7 C.S.P.D., 1685, p. 180.
8 Ibid., pp. 30–1. Hollwell was said to have surveyed the moor on which it was anticipated that the battle would take place and to have seen ‘the stone which lies on that moor which they say the crown shall sit on and drink man’s blood’. Monmouth’s own commonplace book reveals that he maintained a keen interest in astrology, casting his own nativity.
9 T. Harris, ‘London Crowds and the Revolution of 1688’ in E. Cruickshanks (ed.), By Force or By Default? The Revolution of 1688–89 (Edinburgh, 1989), ch. 4.
10 See Clifton, chs. 1 and 2; Wigfield, chs. 2 and 3.
11 The Declaration of James, Duke of Monmouth, & the noblemen, gentlemen, & others now in arms (1685), p. 5. P. 1 asserts that the British constitution is one of limited monarchy. However, the proclamation issued from Taunton on 20 June recognises Monmouth as ‘lawful and rightful sovereign’; see J. N. P. Watson, Captain-General and Rebel Chief, the Life of James, Duke of Monmouth (London, 1979), p. 278.
12 C.S.P.D., 1685, pp. 61, 137, 140.
13 Sharp, pp. 21–4.
14 County of Buckingham Calendar of the Sessions Records, Vol. 1. 1678 to 1694, ed. W. H. Hardy (Aylesbury, 1933), p. 176.
15 Clifton, p. 129.
16 An Account of what Passed at the Execution of the Late Duke of Monmouth (1685).
17 The best discussion of Monmouth’s character is in Clifton, chs. 3–4.
18 See below.
19 My narrative here is indebted to Clifton’s account, chs. 5–7.
20 C.S.P.D., 1685, p. 239. See also Axminster Ecclesiastica, p. 96.
21 Clifton, p. 224.
22 S. A. Timmons, ‘Executions following Monmouth’s Rebellion: A Missing Link’, Historical Research, 76 (2003), pp. 286–91.
23 He has even been the subject of a horror movie, Franco Nero’s The Bloody Judge, in which he was played by Christopher Lee.
24 Axminster Ecclesiastica, p. 99.
25 C.S.P.D., 1685, pp. 327, 335.
26 H. Pitman, A Relation of the Great Sufferings and Strange Adventures of … (London, 1689), in C. H. Firth (ed.), Stuart Tracts, pp. 434–5.
27 Muddiman, p. 28.
29 Wigfield, p. 44.
29 The Glory of the West, or the Virgins of Taunton-Dean (1685).
30 J. H. Bettey, ‘Andrew Loder: A Seventeenth-Century Dorset Attorney’, Southern History, 17 (1995), pp. 40–7.
31 Muddiman, p. 40.
32 Axminster Ecclesiastica, p. 103.
33 Quarter Sessions from Queen Elizabeth to Queen Anne … drawn from Original Records (Chiefly of the County of Devon), ed. A. H. A. Hamilton (London, 1878), p. 238.
34 C.S.P.D., 1685, pp. 353–4. Confirmed by Quarter Sessions … Devon, p. 239.
35 Clifton, p. 240.
36 Muddiman, p. 41.
37 C.S.P.D., 1685, pp. 332–3.
38 Pitman, pp. 436–44.
39 Ibid., pp. 445–53.
40 Ibid., pp. 455–60.
41 Ibid., pp. 461–8.
42 Ibid., pp. 468–76.
43 M. S. Quintilla, ‘Late Seventeenth-Century Indentured Servants in Barbados’, The Journal of Carribean History, 27 (1993), pp. 114–29.
44 A. Fletcher, Tudor Rebellions (2nd edn., 1977), pp. 68–9, 100–2.
45 J. Miller, James II: a Study in Kingship (Hove, 1977), p. 120.
46 T. Harris, ‘London Crowds and the Revolution of 1688’, p. 47.
47 Quarter Sessions … Devon, p. 242.
48 Clifton, pp. 228–9.
49 Muddiman, p. 22.
3 THE ANGLICAN REVOLT
1 The Axminster Ecclesiastica 1660–1698, ed. K. W. H. Howard (Sheffield, 1976), pp. 125–7.
2 The Autobiography of Sir John Bramston (Camden Society, o.s. 32, 1845), pp. 234, 248–9.
3 C.S.P.D., 1686–7, p. 313.
4 Halifax: Complete Works, ed. J. P. Kenyon (Harmondsworth, 1969), p. 107.
5 Ibid., p. 106.
6 C.S.P.V., 1673–5, pp. 316–17, 324, 327, 330–1, 334, 357–9, 390–1, 401. See also Andrew Barclay, review of Louis G. Schwoerer, The Ingenious Mr Henry Care, Restoration Publicist, H-Albion, H-Net Reviews, April 2004.
7 Quoted in W. A. Speck, ‘James II’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).
8 C.S.P.D., 1686–7, p. 13.
9 G. V. Bennett, ‘Loyalist Oxford and the Revolution’, in L. S. Sutherland and L. G. Mitchell (eds.), The History of the University of Oxford: Vol. V. The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1986), ch. 1, pp. 16–17.
10 T. B. Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James II, ed. C. H. Firth (London, 1913–15), vol. II, p. 752.
11 C.S.P.D., 1686–7, pp. 56–7.
12 J. P. Kenyon, ‘The Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes 1686–1688: A Reconsideration’, The Historical Journal, 34 (1991), pp. 727–36.
13 C.S.P.D., 1686–7, pp. 233, 254.
14 T. Harris, Politics under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society 1660–1715 (London, 1993), pp. 125–6.
15 C.S.P.D., 1686–7, pp. 62, 71.
16 Ibid., p. 145.
17 Bennett, p. 17.
18 J. Twigg, The University of Cambridge and the English Revolution, (Woodbridge, 1990), p. 278.
19 Ibid., p. 277.
20 This is the conclusion of Andrew Barclay, ‘The impact of James II on the departments of the royal household’ (Cambridge University PhD, 1994)
21 Bramston, pp. 268–70.
22 J. P. Kenyon, The Stuart Constitution, 1603–1688 (2nd edn., Cambridge, 1986) p. 389.
23 Harris, Politics under the Later Stuarts, p. 126.
24 Axminster Ecclesiastica, p. 133.
25 No. 2243.
26 No. 2250.
27 No. 2258.
28 No. 2284, Somerset clothworkers, no. 2276, Stroud water clothiers, no. 2273, Master builders of London, offer some examples.
29 Bramston, p. 272.
30 Ibid., p. 275.
31 No. 2266.
32 No. 2246.
33 No. 2264.
34 No. 2268.
35 Penal Laws and Test Act. Questions Touching Their Repeal Propounded in 1687–8 by James II, ed. Sir George Duckett (2 vols. London, 1882–3), vol. II, p. 22.
36 M. J. Short, ‘The Corporation of Hull and the Government of James II, 1687–8’, Historical Research, 71 (1998), pp. 172–92, at p. 177.
37 Kenyon, The Stuart Constitution, p. 390.
38 See, for examples, no. 2243, address of Bishop, Dean and Chapters of Durham, no. 2246, address from the Bishop of Chester, no. 2256, Bishop, Dean and Chapters of Lincoln, Ripon, no. 2258, Coventry and Lichfield diocese.
39 Bennett, p. 17.
40 No. 2273.
41 No. 2250.
42 No. 2271.
43 W. A. Speck, James II (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 56.
44 Bramston, p. 284.
45 Ibid., pp. 284–96; C.S.P.D., 1687–8, p. 70; Bennett, p. 18.
46 Twigg, pp. 283–4.
47 W. A. Speck, ‘The Orangist Conspiracy Against James II’, The Historical Journal, 30 (1987), pp. 453–62.
48 A letter writ by Mijn Heer Fagel, pensioner of Holland, to James Stewart, advocate, giving an account of the Prince and Princess of Orange’s thoughts concerning the repeal of the Test (1688 [i.e., 1687]).
49 Penal Laws and Test Act, vol. I, pp. 222–3, vol. II, pp. 219–20.
50 Harris, Politics under the Later Stuarts, pp. 126–7; V. Alsop, Mr Alsop’s Speech to King James II (1687); R. A. Beddard, ‘Vincent Alsop and the Emancipation of Restoration Dissent’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 24 (1973), pp. 161–84.
51 M. Goldie, ‘John Locke’s Circle and James II’, The Historical Journal, 35 (1992), pp. 557–86.
52 C.S.P.D., 1687–9, p. 66.
53 H. Newcome, The Autobiography of Henry Newcome, ed. R. Parkinson (2 vols., Manchester, Chetham Soc., 1852), p. 265.
54 D. Ogg, England in the Reigns of James II and William III (Oxford, 1969), p. 184.
55 Penal Laws and Test Act, vol. I, p. 74 (Duckett’s editorial insertions here, as elsewhere, are misleading).
56 Ibid., vol. I, p. 218.
57 Ibid., vol. I, p. 182.
58 John Carswell, The Descent on England: A Study of the English Revolution of 1688 and its European Background (London, 1969), pp. 238–43.
59 W. A. Speck, ‘The Revolution of 1688 in the North’, Northern History 25 (1989), pp. 188–204, 200.
60 Speck, ‘The Orangist Conspiracy Against James II’, p. 254.
61 Bramston, p. 306: ‘Unto the two first I said I could not preingage; to the third I sayd I would always pay all duty and obedience to the King, and endeauour what in my lieth to lieu peaceably with all men. Mr Petre of the Park who acted the part of Secretary to my Lord in all the procedure of this matter, set down my answer, “I would live peaceably with my neighbours of all perswasions”, which I sayd were not my words, tho’ much to my sence.’
62 Penal Laws and Test Act, vol. I, p. 196.
63 Ibid., vol. I, p. 156.
64 Ibid., vol. I, p. 285.
65 Bramston, p. 302.
66 Penal Laws and Test Act, vol. II, pp. 19–26.
67 Speck, ‘The Revolution of 1688 in the North’, p. 197.
68 M. Short, ‘The Corporation of Hull and the Government of James II, 1687–8’, Historical Research, 71 (1998), pp. 174–5.
69 Ibid., p. 187.
70 This point is well made by Mark Goldie, ‘John Locke’s Circle and James II’, p. 573.
71 C.S.P.D., 1687–9, p. 127.
72 Ibid., p. 66. Clarendon, on the other hand, thought that even those who had been intruded were no more likely to do James’s wishes than the original officers and judges they had displaced, p. 118.
73 Penal Laws and Test Act, vol. II, p. 219.
74 Harris, Politics under the Later Stuarts, p. 128.
75 Bramston, p. 310.
76 C.S.P.D., 1687–9, pp. 224–5.
77 An Account of the Reasons of the Nobility and Gentry’s Invitation of His Highnesse the Prince of Orange into England (1688). The pamphlet went into intimate detail about the Queen’s pregnancy, noting that it was alleged that she had continued menstruating and that her breasts had not been seen to swell, nor leak milk. See ibid., pp. 18–19.
78 I am basing my discussion of the warming-pan myth on Rachel Weil’s excellent Political Passions, Gender, the Family and Political Argument: 1680–1714 (Manchester, 1999), ch. 3.
79 Speck, ‘Revolution in the North’, p. 196; Speck, James II, p. 148.
80 J. L. Malcolm, ‘The Creation of a “True Antient and Indubitable” Right: the English Bill of Rights and the Right to be Armed’, Journal of British Studies, 32 (1993), pp. 226–49, at pp. 242–3. An earlier test case brought against a magistrate, Sir John Knight, who had been over-zealous in enforcing the recusancy laws, for riding armed, failed to secure a conviction.
81 Which did not make it illegal, as declarations of the House do not carry the force of law. But it did make it unwise.
82 The history of James’s government in New England requires further research. A starting point is ch. 7 of Speck’s James II. See also the references for the North American reaction to the Glorious Revolution given below.
83 C.S.P.D., 1686–7, pp. 147, 149; on James’s relationship with the Huguenots see Robin D. Gwynn, ‘James II in the light of his treatment of Huguenot refugees in England 1685–1686’, English Historical Review, 92 (1977), pp. 820–33.
4 THE DUTCH INVASION
1 The Axminster Ecclesiastica 1660–1698, ed. K. W. H. Howard (Sheffield, 1976), p. 135–6.
2 C.S.P.D., 1687–9, p. 191.
3 W. A. Speck, James II (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 70.
4 Henri and Barbara Van der Zee, 1688 Revolution in the Family (Harmondsworth, 1988), p. 104.
5 Ibid., p. 96.
6 Ibid., p. 111.
7 J. Israel, ‘The Dutch Role in the Glorious Revolution’, in J. Israel (ed.), The Anglo-Dutch Moment (Cambridge, 1991), ch. 3, p. 121.
8 Van der Zee, p. 90.
9 Ibid., p. 104.
10 J. P. Kenyon, Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland (London, 1958). p. 219.
11 A. Browning, Thomas Osborne Earl of Danby and Duke of Leeds, 1632–1712, Vol. II Letters (Glasgow, 1944), p. 135.
12 Ibid., p. 136.
13 On the northern risings see Speck, ‘Revolution of 1688 in the North’; D. H. Hosford, Nottingham, Nobles and the North (Hamden, Conn, 1976); A. Browning, Thomas Osborne Earl of Danby and Duke of Leeds 1632–1712, vol. 1 Life (Glasgow, 1951), pp. 389–410.
14 Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, ed. Andrew Browning (Glasgow, 1936), pp. 514–5, 524.
15 Van der Zee, p. 122.
16 On the Williamite and Jacobite propaganda efforts see L. G. Schwoerer, ‘Propaganda in the Revolution of 1688–9’, American Historical Review, 82 (1977), pp. 843–74; idem, ‘The Glorious Revolution as Spectacle: A New Perspective’, in S. B. Baxter (ed.), England’s Rise to Greatness, 1660–1763 (Los Angeles, 1984), ch. 4; T. Claydon, ‘William III’s Declaration of Reasons and the Glorious Revolution’, The Historical Journal, 39, 1 (1996), pp. 87–108.
17 Speck, James II, p. 74; Van der Zee, Revolution in the Family, p. 123.
18 Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, p. 502.
19 Van der Zee, p. 125.
20 Ibid., p. 126.
21 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Kenyon MSS (London, 1894), p. 204. See also p. 197, Earl of Dunmore to the Earl of Derby: ‘our forces are in so good order, and so much encreased, that I believe they will find it very difficult, if not impossible, to compasce their designe, especially since there is a fleet out, which my Lord Dartmouth goes tomorrow to command’.
22 Van der Zee, p. 126.
23 Speck, James II, p. 76.
24 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Kenyon MSS (Lomdon, 1894), p. 207.
25 Speck, James II, p. 75.
26 G. Burnet, ‘The Expedition of His Highness the Prince of Orange for England’ in A collection of papers relating to the present juncture of affairs in England (1688), p. 3.
27 The story is unlikely given that, thanks in part to his wife, William’s English was excellent.
28 Van der Zee, p. 146.
29 Burnet’s account, from which the quotation is taken, describes these men as ‘Blacks brought from the Plantations of the Netherlands in America’, i.e., Surinam, Burnet, ‘Expedition’, p. 6.
30 Van der Zee, p. 151.
31 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Kenyon MSS (London, 1894), p. 207.
32 C.S.P.D., 1687–9, p. 316.
33 The Lord Delamere’s letter to his tenants in Warrington, Lancashire, answered (1688), p. 2.
34 G. Burnet, A collection of papers relating to the present juncture of affairs in England (1688), p. 19.
35 Text in Penal Laws and Test Act, vol. II, pp. 113–15.
36 Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, p. 526.
37 Speck, ‘Revolution in the North’, pp. 188–91.
38 Van der Zee, p. 157.
39 Ibid., p. 172. Ironically, Seymour would refuse the 1696 Association which recognised William as rightful and lawful king.
40 J. P. Kenyon, Revolution Principles (Cambridge, 1977), p. 6; W. A. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries; Englishmen and the Revolution of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 230–2.
41 C.J., vol. x, p. 6.
42 R. A. Beddard, ‘The Unexpected Whig Revolution of 1688’, in R. A. Beddard (ed.), The Revolutions of 1688 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 11–102, at pp. 40, 45, 52. See BL Add MS 28252, f. 53, ‘List of members that refused the association to the Prince of Orange’.
43 Speck, James II, p. 76. Indeed, from contemporary accounts, it appears that James was suffering from posterior, as opposed to anterior, nosebleeds, which can indicate the presence of a tumour. Another, and in the King’s case more likely, cause of such regular bleeding from nose and throat can be high blood pressure.
44 Van der Zee, p. 177.
5 PANIC AND FLIGHT
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1 The Letters and Diplomatic Instructions of Queen Anne, ed. B. C. Brown (London, 1935), pp. 33, 44–5.
2 M. Waller, Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses Who Stole Their Father’s Crown (London, 2002), p. 81. Waller discusses Anne’s conversion to the Williamite cause in ch. 2.
3 F. Harris, A Passion for Government, The Life of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough (Oxford, 1991), p. 47. Sarah described the Queen as having ‘no fault but being govern’d by Priests’.
4 On Anne’s flight see D. H. Hosford, Nottingham, Nobles and the North (Hamden, Conn., 1976), pp. 101–8.
5 T. B. Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James II, ed. C. H. Firth (London, 1913–15), vol. III, p. 1185.
6 Henri and Barbara Van der Zee, 1688 Revolution in the Family (Harmondsworth, 1988), p. 184.
7 Quoted in W. A. Speck, James II (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 78.
8 Van der Zee, p. 195.
9 On the Catholic rioting of December 1688, see J. Miller, ‘The Militia and the Army in the Reign of James II’, The Historical Journal, 16 (1973), pp. 659–79, at p. 675.
10 Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, p. 536.
11 Sir James Dalrymple remarked that ‘Heaven seemed by this accident to declare that the laws, the constitution, and the sovereignty of Great Britain were not to depend on the frailty of man’. Physical evidence supports the idea that the Great Seal was at some point recovered. The new seal made for William and Mary was in fact little more than a crude alteration of the reverse side of James II’s original seal with ‘part of a female figure and some indications of a horse clumsily inserted in inadequate space, and with a new legend’, H. Jenkinson, ‘What happened to the Great Seal of James II?’, Antiquaries Journal, 12 (1943), pp. 1–13.
12 Van der Zee, p. 197.
13 According to Reresby, Memoirs, p. 539.
14 Van der Zee, p. 198.
15 Ibid., p. 199.
16 Macaulay, History, vol. III, p. 1178. However, Macaulay gets the dating of this incident wrong; see R. Howell, Puritans and Radicals in North England: Essays on the English Revolution (Lanham, Md., 1984). On the desacralisation of monarchy in the seventeenth century see R. Zaller, ‘Breaking the Vessels: the Desacralization of Monarchy in Early Modern England’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 29 (1998), pp. 757–78.
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