Brooks, Courtney G., Chariots for Apollo, NASA SP-4205. Washington, DC: NASA, 1979
Burrows, William E., This New Ocean. New York: Random House, 1998
Golovanov’s archive: Alexei Leonov compiled interviews to Russian newspapers
Irwin, James B., Destination Moon. Portland, Oregon: Multnomah, 1989
Khrushchev, Sergei, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. Philadelphia, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000
Lovell, James, Lost Moon. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1994
Michel, Jean, Dora. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979
Mishin, Vasily, Ot sozdania ballisticheskikh raket k raketno-kosmicheskomu mashinostrojeniyu (From the Development of Ballistic Rockets to Space-rocket Building). Moscow: Informatsionno-Izdatelsky Tsentr Znanie, 1998
—, ‘Pochemu my ne sletali na lunu’ (‘Why We Never Flew to the Moon’) (an article in Znaniye: Seriya kosmnautika, astronomiya no.12, December 1990)
Murray, Charles, and Cox, Catherine Bly, Apollo: The Race to the Moon. London: Secker & Warburg, 1989
Pervushin, Anton, Bitva za zvezdy. Moscow: AST, 2003
Piszkiewicz, Dennis, The Nazi Rocketeers: Dreams of Space and Crimes of War. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1995
Rakhmanin, V. F. (ed.) Odnazhdy i navsegda: Dokumenty i lyudi o sozdatele raketnykh dvigateley i kosmicheskikh system akademike Valentine Petroviche Glushko (Once and Forever: Documents and People involved in the Creation of Rocket Engines and Space Systems of Academician Valentin Petrovich Glushko). Moscow: Mashinostroyennie, 1998
Rauschenbakh, B. V. (ed.), S. P. Korolev i ego delo: svet i teni v istorii kosmonavtiki. izbrannye trudy i dokumenty (S. P. Korolev and his Work: Light and Shadows from the History of Space Research), compiled by G. S. Vetrov. Moscow: Nauka, 1998
Rebrov, Mikhail, ‘The Last Argument: A Study of the Designer in Black and White’. Krasnaya zvezda newspaper, 1995
—, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, Zhizn i neobyknovennaia sudba (Sergei Pavlovich Korolev: His Life and Extraordinary Fate). Moscow: Olma-Press, 2000
Scott, David, and Leonov, Alexei, Two Sides of the Moon. London: Simon & Schuster, 2004
Siddiqi, Asif, The Soviet Space Race with Apollo. Gainsville, Fla.: University Press of Florida, 2003
Slayton Donald K., Deke! New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 1994
Young, John W., America, Russia and the Cold War. New York: Longman, 1993
RUSSIAN ARCHIVES
Original exclusive sources:
Private archive of Yaroslav Golovanov, Korolev’s main biographer, including unpublished letters and private documents of S. P. Korolev
Notebooks of Yaroslav Golovanov, including unpublished interviews, love letters and the only complete transcript of the KGB file of S. P. Korolev
Original Transcript of Gagarin’s flight, never published in its entirety, held at RGANTD, (Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation)
Diary of Mikhail Tikhonravov, held privately
Archive of Ketovania Ivanovna S., lover of S. P. Korolev, held at the Academy of Sciences, Moscow
Vasily Mishin Papers, held privately
Letters of S. P. Korolev (limited access), held at the Korolev House Museum, Moscow
US ARCHIVES
Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base: The Story of Peenemünde, or What Might Have Been: Peenemünde East Through the Eyes of 500 Detained at Garmisch; microfilm A: 5734
Library of Congress: von Braun’s scrapbooks, speeches, correspondence
National Air and Space Museum: oral history interviews with German scientists
NARA (National Archives and Records Administration), Washington, DC: records of the Army Guided Missile Group; records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense; intelligence records on von Braun; FBI files on von Braun
US Space and Rocket Center: oral history interviews with German scientists and US Ordnance officers
BBC PRODUCTION INTERVIEWS
Boris Chertok, Moscow, March 2004; Oleg Gazenko, Moscow, March 2004; Yuri Glushko (son of Valentin Glushko), Moscow, March 2004; Oleg Ivanovsky, Moscow, April 2004; Konstantin Feoktistov, Moscow, April 2004; Natalya Koroleva (daughter of S. P. Korolev), Moscow, December 2003, January and April 2004; Tamara Titova (widow of Gherman Titov), Moscow, April 2004; Viacheslav Rakhmanin (Valentin Glushko’s biographer) Moscow, March 2004; Cosmonaut Pavel Popovich, Moscow, December 2003; Cosmonaut/ Engineer Georgy Grechko, Moscow, December 2003; Engineer Sergei Kryukov, Moscow, December 2003; Engineer Valentin Syromyatnikov, Moscow, December 2003; Nina and Vera Mishin, Moscow, March 2004; Ursula Gröttrup, Hamburg, February 2004
Svetlana Palmer interviews with Gherman Titov, Khionia Kraskina and Boris Chertok, 1997
Channel One Moscow interview with Vasily Mishin, 1999
PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
New York Times Magazine, an anthology of articles, 1926–60
‘German Scientists’, El Paso Herald Post, 20 December 1946
‘German Scientists’, El Paso Times, 1 July 1947
‘German Pupils’, El Paso Herald Post, 5 August 1947
‘Man Will Conquer Space Soon’, series in Collier’s starting 22 March 1952
‘Space Pioneer: Will Man Outgrow the Earth?’, Time, 8 December 1952
‘Space Expert Pledges Allegiance to the US’, Nashville Banner, 15 April 1955
New York Times, 5 October 1957
‘Von Braun Assesses Missile Program’, Washington Post, 10 November 1957
‘Experts to Discuss Space Law Issues’, San Francisco Chronicle, 10 November 1957
‘Army Let in on Satellite Effort’, San Francisco Chronicle, 12 November 1957
‘First Sputnik, then the World’, New York Mirror, 24 November 1957
‘All-round Push to Dominate Space Urged’, Sunday Star, 15 December 1957
Pravda, Professor K. Sergeev, December 1957
Time magazine, 20 April 1959
New York Times, 22 November 1960
New York Times, April 1961
Life magazine, October 1961
Pravda, Professor K. Sergeev, 31 December 1961
Von Braun, Wernher, ‘Dr … Questions About Space’, Popular Science, Volume 182, No. 1, January 1963
—, Wernher, ‘Can We Ever Go to the Stars?’, Popular Science, Vol 183, No. 1, July 1963 New York Times, November 1963
‘Soviets Lift Edge of Rocket Shroud’, New York Times, 7 November 1965
‘Russians’ Space Ship Designer Korolev Dies’, Washington Post, 16 January 1966
‘S. P. Korolev is Dead at 59 …’, New York Times, 16 January 1966
‘Soviet Shift Hints New Space Chief’, New York Times, 26 June 1966
‘Soviet Space Lag Laid to Economy’, New York Times, 23 December 1966
‘Russia Seems to be Cranking Up’, Washington Post, 15 January 1967
Richard Porter, GE Public Relations magazine (internal distribution) article on Wernher von Braun
INTERNET
V-2 rocket statistics; Mittelwerk statistics: http://www.v2rocket.com/start/makeup/design.html
V-2 casualties statistics: http://gi.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_16.html
Eyewitness accounts from the 104th Division: http://www.104infdiv.org/nordhausen_survivor.htm http://members.aol.com/Galione3/timberwolf415b003.htm
TELEVISION DOCUMENTARIES
BBC documentary series: The Cold War BBC/CNN 1998
BBC documentaries: Reputations: Wernher von Braun, 17 July 1999; The Paperclip Conspiracy, 20 February 1987; BBC Red Star in Orbit series, 1984
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.
A-4 rocket, see V-2 rocket
Abramov, Anatoly 159
Academy of Artillery Sciences, USSR xi, 124, 127, 151
Afanasyev, Sergei 327
Agena satellite 303�
�5
Aldrin, Buzz 330–31, 335–7
‘all-up’ testing 278, 316
Alliluyeva, Svetlana 136
Anders, Bill 324, 326
animals in space 169–71, 229
chimps 225–7, 266–7
dogs 170, 213–14, 228–30, 233, 306–7
Annual Symposium on Space Travel (1952) 142
Apollo programme 290, 344
Apollo 1 disaster 308–10
Apollo 4 316–18, 320
Apollo 5 320
Apollo 6 322–3
Apollo 8 circumlunar mission 324–7
Apollo 9 and 10 330, 331
Apollo 11 moon landing 330–32, 334–9
command module 284–5, 307, 316
design stages 269, 274, 277, 284–5
lunar module 284–5, 320–21, 330–31, 335
service module 284–5
Armstrong, Neil 303–5, 321
Apollo 11 commander 330–31, 335–8
first man on moon 338–9
astronauts 201, 220–21
Astronaut Office 330
Mercury pilots chosen 224–5
press conference 195–8
recruitment tests 190–2
Atlas rocket 146, 190, 198–200
atomic bomb 41, 66, 97, 98, 131
American 72, 90, 105, 107, 136
Soviet 72, 107–8, 123, 125, 131, 132
see also nuclear weapons
Babakin, Georgi 306, 334
Baikonur Cosmodrome 156, 160–61
construction of 147–9
Khrushchev’s visit 282
launch pad 157
manned Vostok launch 233–6, 245
N-1 launch disaster 332–3
naming of 259
R-16 tragedy 215–17
Balanina, Maria Nikolaevna 80–81
Bales, Steve 336–7
Bavaria 29, 37–9, 41–4, 46
Bay of Pigs 248
Belyayev, Pavel 285–8
Béon, Yves 34
Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich 114, 118
death of 141
head of NKVD x, 65, 86
heads nuclear programme 72
and Korolev 86, 122–3
and Stalin’s death 136–7, 141
Beria, Nina 141
Berlin 8, 25, 44, 90, 92
University 9
Wall 260, 279
Blagonravov, Anatoli 125, 127
Bleicherode 24, 25, 74, 316
Blizna, Poland 11, 17, 20
Boeing 219
Bolotin, Aleksandr 216–17
Bondarenko, Valentin 232, 288
Borman, Frank 324, 326
Brandt, Lt 20
Braun, Eva 44–5
Braun, Wernher von, see von Braun, W.
Breitenbach, Agent 19–20
Brezhnev, Leonid 247, 280–82, 284, 289, 299, 311
Britain: intelligence services 16, 17, 23, 35, 59, 91
rocketry 91, 94–5, 99
Bromley, Major William 50, 55, 58
Buchenwald 32, 119, 343
Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich 136
Buran space shuttle 344
Butler, Paul 171
Bykovsky, Major Valentin 276
Camp Dora 31, 33–4, 67, 71, 341, 342
war crimes trial 110–12, 119–20, 342
Cape Canaveral, Florida 141–2, 162, 220
Atlas launch disaster 198–9
expansion 257, 272, 278
first manned launch 248–9
renamed Cape Kennedy 315
Vanguard launch fiasco 172–4
vehicle assembly building 257, 278, 315
Carpenter, Scott 196, 221
Castro, Fidel 248
Central Committee for Defence Industries and Space, USSR 280
Central Design Bureau 29, Moscow 87
Chaffee, Roger 307–10
Chelomei, Vladimir
fall from grace 289
favoured by Khrushchev 186, 188, 261, 263, 282, 289
relations with Glushko 292
rise to power 186
rivalry with Korolev 186, 275
UR-200/UR-500 263, 282
Chertok, Boris Yevseyevich 100, 156, 262, 296
and Korolev 92–3, 95, 299–301
at NII-88 98
plan to kidnap von Braun 72–5
and Soyuz 328
V-2 investigations 21, 66–71
and Vostok 212–13, 214
China 131, 136
Churchill, Winston 18, 20, 49, 126
Iron Curtain speech 97
CIA 144, 145, 248, 322, 332
Cocoa Beach, Florida 220–21, 316
Cold War ix, xi, 131, 149, 167, 218, 273
Collier’s magazine 133, 265
Collins, Mike 325, 330, 336
Combined Allied Intelligence Report (August 1944) 19
Committee on Special Capabilities 144, 149–50
communism 131, 132, 279
Communist Party, Soviet (CPSU) 113
Central Committee 141, 151, 214, 233, 271
computers 164, 336
Conrad, Pete 291
Cooper, Gordon 196, 278, 291
cosmonauts
fatalities 232
female 276, 293
meeting with Korolev 209–12
recruitment 201–2
training 206–7, 232
Vostok pilots chosen 228
Council of Chief Designers, USSR 193
Council of Ministers, USSR 151, 158, 271, 313
Cronkite, Walter 317
Cuba 248, 272
Cuban Missile Crisis xi, 272–3, 279
Cuxhaven 94
Dachau 110, 112, 119
Dallas, Texas 278
Debus, Dr Kurt 120, 154, 174–5, 227
Dnepropetrovsk 185
docking in space 182
Apollo 330, 331
Apollo-Soyuz 344
Gemini programme 295, 303–5
Soyuz programme 258, 327
Doenitz, Grand Admiral Karl 45
Dora (Michel) 341–2
Dora-Nordhausen War Crimes Trial 110–12, 119–20, 342
Dornberger, Gen. Walter 15, 28, 53, 75
and fall of Germany 26, 27, 42–3, 62
heads German rocket programme 5, 9, 11–12
surrenders to Americans 47, 50–51
and von Braun’s arrest 54–5
as war criminal 91, 110, 342–3
Eagle lunar module 336–8
earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) 265, 268–9
Edwards Air Force Base, California 269
Ehrenberg, Ilya 6
Eisenhower, Dwight D. xi, 46, 171, 190
on Apollo programme 277
and Cuba 248
Huntsville visit 218–19
Khrushchev visits 202–3
NASA created by 187, 218
nuclear arsenal 136
reservations about space race 218
and satellite programme 144, 147, 149
El Paso 104, 106, 107
Ellington Air Force Base, Texas 320
engines 182
combustion instability 269–70, 273–4, 277, 303
F-1 264, 269–70, 273, 303, 316, 322–3
liquid fuel 140, 270
multichambered 139–40, 155
NK-15/NK-21 271, 274
RD-101 121, 126, 127
RD-105 to RD-108 140
steering (vernier) 139, 140, 155
Eniwetok Atoll 135
Explorer satellites 172, 175, 183
Faget, Maxime 198, 227, 266, 267
Mercury designer 189, 192, 219
and moon mission 268, 334
Farris, Sgt Ragene 31–2
FBI 132–3, 145
Feoktistov, Konstantin 183, 211, 280, 283
Figaro, Le 168
Fleischer, Karl Otto 56–8
‘Flying Bedstead’ 320–21, 330, 336, 337
Fort Bliss, Texas 104–6
Frau im Mond 8
Fr
ench Army 41, 44, 45
Fuchs, Klaus 132
fuels, rocket
acid 184–5, 217
cryogenic 262
liquid hydrogen 83, 190, 264
liquid oxygen 9, 10, 21, 83, 185, 190, 271
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine 184–5
Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich 207, 212, 319
background 207, 210–11
chosen as Vostok pilot 228–9, 231–2
death in plane crash 318–19
first man in space 233–47, 252
relations with Korolev 292, 294, 295–6, 300
and Soyuz 311, 313–14
Gaidukov, Lev Mikhailovich 99–100
heads Soviet rocket team 20, 66
heads Institute Nordhausen 96
and Institute Rabe 72, 76
Gallai, Mark 229, 240, 243
Gallione, John 31
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria 47, 51, 56
Gemini Project 279, 284, 285, 293
docking in space 303–4
first launch 291
records 295, 324
Germany
Allied zones 49–50, 58–62, 66
concentration camps 30–34, 52–3, 55, 68, 110, 341–3
Nazi x, 3–5, 10
post-war 97
rocket programme 4, 9–19
rocket research banned 97
World War II 25, 40–41, 49, 210–11
Gestapo 53–4, 73, 78
Gilruth, Robert 188–9, 219, 222, 224–5, 227, 268
GIRD (Group for the Investigation of Reactive Motion) 81–2, 277
Glenn, John 196–7, 198, 220–21, 224–5 first American in space 266, 267–8
Glennan, Keith 187
Glushko, Valentin Petrovich 94, 215, 217, 240, 271, 276, 299
anonymity broken 276–7
arrest and imprisonment 78, 79, 84, 89, 113
breach with Korolev 186, 262–3, 274–5, 292, 295
as Chief Designer 113, 344
cooperation with Chelomei 292
denunciation of Korolev 85, 113
design bureau depleted 228
engine designer 83, 104, 113, 135, 186
at Lehesten engine testing plant 92, 96
meetings with Khrushchev 152, 184, 206
professional clashes with Korolev 140, 160–61
RD-101 engine 121, 126, 127
RD-107/-108 engines 140, 155
and Sputnik launch 165–6
Goddard, Robert 82
Goebbels, Joseph 44
Golovanov, Yaroslav 79, 89, 94, 107, 109, 124, 206, 292, 298
Gorodomlya Island 102, 122, 145
Space Race Page 41
