Franklin & Washington

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Franklin & Washington Page 35

by Edward J. Larson


  Pontiac (Native American), 63

  Poor Richard’s Almanack, 10, 271

  Pope, 211

  Potomac Company, 170

  Potomac River, 16, 30, 39, 170–72

  Powel, Elizabeth, 218

  Presbyterian, 69–70

  presidency, U.S.: conception of, 187, 196, 210–18, 267; impeachment process for, 214, 305n100; regal title for, 264; selection process for, 201, 211–13, 216–18, 246; veto power for, 211, 213, 216

  Priestley, Joseph, 92

  Princeton, Battle of, 129

  Princeton College, 212

  Privy Council, 86, 91, 98, 132

  Proclamation of 1763, 62, 98

  property rights, 86, 189–90, 206–9

  Protestantism, 117

  Pulaski, Casimir, 134

  Quakers, 8, 12; Native Americans and, 52, 57, 237; pacifism and, 11, 28, 40, 48–52, 131, 255; and slavery, viii, 240–44, 248, 251–52, 255–57, 269, 316n74

  Quartering Act, 64, 81

  Quebec, 19, 36, 114–18, 142

  Quebec Act, 62, 65, 98, 152

  Queen Anne’s War, 20

  Qur’an, 259

  Raleigh Tavern, 80, 87

  Randolph, Edmund, 177–78, 187–88, 250, 264; on Constitution, 218–19, 233–35, 239–40; at Constitutional Convention, 200, 204, 214; as Virginia governor, 177–78, 186, 200

  Randolph, Payton, 68, 87, 90

  ratification: of Constitution, 219–38, 277n2

  Read, George, 198

  religion, freedom of, 114–18

  Republican Party, 266–64

  Revere, Paul, 85

  Rhode Island, 69, 246; American

  Revolution in, 113, 128, 141, 149; and Constitutional Convention, 187, 202; paper money in, 176, 194

  Richmond (Virginia), 90, 225, 234–36, 240

  Rochambeau, Comte de, 149–50

  Rockingham, Marquis of, 71–72, 77

  Rome, 214

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 274

  Rush, Benjamin, 104–15, 175

  Rutledge, John, 197

  Saratoga, Battle of, 130–32, 142, 189

  Saunders, Richard (Poor Richard), 74, 272, 283n21

  Savannah (Georgia), 151, 153

  Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, 4–5, 222–23

  Senate, U.S., 202–6, 216–18, 221, 307nn116–17; first federal, 260, 265 “Sentiments on a Peace Establishment,” 159

  separation of powers, 216–18

  Seven Years’ War, 30, 35, 58, 63, 67, 127. See also French and Indian War Sharp, Granville, 251

  Shays, Daniel, 189–90

  Shays’s Rebellion, 188–89, 194, 229

  Shenandoah Valley, 16–17, 55

  Sherman, Roger, 119, 143, 194, 204

  slave trade, 209, 239–44, 248, 250–56, 270, 316n74, 318n86, 318n92

  slavery, 108, 191–92, 237, 243, 248–29; Franklin’s view of, viii, 113, 191, 240–45, 248–59, 288n41, 316nn70–74, 317n83; as issue at Constitutional Convention, viii, 200, 206–10, 221, 238–43, 304–5n85; Washington’s view of, 113, 248–49, 254–57, 288n42

  slaves: insurrections by, 56, 108, 240–42; at Mount Vernon, 42, 58, 167, 191–92, 269; Washington’s treatment of, 167, 249, 317n83

  Society for Political Inquiry, 185

  South Carolina, 31, 34, 224, 232, 239, 242, 252–55, 312n35; American Revolution in, 141, 147; at Constitutional Convention, 197, 199, 200–2, 207–9, 239

  sovereignty, national, 200–201, 245

  Spain, 18, 57, 127, 139, 151–53, 169

  St. Clair, John, 41

  St. Lawrence River, 114–16, 169

  Stamp Act Congress, 70

  Stamp Act crisis, 61–76, 80–81, 84

  Staten Island (New York), 121–24

  states: under Articles of Confederation, 200; large versus small, 198, 202–6, 210, 256; slave versus free, 200, 206–10, 240–43, 256, 270

  states’ rights, 145, 200, 238–40, 255–56, 264, 270–71

  Stephen, Adams, 54, 56

  Steuben, Baron von, 134, 140, 293n9

  Stuart, David, 257

  Sugar Act, 64–65, 70, 73, 75, 81

  Susquehanna River, 131

  Tanacharison (Half King), 21–24, 31–34

  tax power, 155, 219, 238–39, 266

  taxation, as issue, 12, 38, 50–51, 59, 61–67, 265–66

  Tea Act, 83–85, 89

  Three-Fifths Compromise, 207–9, 216, 239, 304n78

  Ticonderoga (New York), 100, 109, 130, 142

  Tory. See loyalist

  Townshend, Charles, 77, 83

  Townshend Act, 77–84

  trade, as issue, 64–65, 76–81, 165, 183, 270

  Treaty of Paris (1763), 63

  Treaty of Paris (1783), 138, 153, 165, 237

  Trenton (New Jersey), 129, 145

  Trenton, Battle of, 129

  Trump, Donald, 271

  Tucker, Thomas Tudor, 252

  unicameral legislature, 125, 175, 187, 202

  union, calls for, vii, xi, 29, 36–39, 56–59, 74, 80, 110, 138–47, 159–64, 168, 170, 177, 188, 192, 241, 250, 264, 277n2

  United Kingdom. See Britain

  Valley Forge, 131, 137, 140, 215

  Van Doran, Carl, 130

  Venango, 22–23

  Venice, Doge of, 211

  Vergennes, Comte de, 127, 146–53, 166

  veto, executive, 211

  vice presidency, 246

  Virginia, 64, 89, 250, 252, 257, 264, 269–71; American Revolution in, 65, 68–71, 76–80, 96–89, 149–50; at Constitutional Convention, 178, 186, 195–96, 200–209, 215, 219; politics in, 97, 168, 171–72; and Potomac River navigation, 171–72; ratification of Constitution by, 232–36; western regions of, 6–7, 16–17, 20, 53–57, 235

  Virginia Convention, 87–88, 90, 119

  Virginia Plan, 195–96, 199–202, 206, 211, 218–19, 240, 303n58

  Virginia Regiment, 29, 31, 42, 53

  Virginians, 20–25, 31–34, 45–47, 70, 78–79, 198, 234, 238, 264, 272–74, 313n38, 321n15

  voting, property qualification for, 209

  Walking Purchase (1737), 48–49

  war powers, 216, 238, 306n109

  Ward, Artemas, 99

  Washington, Augustine, 15

  Washington, George: as actor, 99–100, 157, 272, 321n15; during American Revolution, 102–50, 291n91; appearance of, 3–4, 103–5, 191, 260–61; on Articles of Confederation, 159–61; assassin, charge against, 32–33, 35; on attending Constitutional Convention, 186–90, 301n19; on British, 58–62, 76–94, 97–98, 273; character of, 89, 103–5, 197, 210, 212–13, 225; as colonial legislator, 58, 61–62, 65, 97; colonial military career of, 18, 21–36, 39–48, 53–58; as consensus builder, 197, 221, 264, 304n89; at Constitutional Convention, vii–ix, 178–79, 206, 215–19; as Constitutional Convention president, 197–99, 205–15, 222–23; and constitutional amendments, 238–39, 256, 263, 271, 294, 299; at Continental Congress, 89–90, 92–94, 98–102, 147; correspondence with Franklin of, see Franklin: correspondence with Washington of; death of, 268–70; defies death, 24–25, 46, 56; election as president of, 245–47; Farewell Address of, 267; as federalist, 158–62, 167–68; finances of, 167, 183; fishing by, 215; and Franklin, see Franklin: and Washington; during French and Indian War, 39–48, 53–58, 98; health of, 84–85, 92, 97, 101, 302–3, 313n56; inaugural address of, 247; inauguration of, 247; on independence, 119, 288n45, 341n31; on military discipline, 54–55, 112–13, 145; as model for presidency, 215, 267, 307n116; and his mother, 16; on Native Americans, 17, 21–24, 169, 321n10; and Newburgh Conspiracy, 154–58; paintings of, 1–5; as planter, 61, 54–65, 76, 167, 268, 272–74; and Potomac Company, 170–71; as president, 247–49, 257, 260–61, 264–67; and ratification, 222–23, 229–37, 277n2, 308nn122–23, 312–13n35, 313–14nn39–41; religious views of, 142, 248, 273; reputation of, 27–28, 35–36, 42, 47, 53, 106, 128, 134, 158, 186–88, 192, 212–13, 236, 260, 267–74, 287n27, 292n101, 301n21; retirements of, 161–62, 267; as sl
aveholder, vii, 42, 58, 76, 108, 167, 191–92, 246–50, 268–69, 317n83; on slavery, 113, 248–50, 254, 259, 269–71, 285n60; and soldiers, 31, 54, 55; travels by, 16–27, 168, 191, 246–47; on union, 56, 59, 138, 143–44, 161, 171, 250, 257, 277n2; vision for America of, 26, 116–18, 143, 146, 159–61, 168, 221, 267; western holdings of, 16–17, 152, 168–70; as youth, 14–19

  Washington, George Augustine, 204, 237

  Washington, John, 32, 103, 161

  Washington, Lawrence, 16, 18, 20, 42

  Washington, Martha, 58, 103, 237, 249, 269, 285n3; grandchildren of, 271; at Mount Vernon, 191; slaves of, 58, 248, 269–70, 321n7; travels by, 114

  Washington, Mary Ball, 16

  Washington and Lee College, 272

  Washington’s birthday, 231, 270

  Wedgewood, Josiah, 250–51

  West Indies, 127, 139, 267, 317n83

  West Point (New York), 142, 159

  Westminster (Massachusetts), 231

  Whig, English, 77, 104

  whiskey, 265, 267

  Williamsburg (Virginia), 21, 26, 29, 70, 78–80, 83, 86–88

  Wills, Garry, 6

  Wilson, James, 203–7, 217, 225–28, 240–43

  Winchester (Virginia), 55

  women’s rights, 209, 237

  Wood, Gordon, 6, 136, 146

  World War II, 273

  Wythe, George, 143, 198–99

  Yates, Robert, 200

  Yorktown, Siege of, 134–37, 146, 149–51, 287n30

  Photo Section

  Ambassador Benjamin Franklin, painted by Joseph-Siffred Duplessis in France, c. 1785.

  The National Portrait Gallery

  President George Washington, one of some seventy-five “Athenaeum-type” portraits by Gilbert Stuart from a 1796 unfinished original.

  The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association

  Conjectural painting of Washington crossing the Allegheny River with Christopher Gist, who accompanied Washington on his 1753 mission to protest French occupation of the Ohio Country, by Daniel Huntington, mid-1900s.

  The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association

  Title page of the initial published version of Washington’s report on his mission to the Ohio Country, 1754.

  The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association

  Conjectural engraving of Washington conferring with his soldiers and Native American allies during the 1754 French assault on Fort Necessity at the outset of the French and Indian War by artist John McNevin, 1855.

  The New York Public Library

  Sketch illustrating Franklin’s military efforts on the Pennsylvania frontier in 1756 during the French and Indian War from an 1849 edition of his Autobiography.

  Flickr

  Earliest authenticated portrait of Washington, showing him as a colonel in the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War, painted by Charles Willson Peale, 1772.

  The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association

  Earliest known American political cartoon, designed by Franklin to urge colonial unity during the French and Indian War, from Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754.

  Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky by Benjamin West, c. 1816, commemorating the 1752 kite experiment.

  Cover page for Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanack for 1748.

  The Library of Congress

  Title page for the constitution of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, which was enlarged under Franklin’s leadership in 1787.

  Published text of the “Declaration of Independence” in Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, July 16, 1776.

  Handwritten letter from Franklin to Washington, June 21, 1776. The two engaged in a lively correspondence throughout the Revolutionary era.

  The New York Public Library

  Handwritten letter from Washington to Franklin, December 28, 1778.

  Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull, 1818, commemorating the presentation of the Declaration to Congress by the five-member drafting committee, including Franklin (standing at right of center).

  The Architect of the Capitol

  Franklin’s Reception at the Court of France, 1778, depicting Franklin receiving a laurel wreath upon his head, print by Anton Hohenstein, 1860s.

  The Library of Congress

  Franklin in France wearing his American bearskin cap, etching by Augustin de Saint-Aubin after Charles-Nicolas Cochin II, 1777.

  Washington with his costumed slave William Lee on a bluff above the Hudson River during the American Revolution, painted from memory by the general’s former aide-de-camp John Trumbull, 1780.

  Conjectural painting of Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777–1778 by John Ward Dunsmore, c. 1907.

  The Library of Congress

  Deborah Read Franklin, attributed to Benjamin Wilson, 1758.

  Sarah Franklin Bache, portrait by John Hoppner, 1793.

  Martha Dandridge Custis a year before her marriage to Washington, portrait by John Wollaston, 1757.

  The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association

  Conjectural illustration of Franklin greeted by his family and cheered by citizens on his return to Philadelphia in 1785 by J. L. G. Ferris, 1932.

  The Library of Congress

  The Washington family at Mount Vernon, showing George and Martha Washington; Martha’s grandchildren George Washington Parke Custis and Eleanor Parke Custis; and one of Washington’s slaves, probably William Lee, by Edward Savage, 1798.

  The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association

  The State House in Philadelphia as it looked in 1787 during the Constitutional Convention.

  U.S. Capitol mural showing delegates to the Constitutional Convention meeting with Franklin under the mulberry tree in his garden, painted by Allyn Cox, 1973.

  The Architect of the Capitol

  Handwritten draft of a speech by Franklin to delegates at the Constitutional Convention.

  The Library of Congress

  Printed draft of the U.S. Constitution with Washington’s handwritten notes, September 12, 1787.

  Washington during the Constitutional Convention, painted and engraved by Charles Willson Peale, 1787.

  The Library of Congress

  Franklin during the Constitutional Convention, painted and engraved by Charles Willson Peale, 1787.

  Howard Chandler Christy’s monumental 1940 Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, showing Washington presiding and Franklin at center.

  Detail of The Apotheosis of Washington from the apex of the U.S. Capitol’s rotunda (Washington at top center and Franklin at lower left), fresco by Constantino Brumidi, 1865.

  The Architect of the Capitol

  About the Author

  EDWARD J. LARSON received the Pulitzer Prize in History for Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. He is the coauthor of Modern Library’s The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison and the author of The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783–1789, and A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign. He was an inaugural Library Fellow at the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. Larson is University Professor of history and holds the Hugh & Hazel Darling Chair in Law at Pepperdine University. He travels widely as a media commentator, visiting instructor, and guest speaker.

  Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.

  Also by Edward J. Larson

  To the Edges of the Earth: 1909, the Race for the Three Poles, and the Climax of the Age of Exploration

  The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783–1789

  An Empire of Ice: Scott, Shackleton, and the Heroic Age of Antarctic Science

  A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign

  Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Sc
ience and Religion

  Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory

  Trial and Error: The American Controversy over Creation and Evolution

  Evolution’s Workshop: God and Science on the Galapagos Islands

  Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South

  George Washington, Nationalist

  The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison (with Michael Winship)

  On Faith and Science (with Michael Ruse)

  Copyright

  FRANKLIN & WASHINGTON. Copyright © 2020 by Edward Larson. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

  Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for use of the images that appear in the art insert: the National Portrait Gallery; the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association; the New York Public Library; Flickr; the Library of Congress; and the Architect of the Capitol.

  FIRST EDITION

  Cover design by Owen Corrigan

  Cover photographs © VCG Wilson/Getty Images (Washington); Wim Wiskerke/Alamy Stock Photo (Franklin)

  Digital Edition FEBRUARY 2020 ISBN: 978-0-06-288017-8

  Version 12092019

  Print ISBN: 978-0-06-288015-4

  About the Publisher

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