by Shuja Nawaz
16 Khan and Ahmed, ‘What Are the “Dawn Leaks”?’.
17 When my late brother, then Maj. Gen. Asif Nawaz, was commandant of PMA.
18 Nawaz, Learning by Doing.
19 Raheel Sharif ’s father, Maj. Rana Muhammad Sharif, was in the Signals Corps and served in Rawalpindi with my late father-in-law, Lt. Col. J.D. Malik, Commanding Officer, GHQ Signals Regiment, when my uncle, Brig. Muhammad Zaman Khan, was the director of the Signals Corps. Raheel Sharif was born during the family’s stay in Rawalpindi. Shabbir Sharif attended our school, St. Mary’s Cambridge School on Murree Road, Rawalpindi, before the family moved away to Lahore where both brothers attended St. Anthony’s School.
20 Nawaz, Learning by Doing.
21 Dawn, ‘PM Sharif Announces Another Push for Peace Talks with Taliban’, 29 January 2014, http://www.dawn.com/news/1083531
22 Maria Golovnina and Amjad Ali, ‘Peace Talks between Pakistan and Taliban Collapse after Killings’, Reuters, 17 February 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-taliban-idUSBREA1G0MP20140217
23 Dawn, ‘TTP Claims Attack on Karachi Airport’, 9 June 2014, http://www.dawn.com/news/1111397
24 BBC, ‘Pakistan Taliban: Peshawar School Attack Leaves 141 Dead’, 16 December 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-30491435
25 An earlier attack on the mosque in Westridge, a military suburb of Rawalpindi had killed 40 person, including the son of the Peshawar corps commander fighting the militants in FATA, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/04/militants-attack-rawalpindi-mosque-pakistan
26 Anup Khaphle, ‘Pakistan Announces a National Plan to Fight Terrorism, Says Terrorists’ Days Are Numbered’, Washington Post, 24 December 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/12/24/pakistan-announces-a-national-plan-to-fight-terrorism-says-terrorists-days-are-numbered/?utm_term=.b6362d358f8a
27 Shuja Nawaz, Countering Militancy and Terrorism in Pakistan: The Civil–Military Nexus, United States Institute of Peace Special Report (Washington DC: USIP, 2016), http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR393-Countering-Militancy-and-Terrorism-in-Pakistan-The-Civil-Military-Nexus.pdf
28 Dawn, ‘259 Pakistanis Named in Fresh Panama Papers Leak,’ 10 May 2016, http://www.dawn.com/news/1257275
29 Baqir Sajjad Syed, ‘Gen Raheel Sharif Puts Speculation to Rest, Says Will Retire on Due Date’, Dawn, 26 January 2016, http://www.dawn.com/news/1235421
30 A senior military officer, who was there, confirmed this story for me.
31 I spent time at the Infantry School, its old name that is still used by many, while researching the Pakistan Army’s COIN experience, including sitting in seminars and attending a field exercise without troops in the countryside. It was impressive to see that both students and instructors had seen war in FATA and the focus of the training was on understanding the enemy as Islamists who had deviated from religious teachings and were distorting the message of Islam. The discussions were rooted in battlefield reality, not textbooks.
32 He grew up in Rawalpindi and is the first graduate of these two schools to become army chief.
1 Mohammad Samin, ‘Afghanistan’s Addiction to Foreign Aid’, Diplomat, 19 May 2016, https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/afghanistans-addiction-to-foreign-aid/
2 Bob Woodward, Fear: Trump in the White House (Simon and Schuster, New York, 2018), p. 146.
3 Dia Hadid, ‘Tensions Rise between US and Pakistan after President Trump’s Tweet’, NPR, 2 January 2018, https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/01/02/575056954/tensions-rise-between-pakistan-and-u-s-after-president-trumps-tweet
4 See next chapter for details.
5 See chapter ‘The First Kashmir War’ in Shuja Nawaz, Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within (Oxford University Press, 2008, 2017), also published in the Indian Review.
6 ‘India and Pakistan: An Atlantic Report’, Atlantic, November 1960, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1960/11/india-and-pakistan/306376/
7 Editorial Board, ‘Is Pakistan Worth America’s Investment?’ New York Times, 9 January 2015.
8 Andrew Wilder, ‘Aid and Stability in Pakistan: Lessons from the 2005 Earthquake Response’ in Disasters (Blackwill Publishing)., online, 16 September 2010, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01209.x
9 Nancy Birdsall, ‘Aid to Pakistan Is Not Leverage’, Center for Global Development, Washington DC, 27 January 2015, https://www.cgdev.org/blog/aid-pakistan-not-leverage
10 Professor George Rosen, Western Economists and Eastern Societies: Agents of Change in South Asia 1950–1970, Johns Hopkins Studies in Development, 1 April 1985.
11 Ali Riaz, ‘Global Jihad, Sectarianism and the Madrassahs in Pakistan’, IDSS, August 2005, cited in: Paul M.P. Bell, ‘Pakistan’s Madrassahs: Weapons of Mass Instruction?’, March 2007, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, CA, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a467143.pdf
12 I recall this term being ascribed to Samuel Taylor Coleridge in our BA English Literature class at Gordon College, Rawalpindi, under Professor V.K. Mall, the principal, whose PhD dissertation had been on William Wordsworth, another Romantic poet.
13 Beyond Bullets and Bombs: Fixing the US Approach to Development in Pakistan, Reports of the Study Group on a US Development Strategy in Pakistan, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC, June 2011. I was a member of this study group and helped present its findings.
14 Ibid.
15 Mark Mazzetti, ‘The Devastating Paradox of Pakistan’, Atlantic, March 2018 cited in Coll’s Directorate S.
16 ‘US Coalition Support Funds to Pakistan: From Ineffective, Unaccountable Reimbursements to a Long-Term, Strategic Relationship’, Washington DC, 25 September 2008. Report of House Committee Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, Majority Subcommittee Staff. Washington DC.
17 ‘US Coalition Support Funds’, a.k.a. ‘Tierney Report’.
18 Center for Global Development, ‘Aid to Pakistan by the Numbers’, September 2013, www.cgdev.org/page/aid-pakistan-numbers
19 OECD Credit Reporting system, Table DAC 2a, July 2013.
20 He sought out analysis of Pakistan’s economy and politics from the think tank world, including briefings by me at his home and in the White House before key meetings on Pakistan.
21 ANI, ‘Raphel Appointed Coordinator for Non-Military Assistance to Pakistan’, Thaindian News, Islamabad, 3 August 2009, http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/raphel-appointed-coordinator-for-non-military-assistance-to-pakistan_100226806.html
22 Matt Apuzzo, ‘US Ends Spying Case against Former Envoy’, New York Times, 21 March 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/22/us/robin-raphel-spying-case-ends-without-charges-lawyer-says.html. See also Adam Entous and Devlin Barrett, ‘The Last Diplomat’, Wall Street Journal, 2 December 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-last-diplomat-1480695454
23 Telephone interview with Gregg Gottlieb from Tufts University, 2018.
24 Interview with Amb. Dan Feldman, Washington DC, 2 November 2016.
25 Ibid.
26 He later headed the Overseas Development Institute in the UK.
27 Email exchange with Andrew Wilder for this book.
28 This was similar to the conditions that persisted when I went as an adviser to Minister of Planning and Development, Mahbub ul Haq, in the summer of 1982, to help him prepare the strategy for the launch of the Sixth Five-Year Plan for Pakistan. At that time, Planning Commission staff, including division chiefs, had difficulty even making long-distance calls to the provinces to discuss issues or gather feedback from the provinces. Every call had to be approved by the Chief Economist Moin Baqai! On my suggestion, Dr Haq changed that in a heartbeat.
29 ‘Advocacy—The New Missionaries’, 10 March 2015, Development 2.0—by Nadeem ul Haque, http://development20.blogspot.com/search/label/aid
30 Senator Biden’s opening remarks at the Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing on ‘India–Pakistan: Steps Toward
Rapprochement’, 28 January 2004, https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/BidenStatement040128.pdf
31 Ibid.
32 University of Chicago Press, March 2001.
33 Telephone interview with Jasmeet Ahuja in Philadelphia, PA, on 20 April 2017.
34 Ibid.
35 I recall sharing some comments along these lines with Ahuja when she called me from Shannon Airport while on her way back from a whirlwind congressional visit to India. She did not recall that specific conversation, but acknowledged that after the mark-up, the bill was changed. The marked-up version is available online for anyone interested in seeing how it progressed.
36 Ahmed Rashid, ‘Pakistan Civil–Military Ties Hit New Low’, BBC News, 16 October 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8309532.stm
37 Govtrack.us, ‘S. 3263 (110th): Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act of 2008’, 26 September 2008, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3263/text
38 Govtrack.us, ‘S. 1707 (111th): Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act of 2009’, 23 August 2010, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/s1707/text
39 Farhan Bokhari, ‘Pakistan Military Riled by US Aid Bill’, CBS News, 7 October 2009.
40 Telephone interview with Jasmeet Ahuja in Philadelphia, PA, on 20 April 2017.
41 A photograph taken in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee room in February 2009 shows me presenting the Atlantic Council Task Force report while the Task Force co-chairs Senators Kerry and Hagel listen attentively, chins resting on their hands. And Atlantic Council President Fred Kempe looks on. Kerry and Hagel ended up occupying higher offices later in the Obama term. But neither could effect a massive change in US or Pakistani behaviour.
1 Susan B. Epstein and K. Alan Kronstadt, ‘Pakistan: US Foreign Aid Conditions, Restrictions, and Reporting Requirements’, Congressional Research Service, 15 December 2011.
2 Wesley Morgan, ‘Meet the next American Commander in Afghanistan, who has deeper experience there than almost any U.S. general’, The Washington Post, 28 January 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/01/28/meet-the-next-commander-in-afghanistan-who-has-deeper-experience-there-than-almost-any-u-s-general/?utm_term=.660a160b3a10
3 The Wrong Enemy: America in Afghanistan 2001–2014 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2014) was the title of a book by Carlotta Gall of the New York Times, who had been reporting extensively from Pakistan and Afghanistan and had even been roughed up by Pakistani intelligence operatives in Quetta, Balochistan, when she went in search of Taliban belonging to the fabled Quetta Shura. Gall had a family connection to the region. Her father, the legendary Sandy Gall of ITN TV News, had covered the 1971 Indo-Pak War. (I recalled meeting him in Rawalpindi at that time, in my early days as a TV newsman for Pakistan Television.) He later authored at least five books on Afghanistan related to the Soviet War and after, including War against the Taliban: Why It All Went Wrong (Bloomsbury, 2013).
4 Interview with Amb. Richard Olson, January 2017.
5 Interview with Peter Lavoy, Washington DC, February 2017.
6 Ibid.
7 K. Alan Kronstadt, ‘Pakistan–US Relations: A Summary’, 21 October 2011, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4edc8dc62.pdf
8 ‘Senate Foreign Relations Committee Holds Hearing on Goals and Progress in Afghanistan and Pakistan’, CQ Transcriptions, 23 June 2011. Cited by Kronstadt.
9 ‘Combating Terrorism: Increased Oversight and Accountability Needed over Pakistan Reimbursement Claims for Coalition Support Funds’, US Government Accountability Office, June 2008.
10 Ibid.
11 After a GAO Report on Pakistan in 2013, there were no further reports available till 2018.
12 Courtesy of S. Wajid Rana, former secretary, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, and former minister, economic, at the Pakistan embassy in Washington DC. He is one of the most knowledgeable economists on the Pakistani side, with detailed knowledge of the IFIs and the US financial system.
13 GAO, ‘Combating Terrorism’.
14 David Rohde, Carlotta Gall, et al., ‘U.S. Officials See Waste in Billions Sent to Pakistan’, New York Times, 24 December 2007.
15 ‘Up to 70% of US Aid to Pakistan “Misspent”,’ The Guardian (27 February 2008).
16 Tierney Report, pp. 17–18.
17 Ibid., pp. 24–25.
18 Ibid., p. 28.
19 Ibid., p. 35.
20 GAO, ‘Combating Terrorism’.
21 Ishrat Husain. See page 254 for items purchased with Pakistani national funds.
22 Data courtesy of K. Alan Kronstadt, CRS.
23 I recall Steve Coll and C. Christine Fair being in our group that Mullen invited to speak with him on Pakistan. He exhibited an avuncular air with his softly articulated but penetrating questions that contrasted with his starched military look. His love of the navy was evident in the office decor. My striking memory is of a bookshelf to the left of his office door as one entered, which had been cut at a cant to mimic the slanted feeling of being in a ship!
24 Interview with Kevin Hulbert, Washington DC, July 2017.
25 Background information from former US officials. Pasha did not respond to requests for an interview after his return from his post-retirement overseas sojourn in the UAE.
26 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/pakistan-military-sentences-officer-death-espionage-190530142947938.html
27 Rediff News, ‘US Court Summons ISI Chief in 26/11 Case’, 24 November 2010, http://www.rediff.com/news/report/anniversary-26-11-us-court-issues-summons-to-pak-isi-chief-lashkar-operatives/20101124.htm
28 Press Trust of India, ‘US Immunity for ISI and Its Ex-Chief in 26/11 Case’, Daily Mail India, 19 December 2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2250718/US-immunity-ISI-ex-chief-26-11-case.html
29 Mark Mazzetti and Salman Masood, ‘Pakistani Role Is Suspected in Revealing US Spy’s Name’, New York Times, December 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/18pstan.html
30 Mathew Rosenberg, ‘Karzai Told to Dump US’, Wall Street Journal, 27 April 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704729304576287041094035816
31 Declan Walsh, ‘Pakistani Media “Name” CIA Station Chief in Islamabad’, The Guardian, 9 May 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/09/pakistan-media-name-cia-chief. Kelton is now a senior adviser with the Chertoff Group, a firm headed by former head of the Department of Homeland Security, Michael Chertoff, in Washington DC.
32 Greg Miller, ‘After Presiding over Bin Laden Raid, CIA Chief in Pakistan Came Home Suspecting He Was Poisoned by ISI’, Washington Post, 5 May 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-bin-laden-raids-shadow-bad-blood-and-the-suspected-poisoning-of-a-cia-officer/2016/05/05/ace85354-0c83-11e6-a6b6-2e6de3695b0e_story, html?utm_term=.ed48aecf9264
33 He belonged to a well-known Janjua Rajput family from Maira Matore near Kahuta. His elder brother, Azhar ul Islam, had been a Sword of Honour winner at the PMA, but had been removed from service after participating in an attempted coup against Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1973. Another cousin, and coincidentally another Sword of Honour winner, Khalid Nawaz, was a corps commander of X Corps in Rawalpindi. Two uncles of his had been generals, as were two cousins.
34 Interview with Amb. Richard Olson, January 2017.
35 After his retirement, I was in contact with DG-ISI Akhtar. He tentatively agreed to an interview but then did not respond.
36 Kunwar Khuldune Shahid, ‘Pakistan Gets a Hardliner Spymaster to Head the ISI’, Asia Times, 15 October 2018, https://www.asiatimes.com/2018/10/article/pakistan-gets-a-hardline-spy-master-to-head-the-isi/
1 Final sentence in the document presented by General Kayani to President Obama in October 2010 in the Roosevelt Room at the White House.
2 Interview with Gen. James (Jim) L. Jones, Tyson’s Corner, VA, September 2016.
3 Mullen’s testimony before the Armed Services Committee of the Senate became the signature denunciation of Pakistan as a double-de
aling ally.
4 Comments on background by former officials who were at the NSC meeting.
5 Author interview with Gen. Kayani, February 2016.
6 Gen. Kayani normally preferred to meet on Friday afternoons in his office, after other staff at GHQ had gone home for lunch and mid-day prayers. He could then smoke seemingly incessantly and speak in his soft murmur, bouncing ideas and sharing insights about regional and US relations, often conveying messages that he knew would be carried back to Washington. I found him to be a good listener, even though he dominated the exchange. Unlike many of his colleagues, he did not wish to be acknowledged as right on every point he made.
7 Author interview with Gen. Kayani, February 2016.
8 Coll, Directorate S.
9 This particular meeting on 2 December 2010 was during office hours for him to meet Fred Kempe, the CEO and president of the Atlantic Council, whom I was taking around Pakistan after a long hiatus. Kempe had previously been there during the Soviet Afghan war as a correspondent for the Wall Street Journal.
10 Based on the non-paper prepared by Gen. Kayani and shared with President Obama.
11 Zahid Hussain, ‘Pakistan Spells Out Terms for Regional Stability’, Dawn, 2 February 2010.
12 Rishi Iyengar, ‘Pakistan Has Finally Admitted That Afghan Taliban Leaders Are Living There’, TIME, 4 March 2016.
13 Bob Woodward, Obama’s Wars (Simon and Schuster, New York, September 2010).
14 Kayani could well have, but did not use this apt term that had been coined by Peter Jones of the University of Ottawa, a leading proponent of Track 2 diplomacy in South Asia and the Middle East, with whom the Atlantic Council launched an India–Pakistan Military Track 2 dialogue. Under the rubric of Waging Peace, the South Asia Center of the Atlantic Council also launched its own Indo-Pakistan Trade and Business Track 2 as well as one on Water Issues.
15 Shuja Nawaz, ‘Exeunt Pakistan Experts, Pursued by Bear’, Foreign Policy, 14 June 2011.
16 Op. cit. Interview with NSC Director Shamila Chaudhary.
