36. Tanner, Family Portrait, 15–16.
37. Fielding H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed. (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1929), 505–506.
38. Joe Sam Robinson Jr. and D. W. Eastwood, “Publish or Perish—Crawford Long’s Dilemma,” Southern Medical Journal 65 (May 1972): 600–604. Welch is quoted in Garrison, Introduction to Medicine, 505. See also F. K. Boland, The First Anesthetic: The Story of Crawford Long (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1950), and Joseph Jacobs, Some Personal Recollections and Private Correspondence of Dr. Crawford Williamson Long: Discoverer of Anaesthesia with Sulphuric Ether, Together with Documentary Proofs of His Priority in This Wonderful Discovery (Atlanta: N.p., 1919), for the case supporting Long’s claims.
39. In April 1852 (note date), Dr. Long presented a paper to the Georgia State Medical Society meeting in Savannah, in which he stated that he was “cautiously experimenting with ether as cases occurred.” He stated, “Surgical operations are not of frequent occurrence in a country practice and especially in the practice of a young physician; yet I was fortunate enough to meet with two causes in which I could satisfactorily test the anesthetic power of ether.” The cases involved “the extirpation of small tumors and the amputation of fingers and toes.” No reference is made to cleft palate surgery, which would have been a major operation. Scrapbook, 105–109, File 1, Box 2, Crawford W. Long Collection, MS 49, University of Georgia Library, Athens, Georgia. See also Mrs. Frances Long Taylor to Dr. Garrett Quillian, August 20, 1921, describing Dr. Long’s major operations between 1847 and 1877 in Boland, First Anesthetic, 73–75. Boland does say, “There must have been dozens of other cases.” The Frances Long Taylor Papers, MS 1706, Box 2, File 2, UGA, contains a letterbook with references to other surgeries.
40. George Morris Dorrance, The Operative Story of Cleft Palate (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1933), 22–27. Dr. David Moline, an eminent dental surgeon and dental historian, in an interview with the author, July 29, 2004, pointed out that cleft palate surgery usually required several hours and was particularly difficult in the case of small children. Ether is an inhalation anesthesia. This meant that the surgeon would have to work in the airway while administering the anesthesia. Under the best of conditions this would have been an extremely risky and difficult operation in 1851 because of the small place where the surgery had to be done—in the case of an infant a very small place. It was not the kind of surgery two country doctors were likely to attempt, and, if they miraculously did so, it would have been major medical news and not something a physician, even then in the process of trying to gain recognition for his pioneering work in the use of ether as anesthesia as Long was, would have failed to publicize to the medical profession.
41. A. Vander Veer, “Cleft Palate,” in A Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences, edited by Albert H. Buck (New York: Wood, 1886), 2:180–184. Veer’s comments on infant surgery are particularly interesting in light of the risks, complexity, and specialized tools involved. Dr. Moline, in an interview with the author, September 2, 2001, outlined the history of cleft palate surgery as well as its potential complications. He noted that surgery was usually attempted as early as possible because doctors believed that children would die without it, recuperative powers were greater, and speech impediments were less likely if surgery was done before speech patterns were begun.
42. M. F. Holliday manuscript, quoted in Tanner to the author, February 6, 1999; Tanner, Family Portrait, 16–18. A slight asymmetry in the lip is noticeable in Doc Holliday’s dental school graduation photograph and is cited as evidence of a cleft palate.
43. Baptismal Record, First Presbyterian Church, Griffin, Georgia.
44. Tanner, Family Portrait, 17.
45. Coulter, Georgia, 309.
46. Northerners believed that slavery made white men cruel, violent, and lazy. Southerners believed that slavery acted as a leveler of white society by preventing the development of rigid social and economic class differences among whites.
47. Wiley Sword, Southern Invincibility: A History of the Confederate Heart (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1999), 8–28.
48. Quoted in Cash, Mind of the South, 73–74.
49. Pendleton and Thomas, In Search of the Hollidays, 13.
50. Tanner, Family Portrait, 26–27.
51. Marriage Certificate for Francisco E’Dalgo and Martha Freeman, June 12, 1854, Office of the Ordinary, Butts County, Georgia; Martha E’Dalgo, Confederate Widow’s Pension File, Civil War Records Section, Georgia State Department of Archives and History, Atlanta, Georgia.
52. William Land McKey, Will and Related Documents, Will Book A, p. 26; Minute Book A, pp. 62, 100, 132; Docket Book A, p. 27; Guardianship Papers, p. 43, Record of the Office of the Ordinary, Spalding County, Georgia; Griffin (Georgia) Independent South, July 7, 1859.
53. Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 140–148, 152–170.
54. Cash, Mind of the South, 72.
55. Sister Mary Melanie, “Family Memoirs.”
56. Guardianship papers for Elisha Pritchard, p. 43, Office of the Ordinary, Spalding County, Georgia; Tanner; Family Portrait, 34.
57. Tanner, Family Portrait, 240.
58. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 195–196; James L. Huston, The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
59. Melton, History of Griffin, 41–50.
60. Coulter, Georgia, 312–314.
61. Sister Mary Melanie, “Family Memoirs”; Wilcox, “Michievous Minor,” 19; Patricia Jahns, The Frontier World of Doc Holliday (New York: Hastings House, 1957), 9–10.
62. Coulter, Georgia, 317–323.
63. Kenneth Coleman et al., A History of Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1977), 187–188.
2. The World Turned Upside Down
1. Pleasant A. Stovall, Robert Toombs: Statesman, Speaker, Soldier, Sage (New York: Cassell, 1892); William Y. Thompson, Robert Toombs of Georgia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1966); T. Conn Bryan, Confederate Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1953), 14–18.
2. Jackie Kennedy, “Uncovering the Myth: Doc Holliday and His Griffin, GA, Home,” Georgia Backroads 2 (Winter 2003), 37. Bill Dunn, a local historian, acquired a map of Camp Stephens drawn by Private Asbury H. Jackson, a Confederate soldier, that notes the location of Henry Holliday’s second home in Spalding County.
3. Joseph E. Brown to Alexander H. Stephens, August 22, 1861, quoted in Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, ed., The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb (New York: Da Capo, 1970), 574.
4. Robert Kennedy Holliday, John Stiles Holliday, James Taylor McKey, Thomas Sylvester McKey, William Harrison McKey, and Francisco E’Dalgo, Confederate Service Records, Civil War Records Section, Georgia State Department of Archives and History, Atlanta, Georgia.
5. Henry Burroughs Holliday, CSR, CWRS, GDAH; Patricia Jahns, The Frontier World of Doc Holliday (New York: Hastings House, 1957), 10–13.
6. Wiley Sword, Southern Invincibility: A History of the Confederate Heart (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 64–65, notes the impact of the war on Southern women.
7. Karen Holliday Tanner, Doc Holliday: A Family Portrait (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), 40–42; Jahns, Frontier World, 10–13. Especially useful for appraising the life of a child during the Civil War are James Marten, The Children’s Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), passim, and Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 133–162, 276–277.
8. Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 51, 171, 241, 251–253.
9. Mark Caldwell, The Last Crusade: The War on Consumption, 1862–1954 (New York: Atheneum, 1988), 17. Sheila M. Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York: Basic, 1994), 23–25, points out that decidedly di
fferent regimens were recommended for men and women with tuberculosis. While both sexes were considered “invalids,” the treatment of women was consonant with their “domestic” roles. Rothman provides a detailed look at one New England woman’s experience, pp. 77–127, which provides some insight into Alice Jane’s experience as well.
10. Lillian McKey, “Record of Captain William Harrison McKey,” unpublished manuscript prepared for the Valdosta Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1931–1935; William Harrison McKey, CSR, CWS, GDAH.
11. Henry B. Holliday, CSR, CWRS, GDAH; Compiled Military Service Record, Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in the Civil War, Record Group 109, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC; Jahns, Frontier World, 10–13.
12. From the personal papers of Constance Knowles McKellar; Sister Mary Melanie, “Family Memoirs”; Victoria Wilcox, “Mischievous Minor: From Lad to Lunger,” True West 48 (November–December 2001): 19.
13. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 671–674.
14. Peter Cozzens, This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), passim, presents the most detailed account of the events surrounding the battle of Chickamauga.
15. John B. Jones, quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 681. For more detailed accounts, see Peter Cozzens, The Shipwreck of Their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), and Jerry Korn, The Fight for Chattanooga: Chickamauga to Missionary Ridge (New York: Time-Life, 1985).
16. Mary Chesnut, quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 681.
17. Deed Book C, pp. 641, 649, 651; Deed Book D, p. 218, Office of the Clerk of Superior Court, Spalding County, Georgia; Louis Schmeir, Valdosta and Lowndes County: A Ray in the Sunbelt (Northridge, CA: Windsor Publications, 1988), 22.
18. Jane Twitty Sheldon, Pines and Pioneers: A History of Lowndes County, Georgia 1825–1900 (Atlanta, GA: Cherokee, 1976), 128–134.
19. Valdosta South Georgia Times, March 20, 1867.
20. Thannie Smith Wisenbaker, “First Impressions of Valdosta in 1865,” 3, unpublished manuscript from the Mrs. Arthur Strom Collection, courtesy Susan McKey Thomas.
21. Deed Book B, p. 499, OCSP, Lowndes County, Georgia. The land was purchased on February 9, 1864, but it was not recorded until December 31, 1864. See also Albert S. Pendleton Jr. and Susan McKey Thomas, “Doc Holliday’s Georgia Background,” Journal of Arizona History 14 (Autumn 1973): 195–196.
22. William H. Nulty, Confederate Florida: The Road to Olustee (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990); The Battle of Olustee and the Olustee Battlefield Site (Glen St. Mary’s, FL: Olustee Battlefield Citizen Support Organization, n.d.).
23. Shelton, Pines and Pioneers, 148–149.
24. Tanner, Family Portrait, 45–46; Lee Kennett, Marching through Georgia: The Story of Soldiers and Civilians during Sherman’s Campaign (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 149.
25. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 747.
26. Sister Mary Melanie, “Family Memoirs,” 2; Rita H. DeLorme, “Gunfighter ‘Doc’ Holliday, Sister M. Melanie Holliday, RSM; More Than a Pretty Love Story,” The Southern Cross, December 9, 1999, reprinted in Rita H. DeLorme, Memories and Milestones: Stories from the Archives (Savannah, GA: Monsignor Daniel J. Bourke Memorial Archives, Diocese of Savannah, 2001), 49.
27. Cobb to his wife, July 20, 1864, quoted in Phillips, Correspondence, 647.
28. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 774.
29. Aloysius Plaisance, O.S.B., “Emmeran Bliemel, O.S.B., Heroic Confederate Chaplain,” American Benedictine Review 17 (1966): 209–216; Sister Mary Melanie, “Family Memoirs,” 2.
30. Robert Kennedy Holliday to his wife, September 24, 1864, from the personal papers of Constance Knowles McKellar.
31. Sister Mary Melanie, “Family Memoirs,” 2–3.
32. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 808.
33. Sister Mary Melanie, “Family Memoirs,” 3; Burke Davis, Sherman’s March (New York: Random House, 1980), 59–75; Kennett, Marching through Georgia, 258.
34. Deed Book B, p. 505, OCSP, Lowndes County, Georgia.
35. Lillian McKey, “Record of Thomas Sylvester McKey,” unpublished manuscript prepared for the Valdosta Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy; Thomas S. McKey, CSR, CWRS, GDAH.
36. Lilian McKey, “Personal and Family History,” papers from the Martha Wiseman McKey Collection, Valdosta, Georgia, including an interview with W. A. “Zan” Griffith. John Myers Myers, Doc Holliday (Boston: Little, Brown, 1955), 14–15, emphasizes the boldness of this act, given the disorderly state of affairs, but notes, “It was alike typical of Doc that he was confident of being able to take care of himself, in the face of the circumstances, and that he returned with both horse and uncle in due time.” Sylvia D. Lynch, Aristocracy’s Outlaw: The Doc Holliday Story (New Tazewell, TN: Iris Press, 1994), 32, adds that “the incident is a dramatic foreshadowing of the character that would become John Holliday, the man.”
37. William H. McKey, James McKey, Francisco E’Dalgo, John S. Holliday, George Holliday, Robert K. Holliday, CSRs, CWS, GDAH; Sister Mary Melanie, “Family Memoirs,” 3; Lillian Henderson, comp., Roster of the Confederate Soldiers of Georgia (Hapeville, GA: Longrine and Porter, 1964), 1:659–660, 834, 2:268, 3:285, 509.
38. Alan Conway, The Reconstruction of Georgia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1966), 20.
39. Shelton, Pines and Pioneers, 150, 154–156; Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Georgia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1869, RG 105, NARA; Elaine C. Everly, Old Military Branch, Military Archives Division, NARA, to the author, June 3, 1974; Paul A. Cimbala, Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedman’s Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 1–10.
40. Shelton, Pines and Pioneers, 151.
41. Wisenbaker, “First Impressions,” 33–36.
42. Deed Book G, pp. 29, 30, 68–70 OCSP, Hamilton County, Florida; Valdosta (Georgia) Daily Times, March 4, 1932.
43. Schmier, Valdosta, 25.
44. Wisenbaker, “First Impressions,” 37.
45. Wisenbaker, “First Impressions,” 53–54; Shelton, Pines and Pioneers, 164– 166; Lewis Beauregard Pendleton, Echo of Drums (New York: Schoen Printing, 1938), 180; Constance Pendleton, ed., Confederate Memoirs: Early Life and Family History William Frederick Pendleton, Mary Lawson Young Pendleton (Bryn Athyn, PA: N.p., 1958), 85.
46. The files of the Lowndes County Historical Society include a clipping from “The South’s Last Boys in Gray,” concerning Henry Taylor Dowling, who was from Lowndes County. Included is a letter from Dr. Grady E. Black, January 9, 1976. Black grew up in Valdosta and recalled, “Another interesting fact is that he [Dowling] and my grandmother were well acquainted with the western gunfighter, ‘Doc’ Holliday…. As a child I remember hearing stories about his being at parties and my grandmother dancing with Doc Holliday.” Entry 646, Register of Civilian Agents on Duty in Georgia, 1865–1867, Records Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, RG 105, NARA; Schmeir, Valdosta, 25.
47. Undated clipping in the scrapbook of Annabelle Myddleton (believed to have been taken from the Valdosta Watchman, an early newspaper). Helen Hightower Collection, reprinted in Albert S. Pendleton and Susan McKey Thomas, In Search of the Hollidays: The Story of Doc Holliday and His Holliday and McKey Families (Valdosta, GA: Little River, 1973), 11. Myddleton was a teacher who arrived about 1865 and taught from her home. Wisenbaker, “First Impressions,” 40.
48. Rev. N. B. Ousley, General Affidavit, February 6, 1894, Rachel Holliday, Widow’s Pension File, Veteran’s Bureau records, RG 15, NARA, affirms the date of marriage as December 18, 1866. Pendleton and Thomas, “Doc’s Georgia Background,” 203n, indicate that the courthouse records of this marriage were destroyed by fire. See also Martin Regist
er, “In Search of Doc Holliday in Valdosta, GA,” Georgia Backroads 2 (Spring 2003): 48.
49. Valdosta Daily Times, August 29, 1931; Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, 164.
50. Valdosta Daily Times, December 31, 1898 (taken from the Macon Telegraph).
51. Thomas S. McKey v. H. B. Holliday, Guardian, Equity, January 23, 1873, Deed Book F, p. 33, OCSC, Spalding County, contains “a true extract from the minutes of the Court of Lowndes County, Georgia this 2nd day of February, 1870.” Deed Book F, p. 94, dated March 28, 1873, contains the decision of the jury in Lowndes County, dated May 20, 1863, setting up the requirement for the petition dividing the Iron Front building.
52. Wisenbaker, “First Impressions.”.
53. Schmier, Valdosta, 25.
54. Entry 646, RCADG, 1865–1867, RBRFAL, RG 105, NARA.
55. The reorganization of the Freedman’s Bureau is covered in detail in Cimbala, Under the Guardianship of the Nation. See also E. Merton Coulter, Georgia: A Short History (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1947), 364–368, for a general description of the general changes ushered in by the Reconstruction. Elaine C. Everly, Old Military Branch, NARA, to the author, June 3, 1974, reported that Henry Holliday’s career as agent was “rather uneventful.” A visit to the National Archives and examination of both bureau records (RG 105) and military records for Georgia (RG 393) confirmed that Holliday was efficient and worked to assist freedmen, including complaints against white citizens, working to secure a church for freedmen, and interceding on behalf of a freedman who was, in his opinion, too severely punished for an offense. Holliday to headquarters, February 2, April 17, May 3, May 11, 1867, Register of Letters Received, Records of the Third Military District, Georgia, United States Army Commands, RG 393, NARA; Shelton, Pines and Pioneers, 158.
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