personality cult of 437
political views 433–40
power of 445–6
resurgence following electoral defeat 532–4, 536, 542–3
return to power 445, 472, 543, 544, 545–6
rumoured as father’s successor 342
ruthlessness 438
second term conflict 560, 561–8
and the Shah Commission 524
and Shastri 386, 389, 402
and Sheikh Abdullah 428
and son Sanjay’s death 544–5
and son Sanjay’s rise to power 504–10, 511–13, 544
succession as Prime Minister 402, 403, 431
and the Supreme Court 470–1, 475, 485–8, 489, 495
visits the US 1971 455
Western commentators on 459, 461, 516
Gandhi, Maneka 506
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) xxii–xxiii, 3, 6, 8, 36, 53, 87, 103, 115, 127, 128, 138, 141, 145, 148–9, 151, 154, 159, 167, 192, 198, 213, 216, 224, 292, 346, 366, 370, 393, 401, 417, 429, 482, 515, 524, 536, 539, 542, 564, 632, 633, 695, 721, 723, 730, 734, 739, 752, 756
and the Asian Relations Conference 1947 151
assassination xxxi, 22–4, 81, 83, 95, 97, 125, 182, 254, 264, 361, 746
and the caste system 112–13, 119–20, 225, 360, 371, 374–5, 379
failed assassination attempts 21
and fasting 8, 10, 17, 20–1
and Hindu-Muslim conflict 9–10, 11, 16–21, 243, 251, 360–1
and independence 6, 8–11, 16–18, 19, 20–2, 30, 31, 41, 62, 177, 224, 417
and ‘Independence Day’ (1930) 3
and the Indian National Congress 359
and J. B. Kripalani 130, 324
and Kashmir 613
lawyer 9
and linguistic diversity 118, 177–9, 754, 761
and local self-governance 633
memorial 377, 503, 720
on multiplicity of faith 223
and the Muslim League 26
non-cooperation policy 120, 500
prayer meetings of 10
and the ‘princely states’ 46, 47
public disrespect towards 304
‘salt’ satyagraha xv, xxiii, 184
and Sheikh Abdullah 70–1, 346, 348
spirit of 105
and Sriramulu 184–5
tomb 350
and tribals 261, 262, 263, 265
US opinions of 153
and women’s rights 225
Gandhi Peace Foundation 460, 482, 552, 553
Gandhi Peace Prize 632–3
Gandhi, Rahul 710, 729–33, 739, 744, 775–6
Gandhi, Rajiv 467, 485, 545, 575, 577–8, 588, 591–2, 602, 615, 632, 636, 729, 730, 732
on anti-Sikh riots 567–8, 731
appeal of 574
assassination 614–15, 635
and the caste system 602
economic policy of 582, 583, 593
first tour of India as Prime Minister 575
and the 1984 general election 574, 682
and the 1989 general election 591, 593–4, 595–6
and India’s external debt 615
and Kashmir 588
and local self-governance 633, 634
loses power 609
Muslim appeasement 640
rise to power 545–6, 571–97
and the Shah Bano incident 575–8, 640
and the software industry 660
and Sri Lanka 589
sworn in as Prime Minister 566, 571
Gandhi, Rajmohan 128
Gandhi, Samaldas 50
Gandhi, Sanjay 466–7, 485, 487, 489, 497, 516, 532, 534, 536, 555, 561, 775
1977 electoral defeat 520
death in plane crash 544–5
family planning programme 507, 510–13
five-point programme of 507–10, 511–12
manages Delhi 507–10
mother’s resurgence 543, 544
rise to power 504–10, 511–13, 544
unpopularity 490, 520
Gandhi, Sonia 485, 545, 632, 636, 642, 658, 683–5, 702, 704, 710, 717, 725, 729, 732, 775
Gandhian ethics 663
Gandhian Constitution 106
Gandhians 115, 220–1, 377
Ganga waters 524, 642
Ganjam 657
Gap 661
Garhwal 37
‘Garibi Hatao’ campaign 444, 445, 543
Garmukteshwar 11
Garos 258–9, 322
Gauhati 333
Gaya 476, 477
gender equality112, 226, 577, 739 see also women
general elections xxiv, 466, 566, 649, 650, 683, 769, 770
1952 xxx, 131–47, 148, 182, 203, 229, 232, 233, 235, 237, 244, 246–7, 264, 266, 280, 285, 328, 366–7, 417, 446, 758, 767, 768
1957 279–83, 285, 328, 417, 768
1962 326, 409–10, 417
1967 414–15, 417, 417, 444
1969 422, 443–6
1972 446–7
1977 515–16, 518–21, 528
1980 543–4
1984 572–3, 594, 605, 630, 682
1989 591–2, 594, 602, 649, 649, 712
1991 607
1998 649, 649
2004 684–5, 712
2014 731, 733, 737, 738–9, 744, 767, 776
ballot boxes 108, 132–3, 143, 147, 280, 326, 446, 461, 545, 602, 646
booth-capturing 446–7
and the free enterprise militia 543–4
malpractice 446–7, 488, 588
and party pictorial symbols 132–3
General Electric (GE) 662, 675
genocide 72, 92, 320
Germany/Germans xxii–xxiii, 211, 221, 751
Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah Khan xix, xx, xxv
Ghana 441
gherao 411, 422–3
Ghisingh, Subhash 586
Ghosh, Atulya 391
Ghosh, Sudhir 87–8, 393
Gidwani, Choitram 93
Gilgit 60, 355
Gill, K. P. S. 587
Ginsberg, Allen 335
Giri, V. V. 435, 436, 439
Girnar 49
Goa 156–8, 173–5, 326–7, 335, 769–70, 773
liberation 281, 325, 327
Goa Congress Committee 174
Goans 174, 325–7, 769
Gobind Singh, Guru 647
Godavari River 210
Godhra 559, 680
Godhra railway station 680–2
Godse, Nathuram 22, 97, 746
Gokhale, Gopal Krishna xxii, 223
Gokhale, H. R. 470, 779
Golden Temple 554–8, 562–3, 564, 587–8
Golwalkar, M. S. 19–20, 97, 98–9, 188, 640–1, 708, 762
Gondi 178
Gopal, Sarvepalli 128, 294, 762
Gopalan, A. K. 500
Goray, N. G. 175
Gorbachev, Mikhail 160
Gore, Mrinal 494
Gorkha National Liberation Front 586
Gorwala, A. D. 161, 499, 535
Goswami, Rajiv 603
Gough, Kathleen 441–2
Gounders 601
Government House, Calcutta 7–8
Government House, Lahore 11
Government of India Act 1935 108, 110
government jobs 27, 419, 500, 530, 561, 603, 620, 630, 687. see also Indian Administrative Service; Indian Civil Service
Governor General’s Council xx
Gowda, H. D. Deve 636, 653
Goyal, D. R. 639–42
Gracias, Cardinal 326
Grady, Henry 82
Graham, Billy 472–3
Grant, Cary 35
Great Depression 218
Green Revolution 441, 450, 465, 527, 555, 558, 602, 699
Griffith, Eldon 504
Grigg, John 515, 516
Gromyko, Andrei 454
Gua 547
Guardian (newspaper) 386, 542
guerrilla warfare 268–9, 274, 403, 444, 449, 45, 558
Gujarat 95, 129,
177, 318, 365, 386, 474, 476, 484–6, 496, 528, 559, 581, 585, 605, 624, 640, 642, 671, 673, 680–2, 686, 690–1, 706, 708, 730–2, 734, 738–9, 742–3, 747–8, 753
Gujarati xxvii, 50, 178, 180, 188, 190, 191, 193, 327
Gujaratis 22, 89, 90, 188, 189, 754,764
Gujjars 567
Gujral, I. K. 505, 636
Gundevia, Y. D. 352, 387
Gupta, Bhupesh 235
Gupta, Nellie Sen 291
Gurdaspur 14, 81
gurdwaras 85–6, 88, 130, 181, 399, 556, 573, 647
Gurmukhi script 181
Gwalior 425–6, 490, 494
Haji Pir pass 400
Haksar, P. N. 432–3, 434, 435, 437, 438, 451, 462, 467, 471, 493, 513, 561, 779
Haldane, J. B. S. 207
Hangen, Wells 342
Hanuman 641
Hanumanthaiya, Kengal 108, 196
Haralu, T. 270, 272
Hari Singh, Maharaja of Kashmir 60, 61–3, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 76, 78, 241, 246, 253
Harijans 112–3, 189, 371, 434, 530–2, 545, 547, 559–61, 585, 628. see also Dalits; Scheduled Castes; Untouchables
Harrer, Heinrich 300
Harrison, Agatha 492
Hart, Henry 210–11
hartals (strikes) 185, 292, 390
Haryana 406, 425, 427, 440, 467, 486, 490, 533, 554, 556–7, 585, 587, 601, 651, 727, 746–8, 764, 772
Hasan, Mushirul 370–1
Haussmann, Baron 507
Hayek, Friedrich 218
Hazare, Anna 719–24
Hazratbal mosque, Srinagar 63, 344, 345, 371
headhunting 258
health care 469, 667, 669, 726, 758, 783
Hedgewar, K. B. 641
Hegde, K. S. 470–1
Henderson, Loy 242
Henry, Patrick 261
Herring, Ronald 287
heterogeneity, Indian xxiv, 59, 104, 676
Hidayatullah, M. 430
Hieun Tsang 138
High Courts 199, 200, 395, 580 see also Allahabad High Court
Himachal Pradesh 142, 143, 221, 377, 406, 497, 620, 668, 777
Himalaya xvii, 59, 169, 170, 172, 261, 400, 422, 458, 476, 531, 552
Himalayan Study Group 314
Himmat (journal) 498–99, 536
Hindi xxvii, 22, 117–19, 127, 181, 182, 191, 368, 386, 389–93, 484, 490, 502, 526, 540, 646, 718, 731–3, 738, 754, 756, 762, 763, 782
anti-Hindi agitation 418, 484
Hindi films 763
Hindu Code Bill 136, 225, 227–30, 232–3, 236, 411, 578
Hindu Mahasabha 6, 17, 92, 103, 136, 138, 172, 232, 234, 249, 315, 379
Hindu Marriage Act (1955) 236–8
Hindu Raj 20
Hindu Rashtra 625–6
Hindu Succession, Minority and Guardianship Act (1956) 236
Hindu Suraksha Sangh (Defence Force) 557
Hindu, The (newspaper) 390, 498
Hindu-Muslim conflict xxxi, 8–12, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 48, 54–5, 71, 79, 81, 111, 117, 127, 134, 361, 365, 397–8, 576
1946–47 9–12, 13–14, 16–17, 110
1949/50 171
1960s 322–3, 428, 429–30
1970s 516
1980s 553, 559–61, 578–80, 592, 737
1990s 605–7, 613, 624–7, 638–40, 642, 680, 707, 737
2002 (Gujarat) 680–2, 708–9
2008 (Mumbai) 707–8
2013 (Uttar Pradesh) 738
East Pakistan (1949–50) 90, 171
East Pakistan (1963) 344, 369, 371
East Pakistan (1971), 449–50, 459–60
Hindu-Sikh conflict 553–59, 562–4, 567–8, 571, 587, 648
Hinduism 18, 25, 152, 273, 375, 640, 681, 726, 746
Hindus xxvii, 4, 39, 46, 48, 77, 95, 98, 130, 134, 136, 145, 151, 188, 207, 250, 295, 319, 367, 380, 397–9, 434, 448–50, 544, 547, 582, 595, 605–7, 617, 619, 621, 631–2, 636–42, 649, 654, 659, 671, 679–80, 686, 698, 714, 729, 746, 762, 766, 767, 783
ascendancy xxiii–xxiv
Assamese 258–9, 553
Code Bill 136, 225–36, 377–8, 411, 578
communalism 138, 245, 249, 251, 252, 361, 369, 637
and the Constitution 103, 104, 110, 359
and cow slaughter issue xxvi, 411
domination 30, 182, 239, 360
and family planning 511
fundamentalism 126, 612, 645, 705, 753
and gender equality 577–8
and the general election 1952 134, 136
of Jammu and Kashmir 59–71, 77, 242, 243, 244, 246–7, 348, 350, 355, 562, 610, 613, 642–5, 715, 748
of Kerala 283, 284
language 181, 182–3
majority nature 182, 283, 326, 360, 370, 406, 527, 606, 613, 637, 641, 642, 671, 752
nationalism 776
Pakistani 448, 450
and Partition and Independence 6–7, 15, 18–21, 25, 26–8, 30, 32, 33, 49–51, 53–4, 59–65, 67–9, 71, 77, 83–6, 87–90, 91–4
and the ‘princely states’ 49–51, 54–5, 59–65, 67–9, 71
Punjabi 561–2
refugees 17, 83–6, 87–90, 91–3, 173, 344, 361, 366
and the Sikhs 181–2, 553, 555
and sport 737–8
and tribals 114–15, 259–60, 262, 708
untouchability 112–13, 359, 371, 376–9, 531, 628
voting habits 134, 665
Hindustan Times (newspaper) 8, 20, 297, 307, 348, 352, 358, 413, 498, 769
Hindustani 116, 116–8, 138, 179, 236
Hindutva (Hindu-first) ideology 626, 639, 651–2, 681, 708, 713, 715, 732, 737, 746–7, 753
Hirakud 221
historians xxv–xxvi
Hitler, Adolf 53, 55,340, 452, 502, 627
HIV/AIDS 669
Hizb-ul Mujahideen 610, 613
Hoffman, Steve 312
Home Ministry 23, 362, 364, 438, 522, 552, 621, 714
Home Rule movement 192
Honda 662
House of Commons 53, 116
House of Lords 12
Houses of Parliament (Indian) 394, 411, 483, 538, 724, 754
Howard, Michael 756
Hrangkhawl, Bijoy 586
Huang Hua 457
Huddleston, Bishop Trevor 491
Huguenots 91
Humayun 17
Hume, A.O. xxii
Hungary, Soviet invasion 162–4, 176
Hussain, Zakir 430, 434
Huxley, Aldous 323, 378–80
Huxley, Julian 323
Hydari, Sir Akbar 260
Hyderabad 32, 36–7, 51–7, 59–60, 95–6, 143, 180, 183,189, 362–3, 369, 426, 466, 519, 539, 549–50, 559, 610, 674, 705, 711–3, 746, 760, 763–4
Hyderabad State Congress 52–3, 54
hydrogen bomb 133
IBM 522, 660
Illustrated Weekly of India 506, 511
imperialism 96, 149, 151, 165–6, 201, 264, 301, 310–12, 315, 317, 331–2, 396, 526
Imphal 548, 701, 766
imports 94, 407, 615, 662
INC ‘Syndicate. See Congress
Independence 25th anniversary of 464. see also Partition and Independence
‘Independence Day’ (1930) 3–4, 7, 21, 175, 434, 492, 501, 535, 701, 721, 723, 731
independence day parade 126–7
Independent People’s Republic of Bangladesh 449, 457
India Today (weekly) 580, 626, 683
India-Pakistan Conciliation Group 348
Indian Administrative Service 113, 373, 631, 696, 749 758–9
Indian air force 74, 127, 212, 251 453, 652, 703
Indian Airlines 467, 487, 545
Indian army 56, 70, 74, 80, 81, 166, 255, 269–70, 320, 324, 328, 428, 451, 455–6, 459, 562, 564, 590, 592, 595, 644, 648, 656–7, 677, 701, 719, 759, 761
4th Division 310
Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) 700–1, 716, 761
Assam Rifles 268–70, 310, 329, 404
British 14, 65
and ca
ste conflict 532
Dogra regiments 332
Eastern Command 458
in Goa 325–6
Kumaon regiments 332
and the Mizo conflict 403–4
modernisation 455
Naga Hills Force 270–2, 274
Naga Regiment 657
Sikh Regiment 548
Sikhs of 554
Indian Civil Service (ICS) xx, 28, 40, 85, 100, 106, 113, 131, 145, 147, 175, 203, 387, 500, 757
Indian Cooperative Union (ICU) 87–8
Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) 399
Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) 468
Indian Express (newspaper) 315, 483, 487, 488, 498, 760
Indian Foreign Office 300
Indian Foreign Service (IFS) 175
Indian Frontier Administrative Service (IFAS) 170
Indian High Commission 56, 272
Indian Independence Act 41
Indian Institute of Public Opinion 416
Indian Institute of Science 660
Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) 213
Indian National Congress see Congress Party
Indian Navy 456, 652
Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 589–90
Indian rupee 685, 688
devaluation 172, 408–9 615–16
Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) 203–4, 207
Indian stereotypes 686, 749
‘immaturity’ of the Indian mind xxii
Indian Union xxxi, 41, 46, 49, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 71–2, 76, 78, 103, 160, 295, 323, 438, 494, 646
and the Constitution 110, 239
and the 1957 general election 282–3
and Indira’s assassination 568–9
and Kashmir 239–40, 243, 245, 350, 393
language of 116–19, 389
and the Mizo conflict 403–4
Muslims of the 360–1, 362, 367, 369
and Sanjay Gandhi 506
and tribal India 260, 262–4, 271, 273, 321, 405, 473
under threat (1960s) 322
Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) 369
‘India’s Silicon Valley’ 660, 675
Indo-American relations 152–8, 214–5, 336–40, 400, 406, 407, 460, 523, 546, 632, 660, 677, 702–5, 710, 734, 742–3
Indo-Burmese border 259
Indo-China 5, 157
Indo-Chinese relations 164–70, 452–4, 523, 524, 569, 593, 654, 702, 740
1954 agreement 168
boundary disputes 300–5, 306, 307–8, 309, 310–18, 323–5, 454
comparisons 667
growing friendship 593, 740
Indian air space violations 323–4
Indo-Chinese correspondence White Paper 304–5, 308, 312, 334
war 328–35, 336–8, 398, 524, 569, 657, 701
Indo-Gangetic plain xix, xxiv, 117, 282, 737
India-Pakistan Conciliation Group 348
Indo-Pakistan relations 16, 36, 45, 49–50, 54, 55, 63–7, 69, 71–4, 76–82, 171–3, 240–4, 344–5, 348–9, 352–8, 369, 388, 405, 461, 643, 655, 743
Indo-Soviet relations 158–60, 162–3, 453–5, 457, 459, 523
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