9 THEATRE
On the Mukden Incident, see Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Harvard University Press, 2002). On Ishiwara Kanji, see (for his thoughts on Perry) Roger H. Brown, ‘Ishiwara Kanji’s “Argument for an East Asian League”, 1940’, in Sven Saaler and Christopher W. A. Szpilman (eds), Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History, Volume 2: 1920–Present (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011); Mark R. Peattie, Ishiwara Kenji and Japan’s Confrontation with the West (Princeton University Press, 1975). On Japan’s armed forces, see Edward J. Drea, Japan’s Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853–1945 (University Press of Kansas, 2009) and ‘The Japanese Army on the Eve of War’, in Mark Peattie et al. (eds), The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 (Stanford University Press, 2010); Theodore F. Cook, ‘Making Soldiers: the Imperial Army and the Japanese Man in Meiji Society and State’, in Barbara Molony and Kathleen Uno (eds), Gendering Modern Japanese History (Harvard University Press, 2005); Kawano Hitoshi, ‘Japanese Combat Morale: A Case Study of the Thirty-Seventh Division’, in Peattie et al. (eds), The Battle for China; Aaron William Moore, Writing War: Soldiers Record the Japanese Empire (Harvard University Press, 2013); Haruko Taya Cook and Theodore F. Cook, Japan at War: An Oral History (W. W. Norton & Company, 1992). On Japan and China, see Joshua A. Fogel, ‘ “Shanghai-Japan”: The Japanese Residents’ Association of Shanghai’, Journal of Asian Studies, 59:4 (2000); Rana Mitter, China’s War with Japan, 1937–1945: the Struggle for Survival (Allen Lane, 2013); James McClain, Japan: A Modern History (W. W. Norton & Company, 2002); Peter Harmsen, Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze (Casemate, 2013); Yang Tianshi, ‘Chiang Kai-Shek and the Battles of Shanghai and Nanjing’, in Peattie et al. (eds), The Battle for China. On discontent in rural and urban Japan, see Ann Waswo, ‘The Transformation of Rural Society, 1900–1950’, in Peter Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1989); R. Dore and T. Ōuchi, ‘The Rural Origins of Japanese Fascism’, in James William Morley (ed.), The Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton University Press, 1972); McClain, Japan: A Modern History. On Japanese gangsterism, see Eiko Maruko Siniawer, Ruffians, Yakuza, Nationalists: The Violent Politics of Modern Japan, 1860–1960 (Cornell University Press, 2008); Sven Saaler, ‘The Kokuryūkai (Black Dragon Society) and the Rise of Nationalism, Pan-Asianism, and Militarism in Japan, 1901–1925’, International Journal of Asian Studies, 11:2 (2014); John Wayne Sabey, ‘The Gen’yōsha, the Kokuryūkai, and Japanese Expansionism’, PhD thesis (University of Michigan, 1972). ‘Of late’ appears in Waswo, ‘The Transformation’. ‘Dad came to the 12 p.m. visiting hours’, is quoted in Moore, Writing War. The testimony of Tominaga Shōzō features in Cook and Cook, Japan at War. ‘Tough, long-haired’ is the comment of a foreign journalist working in Shanghai, reproduced in Harmsen, Shanghai 1937. Ernest Satow’s comments come from Sir Ernest Satow, A Diplomat in Japan (Seeley, Service & Co, 1921).
10 DIVINE BLUSTER
On Nanjing in late 1937 and early 1938, see Hallett Abend in the New York Times (‘Ultimatum by Japan’, 10 December 1937; ‘Nanking Entered by Japanese Army’, 11 December; ‘Japan in Three Drives on Chinese Lines’, 17 December; ‘Reign of Disorder Goes on in Nanking’, 25 January 1938); [No byline], ‘Tokyo is Celebrating Capture of Nanking’, 12 December 1937; [No byline], ‘Nanking Occupied’, 14 December 1937; [No byline], ‘Nanking’s Silence Terrifies Shanghai, 15 December 1937; [No byline], ‘March of Victory into Nanking Set’, 16 December 1937; [No byline], ‘Conquerors Enter City in Triumph’, 18 December 1937; F. Tillman Durdin in the New York Times (‘All Captives Slain’, 18 December 1937; ‘Japanese Atrocities Marked the Fall of Nanking After Chinese Command Fled’, 9 January 1938); Aaron William Moore, Writing War: Soldiers Record the Japanese Empire (Harvard University Press, 2013); Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (Gerald Duckworth, 2001); Kasahara Tokushi, Nankin Jiken (Iwanami Shinsho, 1997). On the ideals and realities of ‘Pan-Asianism’, see Peter Duus, ‘Imperialism Without Colonies: The Vision of a Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 7:1 (1996); Brian Victoria, ‘War Remembrance in Japan’s Buddhist Cemeteries, Part I: Kannon Hears the Cries of War’, Asia-Pacific Journal, 13:31 (2015). On Nishida Kitarō, D. T. Suzuki and the Kyoto School, see Robert Sharf, ‘The Zen of Japanese Nationalism’, History of Religions 33:1 (1993); Robert E. Carter, The Kyoto School (SUNY Press, 2013); James Heisig, Much Ado about Nothingness: Essays on Nishida and Tanabe (CreateSpace, 2015); Heisig, Nothingness and Desire: An East–West Philosophical Antiphony (University of Hawaii Press, 2013); Heisig, Philosophers of Nothingness: An Essay on the Kyoto School (University of Hawaii Press, 1996); James Heisig and John C. Maraldo (eds), Rude Awakenings: Zen, the Kyoto School, and the Question of Nationalism (University of Hawaii Press, 1995); Brian Victoria, Zen At War, 2nd edn (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005); Kemmyō Taira Satō (translated in collaboration with Thomas Kirchner), ‘D. T. Suzuki and the Question of War’, Eastern Buddhist, 39:1 (2008). On Koji Zen, see Janine Tasca Sawada, Practical Pursuits: Religion, Politics, and Personal Cultivation in Nineteenth-Century Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 2004). On Uesugi Shinkichi and Kakehi Katsuhiko, see Walter Skya, Japan’s Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto (Duke University Press, 2009). On the assassination of Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi, see Skya, Japan’s Holy War, and Hugh Byas, Government by Assassination (Alfred A. Knopf, 1942). On Kokutai No Hongi, see Ito Enkichi et al. (translated by John Owen Gauntlett, with an Introduction by Robert King Hall), Kokutai no Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan (Harvard University Press, 1949). On the war, see Peter Duus, ‘Imperialism Without Colonies’; Alvin D. Coox, ‘The Pacific War’, in Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan; Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept: the Untold Story of Pearl Harbor, new edn (Penguin, 1991). On the home front, see James McClain, Japan: A Modern History (W. W. Norton & Company, 2002); Robert D. Schildgen, Toyohiko Kagawa: Apostle of Love and Social Justice (Centenary Books, 1988); Sheldon Garon, ‘Luxury is the Enemy: Mobilizing Savings and Popularizing Thrift in Wartime Japan’, Journal of Japanese Studies, 26:1 (2000); Bix, Hirohito; ‘Sensational Rumours, Seditious Graffiti, and the Nightmares of the Thought Police’, in John Dower, Japan in War and Peace: Essays on History, Race, and Culture (HarperCollins, 1995); Ross Cohen, Fu-Go: The Curious History of Japan’s Balloon Bomb Attack on America (University of Nebraska Press, 2014); Thomas R. Searle, ‘It made a lot of sense to kill skilled workers: The Firebombing of Tokyo in March 1945’, Journal of Military History, 66:1 (2002); Thomas Havens, Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two (University Press of America, 1986). On Momotarō, see David A. Henry, ‘Momotarō, or the Peach Boy: Japan’s Best-Loved Folktale as National Allegory’, PhD thesis (University of Michigan, 2009). On Japan’s kamikaze pilots, see Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History (University of Chicago Press, 2002) and Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze Diaries: Reflections of Japanese Student Soldiers (University of Chicago Press, 2006); Albert Axell and Hideaki Kase, Kamikaze: Japan’s Suicide Gods (Longman, 2002); Hatsuho Naitao, Thunder Gods: The Kamikaze Pilots Tell Their Story (Kodansha, 1989). ‘We are fighting’ is quoted in Jonathan Fenby, Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the China He Lost (Free Press, 2003). Maeda Yoshihiko is quoted in Kasahara, Nankin Jiken. ‘Atrocities of our army’ is quoted in Bix, Hirohito. ‘None of this’ is paraphrased from a comment recorded in Sharf, ‘The Zen of Japanese Nationalism’. The ‘Crystallized superstition’ and ‘exceedingly filthy’ is quoted in Jason Ananda Josephson, ‘When Buddhism Became a “Religion”: Religion and Superstition in the Writings of Inoue Enryō’, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 33:1 (2006). ‘Doffing caps, clasping hands’ is Byas, Government By Assassination. ‘Coercion sphere’ is reported in Heisig and Maraldo (eds), Rude Awakenings. ‘Patiently have We …’ was printed in every Japanese newspaper on
8 December 1941. Hayashi Ichizō’s testimony is from Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze Diaries and Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms.
11 AFTERLIVES
On Ando Akira, Kodama Yoshio, and the Japanese underworld in general, see Mark Gayn, Japan Diary (1948; new edn Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Company, 1981); Richard Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Restoration, 1868–2000 (C. Hurst Publishers, London, 2001); David E. Kaplan and Alec Dubro, Yakuza: Japan’s Criminal Underworld (University of California Press, 2003); Eiko Maruko Siniawer, Ruffians, Yakuza, Nationalists: The Violent Politics of Modern Japan, 1860–1960 (Cornell University Press, 2008). On Morita Akio, see Morita Akio, Made in Japan (Dutton, 1986); John Nathan, Sony: the Private Life (HarperCollins, 1999). On Japanese politics in the wake of defeat, see Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (Gerald Duckworth, 2001); John Dower, Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878–1954 (Harvard University Press, 1988); James McClain, Japan: A Modern History (W. W. Norton & Company, 2002); Gayn, Japan Diary; J. Victor Koschmann, Revolution and Subjectivity in Postwar Japan (University of Chicago Press, 1996) and ‘Intellectuals and Politics’, in Andrew Gordon (ed.), Postwar Japan as History (University of California Press, 1993). On Sakaguchi Ango, see James Dorsey, ‘Culture, Nationalism, and Sakaguchi Ango’, Journal of Japanese Studies, 27:2 (2001). On army stockpiling and looting, see Theodore Cohen, Remaking Japan: the American Occupation as New Deal (Free Press, 1987). On black markets before and after the war, see Owen Griffiths, ‘Need, Greed, and Protest in Japan’s Black Market, 1938–1949’, Journal of Social History, 35:4 (2002); Kaplan and Dubro, Yakuza; Siniawer, Ruffians, Yakuza, Nationalists; Edward Seidensticker, Tokyo Rising: The City Since the Earthquake (Harvard University Press, 1991). On women after the war, see ‘Citizens’, in Vera Mackie, Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality (Cambridge University Press, 2003); Mire Koikari, ‘Exporting Democracy? American Women, “Feminist Reforms”, and Politics of Imperialism in the U.S. Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952’, Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 23:1 (2002); Bix, Hirohito; Gayn, Japan Diary. For the broader post-war picture within Japan, see John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Aftermath of World War II, new edn (Penguin, 2000). On first-hand experiences of the Hiroshima bomb, see Mikio Kanda (ed.), Widows of Hiroshima: The Life Stories of Nineteen Peasant Wives (St Martin’s Press, 1989). On Koreans who died as a result of the Hiroshima bomb, see Michael Weiner, ‘The Representation of Absence and the Absence of Representation: Korean Victims of the Atomic Bomb’, in Michael Weiner (ed.), Japan’s Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity (Routledge, 1997).
12 BLUE NOTE
On jazz in Japan, see Hampton Hawes (with Don Asher), Raise Up Off Me: A Portrait of Hampton Hawes (1974; new edn Da Capo Press, 2001); Akiyoshi Toshiko, Jazu to ikiru (Iwanami Shoten, 1996); E. Taylor Atkins, Blue Nippon: Authenticating Jazz in Japan (Duke University Press, 2011); Yusuke Torii, ‘Swing Ideology and Its Cold War Discontents in US–Japan Relations, 1944–1968’, PhD thesis (George Washington University, 2007); Kevin Fellezs, ‘Deracinated Flower: Toshiko Akiyoshi’s “Trace in Jazz History” ’, Jazz Perspectives, 4:1 (2010); Leonard Feather, ‘Toshiko Akiyoshi: Contemporary Sculptress of Sound’, Down Beat magazine (October 1977) and ‘East Meets West, or Never the Twain Shall Cease, Down Beat (June 1976); Steven Moore, ‘The Art of Becoming a Jazz Musician: An Interview with Toshiko Akiyoshi’, Michigan Quarterly Review, XLIII:3 (2004); Rachel M. Peterson, ‘Toshiko Akiyoshi’s Development of a New Jazz Fusion’, MA dissertation (University of Arizona, 2010); Interview with Akiyoshi Toshiko, conducted by the author, June 2017. On casualty projections for a land war on Japan’s main islands, see D. M. Giangreco, Hell to Pay: Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan, 1945–1947 (Naval Institute Press, 2009) and James McClain, Japan: A Modern History (W. W. Norton & Company, 2002). It was suggested that up to a million Americans might die in the assault, but such figures have tended to be regarded by historians as based on little evidence. On Beate Sirota, see Beate Sirota, The Only Woman in the Room: A Memoir, new edn (University of Chicago Press, 2014); Nassrine Azimi and Michel Wasserman, Last Boat to Yokohama: The Life and Legacy of Beate Sirota Gordon (Three Rooms Press, 2015); John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Aftermath of World War II, new edn (Penguin, 2000). On life, politics, and censorship in Japan after August 1945, see Dower, Embracing Defeat; Elise Tipton, Modern Japan: a Social and Political History, 3rd edn (Routledge, 2015); McClain, Japan: A Modern History; Mark Gayn, Japan Diary (1948; new edn Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Company, 1981); Stephen Large, Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: A Political Biography (Routledge, 1992); Kyōko Hirano, Mr Smith Goes to Tokyo: Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation, 1945–1952 (Smithsonian Books, new edn 1992); Mark Sandler, The Confusion Era: Art and Culture in Japan During the Allied Occupation, 1945–1952 (University of Washington Press, 1996); Donald Richie, A Hundred Years of Japanese Film, revised and updated edn (Kodansha America, 2012). On the musical accompaniment to the opening of Shimbashi Station, and on pre-war music in Japan more generally, see E. W. Pope, ‘Songs of the Empire: Continental Asia in Japanese Wartime Popular Music’, PhD thesis (University of Washington, 2003). On popular music and protest, see Christine Yano, Tears of Longing: Nostalgia and the Nation in Japanese Popular Song (Harvard University Press, 2002); E. Patricia Tsurumi, Factory Girls: Women in the Thread Mills of Meiji Japan (Princeton University Press, 1990); Taylor, Blue Nippon; Hiromu Nagahara, Tokyo Boogie-Woogie: Japan’s Pop Era and its Discontents (Harvard University Press, 2017). On the Paris and Vienna expos, see Yasuko Tsukahara, ‘State Ceremony and Music in Meiji-era Japan’, Nineteenth-Century Music Review, 10:2 (2014). On music and the broader Cold War context, see Penny Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War (Harvard University Press, 2006); Torii, ‘Swing Ideology’. For an assessment of land reform by someone who witnessed it at first hand, see R. P. Dore, ‘The Japanese Land Reform in Retrospect’, Far Eastern Survey, 27:12 (1958). MacArthur’s February note is reproduced in Dower, Embracing Defeat. ‘Everybody is talking’, is from Hirano, Mr Smith Goes to Tokyo. ‘One of those cracker Texas colonels’ is Hampton Hawes, in Raise Up Off Me. ‘Our interracial group’ is from Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World. ‘We are starving!’ reported in Gayn, Japan Diary.
13 BRIGHT LIFE
On the promulgation of the new constitution, see John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Aftermath of World War II, new edn (Penguin, 2000). On the Occupation in general, see Dower, Embracing Defeat and Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878–1954 (Harvard University Press, 1988); James McClain, Japan: A Modern History (W. W. Norton & Company, 2002). On Morita Akio and Tokyo Tsūshin Kōgyō/Sony, see Morita Akio, Made in Japan (Dutton, 1986); John Nathan, Sony: the Private Life (HarperCollins, 1999); Mark J. Stefik and Barbara Stefik, Breakthrough: Stories and Strategies of Radical Innovation (MIT Press, 2004). On Mitsubishi and the zaibatsu, see Hiroyuki Odagiri, ‘Shipbuilding and Aircraft’, in Hiroyuki Odagiri and Akira Goto (eds), Technology and Industrial Development in Japan: Building Capabilities by Learning, Innovation, and Public Policy (Oxford University Press, 1996); Eleanor M. Hadley (with Patricia Hagan Kuwayama), Memoir of a Trustbuster: A Lifelong Adventure with Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 2002). On the Japanese economy, see Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975 (Stanford University Press, 1982); David Flath, The Japanese Economy, 3rd edn (Oxford University Press, 2014); Yutaka Kosai, ‘The Postwar Japanese Economy’, in Peter Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1989); James McClain, Japan: A Modern History (W. W. Norton & Company, 2002). On the SDF, see Akihiro Sadō, The Self-Defense Forces and Postwar Politics in Japan (JPIC, 2017); Dower, Empire and Aftermath; Thomas Alan Drohan, American-Japanese Security Arrangements, Past and Present, paperback edn (McFarland & Co., North Carolina, 2007). On
Nissan and the automotive industry, see Hiroyuki Odagiri, ‘Automobiles’, in Odagiri and Goto (eds), Technology and Industrial Development in Japan. On Japan’s Olympic history, see Christian Tagsold, ‘Modernity and the Carnivalesque (Tokyo 1964)’, in Vida Bajc (ed.), Surveilling and Securing the Olympics: From Tokyo 1964 to London 2012 and Beyond (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), ‘Modernity, Space, and National Representation at the Tokyo Olympics 1964’, Urban History, 37:2 (2010), and – particularly on controversies concerning national symbols – ‘The Tokyo Olympics as a Token of Renationalization’, in Andreas Niehaus and Max Seinsch (eds), Olympic Japan: Ideals and Realities of (Inter)Nationalism (Ergon Verlag, Würzburg, 2007); Sandra Collins, The 1940 Tokyo Games: The Missing Olympics: Japan, the Asian Olympics, and the Olympic Movement (Routledge, 2008), ‘Mediated Modernities and Mythologies in the Opening Ceremonies of 1964 Tokyo, 1988 Seoul, and 2008 Beijing Olympics Games’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 29:16 (2012), and ‘East Asian Olympic Desires: Identity on the Global Stage in the 1964 Tokyo, 1988 Seoul, and 2008 Beijing Games’, International Journal of the History of Sport 28:16 (2011); Allen Guttmann and Lee Thompson, Japanese Sports: A History (University of Hawaii Press, 1998); Paul Droubie, ‘Phoenix Arisen: Japan as Peaceful Internationalist at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 28:16 (2011) and Droubie, ‘Playing the Nation: 1964 Summer Olympics and Japanese Identity’, PhD thesis (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009); Christopher Brasher, Tokyo 1964: A Diary of the XVIIIth Olympiad (Stanley Paul, 1964); John Bryant, Chris Brasher: The Man Who Made the London Marathon (Aurum Press, 2012); Jessamyn R. Abel, ‘Japan’s Sporting Diplomacy: the 1964 Tokyo Olympiad’, International History Review, 34:2 (2012); The Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, The Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964: The Official Report of the Organizing Committee (1964). See also Ichikawa Kon’s documentary film about the games: Tōkyō Orinpikku [Tokyo Olympiad] (1965). On the shinkansen, see Christopher P. Hood, Shinkansen: From Bullet Train to Symbol of Modern Japan (Routledge, 2006); Droubie, ‘Playing the Nation’. ‘There’s something rather fishy’ is reproduced in Theodore Cohen, Remaking Japan: the American Occupation as New Deal (Free Press, 1987). A ‘weapon that flashed and shone’ is from Morita, Made in Japan. ‘Laughed out of the room’ is from Nathan, Sony. ‘Height of madness’ and ‘I felt a surge’ are reproduced in Hood, Shinkansen. Note that ‘divine wind’ was a phrase in use during the early years of aircraft technology in Japan, distinct from the ‘Special Attack Unit’ formed towards the end of the Second World War (see Collins, The 1940 Tokyo Games).
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