by Parag Khanna
Buffett, Warren, 317
Bukhara, 32, 39, 46
Burma, 39, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53
see also Myanmar
Bush, George W., 18, 240
business schools, US, Asian campuses of, 232
Buzan, Barry, 7
Byblos, 28
Byzantium, 36, 39, 91
fall of, 41, 43
Calcutta, 46
Cambodia, 45, 52, 56, 122, 154, 239
Cameron, David, 247, 293
Canada, 7, 176, 284
Asian immigrants in, 223–24
China’s relations with, 223
Latin American trade with, 273
Can Asians Think? (Mahbubani), 3
Canton Fair, 68
capitalism, 2
in Asia, 158–75
democracy and, 352
spread of, 22
state-directed, 158–59, 160, 161–63, 170–71
Capra, Fritjof, 220
cars, driverless, 198
cashless economy, 189
Caspian Sea, 6, 29, 33, 40, 89, 92, 108, 140
Castro, Fidel, 271
Çatalhöyük, 28
Caucasus region, 5, 33, 41, 45, 59, 84, 92, 109
censorship, of social media, 320
Central Asia, 32, 36, 39, 62, 68, 88, 92, 241
Asianization of, 81
British expansionism in, 46–47
China and, 108–13
gangs in, 255
Muslims in, 72
new Silk Roads in, 108–13
origin of great plague in, 40
Pakistan as conduit to Arabian Sea from, 113
in post-Cold War era, 59–60
rise of Turkic peoples in, 38
traces of European lineage in, 253
Ceylon, 53
Chanakya (Kautilya), 33, 68
Chandragupta, 33, 68
charitable giving, 316–17
Chávez, Hugo, 271
Chen, Charles, 317–18
Chengdu, 114
Chiang Kai-shek, 49, 51–52, 56
Chile, Asian trade with, 272
China, ancient, 30, 31, 239
technocracy in, 300
China, in era of European imperialism, 44–45
civil war in, 51–52
Japan’s invasion of, 51, 77
nationalism in, 48, 49
republic established in, 48
Western seizure of port cities in, 47
in World War I, 49
China, expansionist period in:
Abbasids and, 36–37
cultural and commercial exchange in, 38
emigration from, 43
ethnic and cultural diversity of, 37
exports by, 42
inward shift of, 43
Mongul conquest of, 40, 77
tribute system of, 39, 76
China, People’s Republic of, 52, 68
Afghanistan and, 116, 117
Africa and, 261, 262, 263–65, 266
AI research in, 200
China, People’s Republic of (cont.)
alternative energy programs in, 141, 178–80, 242, 272–73, 322
American students in, 230
Arab world investments by, 103
arms sales of, 101, 274
Asian investments by, 156–57
Asian migrants in, 337
Asian trade of, 157
Australia and, 127–31
automation in, 193–94
automobile industry in, 194
Brazil and, 276–77
Buddhism in, 332
Canada’s relations with, 223
cashless economy in, 189
Central Asia and, 108–13
charitable giving in, 316, 317–18
civil society in, 313
in clashes with Soviet Union, 56
in Cold War era, 55, 56, 57
data collection in, 319
debt in, 159
defense spending by, 137
diaspora of, 333
digital technology in, 319
domestic politics of, 222–23
economic deceleration of, 147, 150
economic growth in, 9, 10, 17, 148, 337
educational investment in, 227
electronics exports of, 85–86
ethnic diversity in, 69
Europe and, 242–43, 246, 248–50
exports of, 153, 159
film industry and, 347–48
fintech industry in, 188
geopolitical rise of, 13, 15
global governance and, 322–23
global image of, 330
global infrastructure investment by, 322
Gulf states and, 101, 102
hegemonic ambitions of, 19–20, 73
high-tech exports of, 153
high-tech imports of, 195–96
imports of, 195–96, 264
India and, 113, 117–18, 119–20, 155, 156, 332
industrialization in, 163
infrastructure projects in, 6
Iran and, 101, 106–7, 116
Israel and, 98–99
Japan and, 134, 136–37, 141–42
Latin America and, 272–75
meritocracy in, 301
naval forces of, 105
North Korea and, 143
oil and gas imports of, 96, 176, 207
Pakistan and, 114–16, 117–18
policy corrections in, 300
pollution in, 181
population of, 15, 18–19
in post-Cold War era, 60–61
privatization in, 170–71
R&D spending in, 197
renewable energy programs of, 19
respect for government in, 302
restrained geopolitical policy of, 137–38
returnees in, 226
Russia and, 82–83, 84–85
self-sufficiency goals of, 194–95
social credit system (SCS) in, 319
social media in, 314
solar panel industry in, 242, 272–73
Southeast Asia and, 122, 154
South Korea and, 141–42
sovereign debt of, 165
state-directed capitalism in, 158–59, 162–63, 170–71
steel production in, 109, 272–73
as superpower, 15
Taiwan and, 141
technocracy in, 300–302
territorial claims of, 11
traditional medicine of, 355
Turkey and, 93
Turkic neighbors of, 59–60
urban development in, 190
US trade with, 272–73
West’s misunderstanding of, 147
West’s overemphasis on, 18–19
women in, 315
as world’s largest economy, 14, 63
China, Republic of, see Taiwan
China Development Bank, 84–85, 104, 110, 273
China Harbour Engineering Company, 99
China Investment Corporation (CIC), 110, 164
China Model, The (Bell), 301
China National Petroleum Corporation, 107
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), 114, 117, 119
Chinese Americans, 217
Chinese Exclusion Act, 217
Chinese writing system, 69
Chola Dynasty, 38, 39, 75, 105
Chopra, Deepak, 220
Christians, Christianity, 43, 69–70, 71
in Asia, 74
crusades and, 39
in Southeast Asia, 121
spread of, 35–36
Chua Beng Huat, 297
Churchill, Winston, 51
Cisco Systems, 212
cities:
optimized size of, 197–98
West Asian origins of, 28
see also urban development
civilization, global:
Asianization of, 21–24, 345–51
Westernization of, 21, 22–23
civil liberties, 309
civil service:
in Britai
n, 293–94
in Singapore, 292–93
in US, 293
civil society, 313
Clash of Civilizations (Huntington), 15
climate change, 90, 266
Clinton, Bill, 60, 82, 249
Clinton, Hillary, 83
coal, 112, 176, 177
cognitive processes, Asian vs. Western, 357–58
Cold War, 2, 3, 6, 14, 19, 51–58, 86, 138, 283
colleges and universities, Asian:
all-English programs in, 231
ethnic and cultural diversity in, 338
colleges and universities, European, Asian campuses of, 257
colleges and universities, US:
Asian campuses of, 231–32
Asian enrollment in, 224–27
Asian studies departments in, 230
study-abroad programs in, 230–31
colonialism, 6, 22, 24, 27, 329
legacies of, 77–78
Columbus, Christopher, 43
commodities, trade in, 100, 111, 113, 160, 176, 322
China and, 21, 150, 157, 158, 273, 276–77
Russia and, 85, 88
Turkey and, 93, 94
Communist Party, Chinese, 49, 159–60, 300, 301
conflict, regional systems and, 11
Confucianism, 32, 34, 70, 300, 301
Congress, US, 195, 207, 222, 284
Asian Americans in, 221
Congressional Research Service (CRS), 293
Conrad, Sebastian, 28
Constantinople, 36, 39
sacking of, 43, 73, 91
consumerism, 23
corruption, 161, 267, 305
cosmetics industry, 346
Costa Rica, 274
Council of Europe, 57, 92, 241
coworking spaces, 204
Crazy Rich Asians (film), 347
Crimea, Russia’s annexation of, 83
Crimean War, 47
crusades, 39
Cuba, 271
Asian immigrants in, 275
cuisine, Asian:
fusion, 345
global spread of, 343–45
Cultural Revolution, 56
culture, Asian, growing cross-border and global awareness of, 340–51
currency exchange rates, 169
Cyprus, 91
Cyrus the Great, Persian emperor, 30
Dalai Lama, 55, 120, 222, 358
Damico, Flávio, 277
Daoism, 31, 34
Darius I, Persian emperor, 30
Darius III, Persian emperor, 32
Defense Department, US, 98, 143
defense spending:
in Asia, 17, 105, 137, 138
by Europe, 240, 248
Delhi Sultanate, 38–39
Demetrius, king of Bactria, 33
democracy, 15, 281–86
appeal of stability over ideals of, 285–86, 296, 309–13
Asian versions of, 21–22, 23, 281, 288–89
capitalism and, 352
failures and weaknesses of, 282–86, 294, 302–3
parliamentary, 295
Plato on, 286, 291
policy vs. politics in, 289, 296
populists’ hijacking of, 3
post–Cold War triumph of, 2
Singapore’s melding of technocracy and, 288–89, 290, 298
Deng Xiaoping, 57, 300
Dharma Bums (Kerouac), 331
Didi Chuxing (DiDi), 174–75, 198
digital integration, 186–89
digital technology:
Asia and, 324
in governance, 318–20
Djibouti, 263
DNA editing, 201
Doha, art scene in, 342
dollar reserves, Asian holdings of, 163
Dream of the Red Chamber, 353
drones, commercial, 209
drug trade, 106–7
Duara, Prasenjit, 358
Dubai, 172, 173, 202, 212, 251, 261, 334
Dubai Ports World, 104, 261, 263
Durban, 265
Durov, Pavel, 173
Dutch, Southeast Asian colonies of, 45
Duterte, Rodrigo, 123–24, 305, 340
illiberal policies of, 306
Dyson, 210, 257
East Asia, 6, 51, 70, 140
cross-border literary tradition of, 353
democratization of, 61
economic growth of, 9
economic stability of, 63
exports of, 153, 154
Gulf states investments in, 103–4
oil and gas imports of, 82–83, 84–85, 106, 152, 175
in post–Cold War era, 60–61
prehistoric civilizations in, 29
US and, 140–41
US presence in, 16, 73
see also specific countries
East Asian Community (EAC), 9
eco-activism, 182
e-commerce, 210–11, 228
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), 58
economic growth, 3, 4
rule of law and, 309–10
economy, global, 321–22
eco-tourism, 340
Ecuador, 274
education and professional training, 204–5, 317
Egypt, 29, 262
Eilat, 99
election, US, of 2016, 83, 320
electricity transmission systems, 112
electric vehicles, 179
energy:
Asian need for, 9, 17, 62, 82–83, 84–85, 96, 100, 102, 103, 106, 152, 175–80, 177, 207
Europe’s need for, 84
Enlightenment, 22
Erdoğan, Recep, 87, 91, 92, 222, 310
Ethiopia, 262
eugenics, 200–201
Eurasia, 81
Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), 85, 87
Europe:
alternative energy in, 175
anti-Muslim movements in, 255
anti-Soviet revolutions in, 58
Arabs in, 253, 255, 258
Asians in, 253–58
austerity policies in, 299
China and, 243, 246, 248–50
as coherent regional system, 7
defense spending by, 240, 248
energy needs of, 84
global civilization as influenced by, 21, 22–23
governance systems in, 284
internal trade in, 152
postwar rebuilding of, 14
Russia and, 83–84, 85, 89
Syrian refugees in, 63
US financial holdings of, 164–65
US relations with, 240
in voyages of discovery, 43–44, 68
see also specific countries
Europe, Asia and, 239–58
arms sales in, 251
Asian investment in, 163, 246–47
financial sector in, 246, 247
food transport and, 244, 248
free trade agreements in, 250
infrastructure connectivity and, 243–44
retail sector in, 244
tourism in, 254–55
trade in, 13, 14, 241, 250
urban development and, 245–46
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 241
European Central Bank, 243
European Coal and Steel Community, 7
European Customs Union, 92
European Economic Community, 57
European Investment Bank (EIB), 250
European Union, 2, 11, 13, 14, 127, 133, 249
expansion of, 241, 258
Israel and, 97
execution rates, in Asia, 308
Export-Import Bank of China, 84–85, 110, 273
Facebook, 208, 209, 219, 320
family-run businesses, Asian, 159–60
Far East, use of term, 5–6
Far Eastern Economic Review, 353
fashion:
Asian, spread of, 345–46
Asian models in, 346
European, Asianization of, 345–46
Filipino Am
ericans, 217
film industry:
in Asia, 347–51
Asian directors in, 347
cross-Asian collaborations in, 348–49
Hollywood’s use of Asian themes in, 346–47
US-Asian collaboration in, 348
finance industry, Asian, 163
bonds in, 163, 164, 165–67
commodities markets in, 176
cross-border investments in, 166
foreign investments in, 167, 168, 171–72
IPO’s in, 167
private equity in, 171–72
privatization and, 169–71
stock markets in, 167–68
US and European investments by, 163–64
venture capital in, 173–74
finance industry, US, 166
Asia and, 167
financial crises:
Asian (1997–98), 61, 62, 121, 151
Western (2007–08), 3, 14, 17, 62, 147, 152, 164, 233, 299
fintech (financial technology), 158, 168, 169, 188, 213
Flanagan, Owen, 357
flashpoints, geopolitical, in Asia, 11
food:
Asian demands for, 244, 248
Asian production of, 177, 180–81, 182
Foreign Affairs, 8
Fosun International, 159–60
Foxconn, 132, 153, 194, 228
France:
Arab immigrants in, 253
Asian immigrants in, 253
Asian trade of, 244
Indochina colonized by, 45
and loss of Indochina, 52
West Asian mandates of, 49
Francis I, Pope, 358
Franco-Prussian War, 286
Freedom House, 308
free trade:
Asia and, 8, 102, 124, 129, 133, 153, 154, 158, 223, 250, 252, 272, 273
Western promotion of, 2–3, 158
Fujimori, Alberto, 276
Fukuoka, 135–36
Funabashi, Yoichi, 8–9
Funan Kingdom, 34
Fung, Spencer, 184
Future Forward Party, Thailand, 307
Gama, Vasco da, 43
Gandhara, 32, 33, 34
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 49, 265, 316
Ganges region, 29, 32
Ganges River, 33, 35, 46
“Gangnam Style” (music video), 343
Gates, Bill, 317
Geely, 194
General Electric, 110, 168, 211
Genghis Khan, 39–40
Georgia, Republic of, 59
technocracy in, 307
Germany, Nazi, 50
Germany, unified:
Arab refugees in, 255
Asian immigrants in, 253, 254, 256
Asia’s relations with, 242
multiparty consensus in, 284
Ginsberg, Allen, 331
Giving Pledge, 317
Global-is-Asian, 22
globalization:
Asia and, 8–9, 162, 357–59; see also Asianization
growth of, 14
global order, see world order
Goa, 44, 89, 186
Göbekli Tepe, 28
Goguryeo Kingdom, 34
Go-Jek, 187
Golden Triangle, 123
Google, 199, 200, 208–9, 219
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 58
governance:
digital technology in, 318–19
inclusive policies in, 303
governance, global:
