patents sought by, 116, 177
and public display of ENIAC, 114
and storage of programs in ENIAC, 100–101, 106
von Neumann accused of stealing ideas by, 111–12
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 116–17
Edison, Thomas, 55, 449
EDSAC, 120
EDVAC, 108, 110, 111–12, 116
Edwards, Dan, 200, 206
Edwards, Elwood, 399–400
Einstein, Albert, 5, 43, 46, 68, 102, 140, 443
Eisenhower, Dwight, 79, 116, 228–29, 304, 436, 482
electrical circuits, 39, 63, 71
needed to break German codes, 78, 79
electricity, 140
Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, The (Wolfe), 270, 281
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator, see EDVAC
Electronic Engineering Times, 180
Electronic News, 179, 199
Electronics, 183
Electronics Magazine, 325
electrons, 134, 136, 137, 141
Elkind, Jerry, 290, 291
Elwell, Cyril, 450
email, 384–85
Emsworth, Lord, 445
Encyclopedia Britannica, 444
Engelbart, Doug, 252, 272–76, 279, 280–81, 282, 283, 290, 293, 294, 297, 308, 354, 363, 388, 416, 474, 475, 478, 480, 486
on human-machine interaction, 272–74, 276–78, 302, 363, 384, 401, 455
English, Bill, 276–77, 280, 290
ENIAC, 69, 74, 79, 86, 87, 106, 131, 481, 482
decimal system used by, 75
as first modern computer, 81, 82
hydrogen bomb equations worked out by, 112–13
patents for work on, 82, 83, 111–12, 116
public unveiling of, 112–16
speed of, 94, 108
storage of programs in, 100–101, 106
update of, 119–20
women as programmers of, 95–100, 117
Enigma, 77–78
Enlightenment, 479
Enquire, 409
Enquire Within Upon Everything, 408, 409, 410, 414
Entscheidungsproblem, 44, 45–46, 47, 78
Esquire, 157, 159, 346
Estridge, Don, 356
Eternal September, 401, 403
Ethernet, 256, 387n, 463
Euclidean geometry, 14
Eudora, 450
Evans, David, 208, 283
Evans, Kent, 319, 323–25
EvHead, 429
Excite, 227, 462
Expensive Planetarium, 206
Eyser, George, 470
Facebook, 156, 260, 301, 485
Fairchild, Sherman, 168, 185
Fairchild Camera and Instrument, 168, 184, 186
Fairchild Semiconductor, 158, 177–79, 193, 199
formation of, 168–69, 171
microchips sold to weapons makers by, 181–82
Noyce’s resignation from, 184–85
Farnsworth, Philo, 71
Federal Communications Commission, 387
Felsenstein, Lee, 266, 272, 292, 295, 298–300, 301–3, 304, 310, 341, 353, 387
Ferranti, 121
Ferranti Mark I, 406
Ferrucci, David, 470
Feynman, Richard, 452
file sharing, 264
Filo, David, 447–48
Firefox, 381, 482, 483
“First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, by John von Neumann,” 111–12
Fischer, Dave, 401
Flowers, Tommy, 39, 78, 79, 81
influence of, 82
“Fool on the Hill, The,” 310–11
formal systems of mathematics, 43
Fortran, 117, 317, 339, 357
Fortune, 168, 317, 319
Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus (Shelley), 12, 29, 468
Franklin, Benjamin, 4, 71, 378, 481
Frankston, Bob, 355
Free Software Foundation, 379
Free Speech Movement, 265, 299–300, 303
French, Gordon, 304, 344
French Revolution, 3
Fuchs, Klaus, 113, 242
Fulghum, Robert, 325
Fuller, Buckminster, 267, 271, 272, 295
Fylstra, Dan, 355–56
Galaxy Games, 210
Gale, Grant, 159
Galison, Peter, 48
GameLine, 393–94, 396
Garcia, Jerry, 266
Gates, Bill, 4, 197, 274, 309, 311, 312, 313, 345, 347, 354, 357, 367, 370, 391, 399, 406, 416, 485
Allen’s disputes with, 322–23, 328, 338–39, 352, 361
background of, 313–18
BASIC for Altair designed by, 332–36, 337
BASIC learned by, 316–17
belief of, in future of personal computer, 329–30
copyright issues and, 341–43, 351, 378
8008 language written by, 325–27
electronic grid work of, 327–28
Evans’s death and, 324, 325
at Harvard, 328–32, 336
innovator personality of, 338–40
Jobs’s dispute with, 368–69
Lakeside Programming Group formed by, 318–27
operating system and, 358–60, 361–62
payroll program written by, 322–23, 338
PDP-10 work of, 319–21
programming’s importance seen by, 118
on reverse-engineering brain, 473
Gates, Mary, 361
Gatlinburg conference, 237, 238, 242
General Electric (GE), 116, 211
General Post Office, 242
general-purpose machines, 26–27, 33, 39, 40, 46, 87, 119, 326–27, 406, 467
Engelbert’s foreseeing of, 276
see also memex
General Relativity, 5, 43
geometry, 17
germanium, 135
Germany, codes of, 78, 79, 81
Gertner, Jon, 134, 138
Gibson, William, 384
Gingrich, Newt, 403
Ginsberg, Allen, 299
GNU, 372–73
GNU/Linux, 377, 378, 379, 441, 482, 483
Go, 210
Gödel, Escher, Bach (Hofstadter), 471
Gödel, Kurt, 43–44, 45, 46, 102, 120
gold, 177–78
Goldberg, Adele, 364
Goldstine, Adele, 73, 96–97, 118, 119
Goldstine, Herman, 69, 73–74, 96, 109, 110–11, 113, 118, 119
von Neumann’s first meeting with, 105–6
Google, 227, 259, 450, 460–65, 471–72, 482, 486
creation of, 458, 460, 462–64
lawsuits of, 112
page ranks of, 482
self-driving cars of, 456
Google Glass, 259–60
Gopher, 415
Gore, Al, 260, 400–403
Gore Act (1991), 402, 416, 423
government funding, 73–74, 482, 484
see also ARPANET
Graetz, Martin, 204, 205
Gran Trak 10, 348
graphic user interface, 363–64, 367–69
Grateful Dead, 266, 270, 389
“Great Conversation, The” (Cerf), 255
Greeks, 72
Greening of America, The (Reich), 267
Greig, Woronzow, 15
Grinnell College, 157, 159, 188
Grove, Andy, 170, 190–92, 193, 197, 481
management techniques of, 194, 195
hackers, 201, 202, 203–7, 254, 268, 299, 378, 504
Hackers (Levy), 202, 298
Hafner, Katie, 245, 260, 389
Haggerty, Pat, 149–51, 168, 173
idea for calculator of, 182–83
Hall, Justin, 404, 422–27, 429, 438, 446, 458
halting problem, 45
Hambrecht & Quist, 393, 396
harmonic synthesizer, 37
Hartree, Douglas, 119
Harvard University, 40, 50–52, 53, 104–5, 106, 222, 271, 328–29
Hayden, Stone & Co., 167, 188
Hay
es Smartmodem, 387
Heart, Frank, 252
“Heath Robinson,” 79
Heinlein, Robert, 257, 299
Hells Angel, 270
Hennessy, John, 462
Herschel, John, 19
Hertzfeld, Andy, 368
Herzfeld, Charles, 232–33, 234, 249
Hewlett, William, 154, 156, 189, 464
Hewlett-Packard, 156, 189, 199, 344, 345, 348, 351, 450
High Performance Computing Act (1991), 402, 416
Higinbotham, William, 215
Hilbert, David, 43, 44, 45, 47, 78, 103
Hiltzik, Michael, 290
Hingham Institute Study Group, 205
hippies, 266–67, 268, 272, 305, 309
Hiroshima, 103n
His Majesty’s Government Code and Cypher School, 77
Hitler, Adolf, 78, 79
Hoddeson, Lillian, 310
Hodges, Andrew, 40–41
Hoefler, Don, 199
Hoerni, Jean, 162, 174–75, 176, 184
Hoff, Ted, 193, 196–99
Hofstadter, Douglas, 471
Holberton, Betty Snyder, see Snyder, Betty
Hollerith, Herman, 35–36, 478
Homebrew Computer Club, 304, 310–11, 340, 342, 344, 350, 351, 370, 407, 483–84
Home Terminal Club, 286
Honeywell, 82–83, 121, 330, 336
Hoover Dam, 181
Hopper, Grace, 2, 28, 86, 88–95, 104, 117, 323, 329
communication skills of, 88–89, 90
on ENIAC’s lack of programmability, 95
hired at Eckert-Mauchley, 117–18
subroutines perfected by, 93
Hopper, Vincent, 88
HotWired, 420
HotWired.com, 425–26
Hourihan, Meg, 429–30
House, David, 184
House of Lords, 9, 14
Huffington, Arianna, 427
Huffington Post, 427
Human Brain Project, 473
Human-Computer Interaction Group, 455
human-machine interaction, 4–5, 225–26, 227–28, 229, 231, 272–74, 276–78, 302, 363, 384, 401, 449–50, 455–56, 459, 464–65, 474–79
Hush-A-Phone case, 386–87
hydrogen bomb, 112–13, 238
HyperCard, 434
hypertext, 264, 410–13
limitation of, 456–57
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 411, 419, 426, 429
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 411
IAS Machine, 120
IBM, 53, 64, 82, 118, 121, 168, 197, 251, 304, 353–54, 356–63, 398–99, 470–71, 473, 475, 477, 478
dress code at, 215
founding of, 36
Gates’s deal with, 337
Jobs’s criticism of, 362–63
Mark I history of, 2, 91
Mark I of, 2, 51–52, 81, 89–90
IBM 704, 468
IBM 1401, 282–83
Idea Factory, The (Gertner), 134
Illich, Ivan, 302–3, 304
imitation game, 124–28
incompleteness theorem, 43–44, 45
indeterminacy, 43
individualism, 265
Industrial Revolution, 3, 7, 9, 18, 479
two grand concepts of, 32–33
Infocast, 392
Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), 229, 231, 233–34, 248, 286–87
Information Sciences, Inc. (ISI), 322–23, 324
Infoseek, 227
innovation, 260, 486–88
assembly lines in, 32–33
bureaucracies vs., 240–41
and corporate culture, 189, 217
patents and, 215
social atmosphere for, 2
stages of, 150
synergy and, 183
teamwork and, 1, 84, 85, 91–92, 108, 110, 246, 260, 479–86
Institute for Advanced Study, 73, 77, 102, 118
Institute of Radio Engineers, 174
integrated circuit, see microchips
Integrated Electronics Corp, see Intel
Intel, 170, 187–99, 265, 280, 350, 351, 482
culture of, 189–95, 235, 481, 484–85
employees empowered at, 193–95
initial investments in, 187–88, 213
microprocessor of, 196–99
Intel 8008 microprocessor, 325–26
Intel 8080 microprocessor, 305, 306, 308
Interface Message Processors (IMPs), 237, 251–52, 253, 255, 256
see also routers
Internatioal Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 449
Internet, 9, 72, 217–61, 383–403, 482
ARPANET as precursor to, 208; see also ARPANET
built by collaboration, 4–5
built to facilitate collaboration, 2–3
creation of, 257, 258–59
as decentralized, 250
legislation on, 400–403
nuclear weapons and, 247–51
personal computers and, 4
Internet Engineering Task Force, 260–61, 411, 414
Internet Protocol (IP), 259, 293
interstate highway program, 402
iOS, 381
Iowa State, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 65, 68, 81, 481
iPad 2, 486–87
iPhone, 381
Jacobi, Werner, 180
Jacquard, Joseph-Marie, 21, 26
Jacquard loom, 21, 23, 26, 33, 35, 467
Jefferson, Geoffrey, 124, 128
Jefferson, Thomas, 481
Jenkins, Jim, 328
Jennings, Jean, 69, 86, 95–100, 107, 110, 117, 119
on limitations of computers, 115
and public display of ENIAC, 113–16
Jennings, Ken, 470
Jeopardy!, 470, 476
Jerry and David’s Guide to the Web, 447
Jobs, Steve, 4, 5, 94, 134, 139, 150, 151, 155, 193n, 211, 270, 274, 278, 346–47, 349, 364, 370, 388, 391, 398, 406, 414, 449, 464, 480, 483–84, 485, 486
Apple partnership share of, 352
Atari job of, 347–48, 350
audaciousness celebrated by, 163
bitmapping praised by, 365
Breakout work of, 348, 350
circuitboard sales plan of, 351–52
creativity of, 486–87
Gates’s dispute with, 368–69
IBM PC studied by, 362–63
ousted from Apple, 411, 485
paranoia of, 367–68
personal computer idea of, 352–53
Pixar headquarters designed by, 480–81
Johnson, Clifton, 282
Johnson, Edward “Ned,” III, 189n
Johnson, Lyndon, 278
Johnson, Steven, 483
junction transistor, 150
patent for, 153
Justin’s Links from the Underground, 423–25
J. Walter Thompson advertising, 395
Kahn, Robert, 239, 252, 256–57, 258, 403
Internet created by, 258–59
Kapor, Mitch, 431
Kasparov, Garry, 470, 476
Kay, Alan, 207, 208, 278, 281–86, 308, 363–64, 367, 449, 480
Dynabook proposed by, 288–91, 292
personal computers foreseen by, 284–85, 286, 287–88
recruited to PARC, 287–88
Kay, Michael, 296
Kaypro, 395
Kelly, John E., III, 471, 475
Kelly, Mervin, 133–34, 137, 139, 146, 152–53
Kelvin, Lord, 37
Kennedy, John F., 181, 182
Kennedy, Robert, 278
Kennedy, Ted, 252
Kern County Land Co., 187
Kesey, Ken, 262, 266, 269, 270, 281, 296, 388
Kilburn, Thomas, 119
Kilby, Jack, 170, 171–74, 176, 306, 353
calculator development and, 182–83, 196
Nobel Prize won by, 173, 180–81
resistor desinged by, 173, 177
solid circuit of, 173–74
Kilby v. Noy
ce, 178–79
Kildall, Gary, 357–58
Killian, James, 229
Kimsey, Jim, 396–97, 400
King, Martin Luther, 278
King, William, 15
Kissinger, Henry, 2, 294, 346
Kleiner, Eugene, 162, 167
Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, 393, 464
Kleinrock, Leonard, 239, 243–44, 251, 252, 253, 255, 393, 402
background of, 242–43
on nuclear survivability, 250
packet switching and, 244–46
Kline, Charley, 255–56
K-Model, 49, 80
Knox, Dillwyn “Dilly,” 77
Kotok, Alan, 205, 207
Kovitz, Ben, 439–41
Kubrick, Stanley, 311, 468
Kun, Béla, 102
Kunz, Paul, 415
Kurzweil, Ray, 474
Lakeside Mothers Club, 316, 322
Lakeside Programming Group, 318–27
Lamb, Lady Caroline, 10, 15
Lampson, Butler, 291, 363
Land, Edwin, 5, 154
Landweber, Lawrence, 383
Lanier, Jaron, 419
Larson, Chris, 337
Larson, Earl, 83–84
Last, Jay, 162, 163, 165
learning, 122, 126–27, 226
Leary, Timothy, 267
Leibniz, Gottfried, 19, 20, 33, 38, 90
Leibniz wheel, 20
Leicester Polytechnic, 414
Leigh, Augusta, 10–11
Leigh, Medora, 16, 31
Lensman (Smith), 205
Leonardo da Vinci, 72, 452, 474
Levy, Steven, 202, 298, 460–61, 504
Lewis, Harry, 330
Li, Yanhong (Robin), 461
“Libraries of the Future” (Licklider), 227–28, 231, 232
Library of Congress, 120
Lichterman, Ruth, 97–98
Licklider, J. C. R, 216, 221–24, 226, 233, 234, 244, 251, 269, 385, 474, 475, 480, 481, 482, 486
art loved by, 223–24
Command and Control Research lead by, 229
on human-machine interaction, 225–26, 227–28, 229, 231, 232, 302, 363, 384, 401, 455, 464, 475, 478–79
online communities and, 261
time-sharing developed by, 224–26, 229
Licklider, Tracy, 223
Lilienfeld, Julius, 146
LINC, 236
Lincoln Laboratory, 221, 225, 233, 234, 236
linear equations, 52–53, 59–60, 61, 67, 81
linear model of innovation, 220–21
Linux, 375–76, 378, 379, 380–81
Lipkin, Efrem, 301, 302, 310
Lisa, 365–66
LISP, 203–4
Lockheed, 265
Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, 155
logarithms, 19, 20, 55
logic, 123
Logical Computing Machine, see Turing Machine (Logical Computing Machine)
logic gates, 48–49
LOGO, 284
London Mathematical Society, 123
Loop, Liza, 265
Lord Emsworth, 445
Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 257
Los Alamos, 103, 110, 112
Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, 154
The Innovators Page 64
