of India, 21 May 2003.
65Angus Deaton and Jean Dréze, ‘Poverty and Inequality in India: A Re-Examination’, EPW, 7 September 2002.
66Srinivasan, Eight Lectures on India’s Economic Reforms (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 31.
67Report in The Statesman, 20 September 2001.
68Daniel H. Pink, ‘The New Face of the Silicon Age’, Wired, February 2002 (http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.02/india_pr.html).
69Manjeet Kripalani and Pete Engardio, ‘The Rise of India’, Business Week, 8 December 2003 (http://www.businessweek.com./magazine/content/03_49/b3861001_mz001.htm).
70Ron Moreau and Sudip Mazumdar, ‘An Indian Champion’, Newsweek, 12 April 2004.
71Bharat Jhunjhunwala, ‘Gathering Storm of Indian Imperialism’, The New Indian Express, 10 August 2005.
72Cohen, India, pp. xv, 285–92.
73Sonia Jabbar, ‘Blood Soil: Chittisinghpora and After’, in Urvashi Butalia, ed., Speaking Peace: Women’s Voices from Kashmir (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 2002), pp. 226f.
74See Atal Behari Vajpayee, ‘Musings from Kumarakom’, The Hindu, 2 January 2001.
75Cf. the list of major terrorist strikes printed in The Indian Express, 7 April 2005.
76Himal South Asian, June 2002; Michael Krepon, ‘No Easy Exits’, India Today, 10 June 2002.
77See Hindustan Times, 19 May 2002.
78James Michael Lyngdoh, Chronicle of an Impossible Election: The Election Commission and the 2002 Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2004), pp. 129, 141–2, 149–50, 180–81, etc.
79Rekha Chowdhury and Nagendra Rao, ‘Kashmir Elections 2002: Implications for Politics of Separatism’, EPW, 4 January 2003.
80Quoted in The Times of India, 26 September 2003.
81See Noorani, ed., The Babri Masjid Question, Volume 2, pp. 197ff.
82See Jyoti Punwani, ‘The Carnage at Godhra’, in Siddharth Varadarajan, ed., Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002).
83Ashutosh Varshney, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), esp. pp. 229–30, 240–1, 275–7; Jan Breman, ‘Ghettoization and Communal Politics: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Hindutva Landscape’, in Ramachandra Guha and Jonathan Parry, eds, Institutions and Inequalities: Essays for André Béteille (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999); Udit Chaudhuri, ‘Gujarat: The Riots and the Larger Decline’, EPW, 2–9 November 2002.
84Nandini Sundar, ‘A License
to Kill: Patterns of Violence in Gujarat’, in Varadarajan, ed., Gujarat; Achyut Yagnik and Suchitra Sheth, The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva and Beyond (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2005), Chapter 11; report by Ashis Chakrabarti in The Telegraph, 18 May 2002.
85Bela Bhatia, ‘A Step Back in Sabarkantha’, Seminar, May 2002.
86Anand Soondas, ‘Gujarat’s Children of a Lesser God’, The Telegraph, 13 March 2002; ‘Gujarat Villagers Set Terms for Muslims to Come Home’, The New Indian Express, 6 May 2002.
87Cf. Varadarajan, ed., Gujarat, p. 22f.
88For a perceptive (and prescient) analysis of Narendra Modi’s political style, see Sankarshan Thakur, ‘An Architect of Fractures, or the Man Who Could be Prime Minister’, first published in Man’s World, December 2002, reproduced in https://sankarshanthakur.com/2013/09/14/an-architect-of-fractures-or-the-man-who-could-be-prime-minister/ (accessed 10 August 2016).
89See Manas Dasgupta, ‘Vajpayee’s Advice to Modi’, The Hindu, 5 April 2002.
90Ajit Kumar Jha, ‘Atal Wave’, India Today, 9 February 2004, available online at http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vajpayee-bjp-set-for-landslide-win-in-forthcoming-2004-elections/1/197000.html (accessed 1 July 2016).
29. PROGRESS AND ITS DISCONTENTS
1Harish Khare, ‘Reloading the Family Matrix’, Seminar, June 2003.
2Cf. T. N. Ninan, ‘Big Growth, Bigger Debates’, Seminar, January 2006.
3Cf. Jean Dréze, ‘Bhopal Convention on the Right to Work: Brief Report and Personal Observations’, Social Action, volume 54, number 2, 2004; Rinku Murgai and Martin Ravallion, ‘Employment Guarantee in Rural India: What Would it Cost and How Much Would it Reduce Poverty’, EPW, 30 July 2005.
4E. Sridharan, ‘Electoral Coalitions in 2004 General Elections: Theory and Evidence’, EPW, 18 December 2004.
5See the section of special articles on Indian Muslims, sparked by the Sachar Committee Report, in EPW, 10 March 2007.
6Cf. Yoginder Sikand, Muslims in India: Contemporary Social and Political Discourses (Gurgaon: Hope India, 2007).
7Laurent Gayer and Christophe Jaffrelot, eds, Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 2012).
8Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community in India: A Report (New Delhi: Government of India, 2006).
9The Hindu, 4 January 2007, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/sensex-crosses-14000mark/article1777806.ece (accessed 18 July 2016)
10The Hindu, 27 April 2007, http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/27/stories/2007042708181700.htm (accessed 18 July 2016).
11Alam Srinivas, ‘Red Rag and the Matador’, Outlook, 8 October 2007, http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/red-rag-and-the-matador/235734 (accessed 18 July 2016).
12http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7313380.stm; http://www.reuters.com/article/us-tata-jaguar-idUSBMA00084220080602 (both accessed 18 July 2016)
13The Tribune, 12 June 2008, http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080612/main1.htm (accessed 18 July 2016).
14See R. Karthikeyan, ‘The Story of a Resistance’, Fountain Ink, February 2015.
15The Hindu, 11 January 2007, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/salim-group-undeterred-by-the-violence-in-nandigram/article1781092.ece (accessed 18 July 2016).
16Economic Times, 3 September 2008, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-03/news/27712402_1_nano-plant-singur-factory-alternate-options (accessed 18 July 2016).
17Sheela Bhatt, ‘The Talented Mr Modi’, http://ia.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/12spec.htm) and ‘Why does Modi Look Invincible’, http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/13spec1.htm (accessed 9 August 2016).
18Bloomberg News, 8 October 2008, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2008-10-08/india-modi-wins-as-gujarat-gets-tatas-nano-plantbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice (accessed 18 July 2016).
19These paragraphs draw on two excellent investigative reports: Nitin Sethi, ‘India Undermined’, The Times of India, Crest Edition, 30 October 2010; Saikat Datta, ‘Miner Sins’, Outlook, 23 November 2009.
20Radhika Raj, ‘Uphill Struggle’, Hindustan Times, Mumbai, 31 October 2010.
21There is now a growing literature on the social and environmental impact of mining on India. See, among other works, Hartman de Souza, Eat Dust: Mining and Greed in Goa (Noida: HarperCollins India, 2015); Felix Padel and Samarendra Das, Out of This Earth: East India Adivasis and the Aluminium Cartel (Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, 2010); Nandini Sundar, The Burning Forest: India’s War in Bastar (New Delhi: Juggernaut, 2016); Rohit Prasad, Blood Red River: A Journey into the Heart of India’s Development Conflict (Gurgaon: Hachette India, 2016); “When Land is Lost, Do we Eat Coal?”: Coal Mining and Violations of Adivasi Rights in India (Bangalore: Amnesty International India, 2016). This section also draws on my own travels in the mining districts of Uttarakhand, Goa, Chattisgarh, and Karnataka.
22Michael Greenstone, Janhavi Nilekani, Rohini Pande, Nicholas Ryan, Anant Sudarshan and Anish Sugathan, ‘Lower Pollution, Longer Lives: Life Expectancy Gains if India Reduced Particulate Matter Pollution’, EPW, 21 February 2015; Amy Kazmin, ‘Gasping for Air’, Financial Times, 18 November 2015.
23Victor Mallet, ‘Holy river, deadly river’, Financial Times, 14/15 February 2015, Gargi Parsai, ‘Cleaning the Ganga’, Deccan Herald, 20 July 2016.
24Cf. the chapter ‘The Indian Road to Sustainability’, in Ramachandra Guha, How Much Should a Person Consume? Environmentalism in India and the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
25Praful Patel, then Minister of Civil Aviation, quoted in the Times of India, 13 December 2010.
26Gurcharan Das, writing in the Times of India, 6 March 2011.
27See Bahar Dutt, Green Wars: Dispatches from a Vanishing World (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 2014).
28Muthukumara Mani, ed., Greening India’s Growth: Costs, Valuations, and Trade-Offs (New Delhi: Routledge, 2013).
29For a broad overview of the changes in the position of Dalits in contemporary India, see Gilbert Etienne, Dalits in Villages and Poverty Alleviation Policies, 1963–2008, Occasional Publication number 16, Institute of Rural Management, Anand.
30See the reports authored by and collected in S. Viswanathan, Dalits in Dravidian Land (Chennai: Navayana Publishing, 2005). Cf. also Haruka Yanagisawa, A Century of Change: Caste and Irrigated Lands in Tamil Nadu, 1860s–1970s (New Delhi: Manohar, 1996), Chapter 7.
31Shashi Bhushan Singh, ‘Limits to Power: Naxalism and Caste Relations in a South Bihar Village’, EPW, 16 July 2005.
32Mukul, ‘The Untouchable Present: Everyday Life of Musahars in North Bihar’, EPW, 4 December 1999.
33Bela Bhatia, The Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar, Ph D thesis, Faculty of Social and Political Studies, Cambridge University, 2000. Also Bhatia, ‘The Naxalite Movement in Central Bihar’, EPW, 9 April 2005.
34See Labour File, volume 4, numbers 5 and 6, 1998, p. 39.
35Bhatia, The Naxalite Movement, pp. 134, 87 (my translation).
36See The Hindu, 14 November 2005.
37Mark Juergensmeyer, Religion as Social Vision: The Movement Against Untouchability in 20th Century Punjab (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982); Harish K. Puri, ‘Scheduled Castes in Sikh Community: A Historical Perspective’, EPW, 28 June 2003.
38Ronki Ram, ‘Limits of Untouchability, Dalit Assertion and Caste Violence in Punjab’, in Harish K. Puri, ed., Dalits in Regional Context (Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2004); Surinder S. Jodhka and Prakash Louis, ‘Caste Tensions in Punjab: Talhan and Beyond’, EPW, 12 July 2003.
39Hindustan Times, 30 January 2005; The New Sunday Express, 30 January 2005.
40Reported in The Hindu, 17 May 2005.
41Muzamil Jaleel, writing in The Indian Express, 8 April 2005.
42These quotes are from interviews with Muivah in The Times of India, 2 March 2005; and in The Hindu, 29 April 2005.
43Bhagat Oinam, ‘Patterns of Ethnic Conflict in the North-East: A Study
on Manipur’, EPW, 24 May 2003; U. A. Shimray, ‘Socio-Political Unrest in the Region Called North-East India’, EPW, 16 October 2004; ‘Manipur Scenario’, Mint, 25 November 2009; ‘Manipur’s merger with India was a forced annexation’, Tehelka, 11 December 2010.
44Rishang Keishing, quoted in Ved Marwah, Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India (New Delhi: HarperCollins India, 1995), p. 295.
45N. Lokendra Singh, ‘Women, Family, Society and Politics in Manipur (1970–2000)’, Contemporary India, volume 1, number 4, 2002.
46Irom Sharmilla’s story is told in Anubha Bhonsle, Mother, Where’s My Country: Looking for Light in the Darkness of Manipur (New Delhi: Speaking Tiger, 2015). She finally broke her fast only in July 2016, fifteen-and-a-half years after she had begun in, in the interim moving from hospital to court and back again, all the while being force-fed by the state.
47Peoples Union for Democratic Rights, Why the AFSPA Must Go (New Delhi: PUDR, 2005); front-page photographs in The Telegraph, 16 July 2004; Sushanta Talukdar, ‘Manipur on Fire’, Frontline, 10 September 2004.
48Quoted in Ramesh, To the Brink and Back, p. 186.
49See C. Raja Mohan, ‘The Return of the Raj’, The American Interest, May–June 2010.
50The Hindu, 29 November 2007, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/123-agreement-with-us-is-unacceptable-to-us-advani/article1958019.ece (accessed 19 July 2016).
51The Hindu, 8 February 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1195519.ece (accessed 19 July 2016).
52News report by Press Trust of India, 8 July 2008, http://www.sify.com/news/left-withdraws-support-to-upa-govt-news-national-jegrS6biadc.html (accessed 19 July 2016).
53The Hindu, 23 July 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1312488.ece (accessed 19 July 2016).
54The Hindu, 27 September 2008, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/manmohan-to-bush-people-of-india-love-you/article1346764.ece (accessed 19 July 2016).
55Outlook, 19 February 2007, http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/samjhauta-sabotaged/233930 (accessed 19 July 2016).
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