16‘The Emigration of Educated Women’, Social Science Congress in Dublin, 1861 – see Klein, p. 22.
17‘Votes for Women’ (1912), April 9, p. 737.
18‘General’ Tubman’s campaign took place in the Port-Royal region of South Carolina, with action on 2 June 1863 – see Kramarae and Treichler, p. 31, and E. Conrad, Harriet Tubman (1943).
19Kate Millet, Sexual Politics (1969), Chapter 3, ‘The Sexual Revolution, First Phase’; and see H. Pauli, Her Name was Sojourner Truth (1962).
20Roger Fulford, Votes for Women: The Story of a Struggle (1958), p. 16.
21Quotations here are taken from the 1929 edition of the Vindication, edited by Ernest Rhys, pp. 21–3.
22Flora Tristan, L’Union Ouvrière (Paris, 1843), p. 108.
23Fulford, p. 24.
24A. Angiulli, La Pedagogia, lo Stato e la Famiglia (Naples, 1876), pp. 84 ff.
25Phillips and Tomkinson, p. 184.
26Thomas Huxley, Life and Letters of Thomas Huxley (2 vols, New York 1901), I, p. 228.
27Raven and Weir, p. 218.
28Raven and Weir, pp. 73 and 86.
29Anne B. Hamman, ‘Professor Beyer and the Woman Question’, Educational Review 47 (March 1914), p. 296.
Chapter 11 The Body Politic
1Newman, p. 105.
2J. M. Allan, ‘On the Differences in the Minds of Men and Women’, Journal of the Anthropological Society of London 7 (1869), pp. cxcvi-cxcviii.
3Dr Mary Schalieb, The Seven Ages of Woman (1915), pp. 11–12, and 51, extols the joys of ‘Motherhood’; Allan (above) argues that womanhood is an illness; and Dr Howard A. Kelly, in Medical Gynecology (1909), pp. 73–4, warned of the danger of the ‘pelvic organs’.
4For a fuller consideration of the revolting saga of modern genital mutilation of females, see G. Barker-Benfield, ‘Sexual Surgery in Late Nineteenth-Century America’, in C. Dreifus (ed.), Seizing Our Bodies (New York, 1978). Useful extracts from contemporary documents discussing this mutilation in Britain are to be found in Pat Jalland and John Hooper (eds), Women from Birth to Death: The Female Life Cycle in Britain 1830–1914 (1986), pp. 250–65.
5The Japanese recipes and barrier methods are taken from Mandel, pp. 44–5. The Egyptian references come from Elizabeth Draper, Birth Control in the Modern World (1965), p. 75; Casanova’s specifics from pp. 77–8.
6Burford, p. 34.
7Soranus’s Gynaecology, tr. Owsie Temkins (Johns Hopkins, 1956), pp. 62–7.
8Burford, p. 173.
9Draper, p. 69.
10De Riencourt, p. 281.
11Jalland and Hooper, p. 276.
12G. Bruckner (ed.), Two Memoirs of Renaissance Florence, tr. J. Martines (New York, 1968), pp. 112 ff.
13Madame de Sévigné, Lettres de Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de Sévigné, a sa fille et ses amis (Paris, 1861), I, pp. 417 ff. and II, pp. 17 ff.
14Herbert R. Spencer, The History of British Midwifery from 1650 to 1800 (1929), pp. 43 and 51. For a full discussion of these issues see Anne Oakley, The Captured Womb: A History of the Medical Care of Pregnant Women (Oxford, 1985).
15Jalland and Hooper, p. 121, and pp. 165–86 for the chloroform controversy.
16Mayo, pp. 97–8.
17F. Engels, Condition of the Working Classes in England (1892), pp. 148 ff.
18Christabel Pankhurst, Plain Facts about a Great Evil (The Great Scourge, and how to end it) (Women’s Social and Political Union, 1913), p. 20.
19A. Sinclair, The Emancipation of American Woman (New York, 1966), p. 72.
20Francis (sic) Swiney, Women and Natural Law (The League of Isis, 1912), p. 44 and The Bar of Isis (1907) p. 38. Interestingly, Swiney foresaw the link between unprotected sexual intercourse and cervical cancer.
21L. Fiaux, La Police et Les Moeurs en France (Paris, 1888), p. 129.
22Sheila Jeffreys, The Spinster and Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality 1880–1930 (1985), p. 88.
23Lillian Faderman and Brigitte Eriksson (tr. and ed.), Lesbian Feminism in Turn-of-the-Century Germany (Weatherby Lake, Missouri, 1980), pp. 23–32. See also Faderman’s magisterial Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present (1981).
24The Well of Loneliness, Chapter 56, section 3.
25C. H. F. Routh, The Moral and Physical Evils likely to follow practices intended as Chech to Population (1879), pp. 9–17. It will be recalled that many of these diseases were also supposedly attendant upon higher education for women. For Francis Place, see Derek Llewellyn Jones, Human Reproduction and Society (1974), p. 228.
26Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes: Women in Society (1970), pp. 27–8.
27Bleier, pp. 170–1.
28Juliet Mitchell, Woman’s Estate (1971), p. 164.
Chapter 12 Daughters of Time
1M. N. Duffy, The Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1964), pp. 1–2.
2Mata Hari’s conviction has always been a matter of controversy. She herself claimed to be a double agent working for the French all along. It is possible that her real guilt was fraternizing with the hated Germans – see S. Wagenaar, The Murder of Mata Hari (1964).
3Richard Grunberger, A Social History of the Third Reich (1971), pp. 322–3 for this, and the Goebbels remark.
4Vera Laska, Women in the Resistance and the Holocaust (Connecticut, 1983), p. 181.
5Edward Crankshaw, Gestapo (1956), p. 19.
6J. Henderson and L. Henderson, Ten Notable Latin American Women (Chicago, 1978), p. xv.
7Macksey, pp. 56–7.
8See M. Bochkareva and I. D. Levine, My Life as a Peasant Officer and Exile (1929).
9V. Figner, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1927), and V. Liubatovich, Memoirs (1906); also B. Engel and C. Rosenthal, Five Sisters: Women Against the Tsar (1975).
10Leghorn and Parker, p. 83.
11Llewellyn Jones, pp. 239–40.
12Planned Parenthood of Missouri v. Danforth (1976), 428 US 52; 49 L.Ed 788, records the US 1973 decision. For the British case, see Paton v. Trustees of BPAS [1978] 2 All ER 987 at 991. For these and a fascinating retrospective of the history of legal attitudes to abortion, see O’Donovan, pp. 87–92.
13Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963) p. 15.
14Bleer, p. 167. Koedt’s much-discussed paper was important because it challenged head-on Freud’s key concept of two female orgasms, clitoral and vaginal, one ‘mature’, the other ‘immature’, and asserted that Freud’s theory to ‘cure’ women’s supposed ‘frigidity’ actually ensured lack of orgasm by requiring women to have sex in the way it is most difficult to reach orgasm. This issue of sexuality thus became both symbol and proof of women’s needs to take the management of their lives into their own hands and no longer allow male ‘experts’ to explain their bodies to them.
15This extract comes from the very earliest manifesto of women’s liberation, drawn up by a New York women’s group calling themselves the Redstockings – see Anna Coote and Beatrix Campbell, Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women’s Liberation (1982), p. 15.
16De Riencourt, p. 339.
17International Herald Tribune, 24 August 1970.
18Kommunist, Moscow, November 1963.
19R. Fuelop-Miller, The Mind and Face of Bolshevism (New York, 1965), p. 173.
20Leghorn and Parker, p. 14.
21Tuttle, Encyclopedia of Feminism (London, 1986), p. 42; and see Bell Hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Boston, 1984).
22Tim Hodlin, ‘Veil of Tears’, the Listener 12 June 1986.
23Selma James (ed.), Strangers and Sisters: Women, Race and Immigration (1985), p. 85.
24Lerner, p. 13.
25Tuttle, p.42.
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