Servitus perfecta voluntaria, inter Christianum & Christianum, ex parte servi patientis sape est licita, quia est necessaries; sed ex parte domini agentis, & procurando, & exercendo, vix potest esse licita; quia non convenit regula illi generali: Quacunque volueritis ut Saciant vobis homines, ita & vos sacite eis. Matt. 7. 12
Persecla servilus pence, non potest jure locum habere, nisi ex delicto gravi quod ultimun Supplicium aliquo modo meretur: quia Libertas ex naturali astimatione proxirne accedit ad vitam ipsm, & eidem a multis praserri Solet. Ames. Cas. Confe. Lib. 5. Cap. 23. Thes. 2. 3.
ADDENDUM III
Recommended Reading List
The issue of slavery in American society is so complex that no one book could completely discuss the subject. Therefore, the following list of books is offered for those desiring a more complete understanding of the issue of slavery in American history. These books are written by men of various political persuasions, but in many places the theme of each runs counter to the accepted politically correct view of the issue of slavery in America and in Africa.
Slavery in the North
1. Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts, George H. Moore, D. Appleton and Company, New York, New York, 1866. Moore, a historian from New York, gives a no-nonsense overview of how slavery and the slave trade began and thrived in Massachusetts. A must read for anyone desiring to understand how deep-seated slavery is in American history.
2. The Negro in Colonial New England, Lorenzo J. Greene, Kennikat Press, Inc., Port Washington, New York, 1966. What Moore did in the nineteenth century for understanding slavery in the North, Greene has done for the twentieth century.
3. Black Bondage in the North, Edgar J. McManus, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1973. Following the path blazed by Greene, McManus demonstrates that chattel slavery and civil slavery were very common in the North.
4. North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860, Leon P. Litwack, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1961. The North as a land of freedom and equality is not seen in this scholar's review of African-American life in the North. This work demonstrates the second-class status (i.e., civil slavery as defined by St. George Tucker) of free people of color in the North.
Slavery in the South
1. Roll Jordan Roll, The World the Slaves Made, Eugene D. Genovese, Pantheon Books, Random House Inc., New York, New York, 1972. The author examines the various forces within a slave community from the master's house to the slave's cabin as very few historians have done.
2. Life and Labor in the Old South, Ulrich B. Phillips, Little, Brown, and Company, New York, New York, 1929. Phillips's views of slavery have drawn much criticism from liberal historians; nevertheless, he offers his readers a view of the Old South and the institution of slavery that deserves a fair reading.
3. A Defense of Virginia and the South, Robert L. Dabney (1867), Sprinkle Publishing Company, Harrisonburg, Virginia, republished 1977. Dabney, a Presbyterian theologian and friend of Stonewall Jackson, offers a cogent account of slavery before the War for Southern Independence.
4. A South-Side View of Slavery; or Three Months at the South in 1854, Nehemiah Adams, D.D. (1854), Kennikat Press, Inc., Port Washington, New York, republished in 1963. From Boston, Massachusetts, to Charleston, South Carolina, this Northerner's view of slavery and the appropriate method for its elimination is very instructive for modern Americans who have been fed a steady diet of liberal bias.
5. The South-West by a Yankee, Joseph H. Ingraham (1835), originally published in 1835 by Harper & Brothers, New York, New York, reprinted by Readex Microprint Corporation, 1966. In 1834, Ingraham, a Yankee from Maine, makes a trip to the "South-West" of the United States (i.e., the Natchez, Mississippi, area). During his stay there, Ingraham describes life in the Old South. His travels and experiences make him question some of his and most Northerners' views about the South and slavery.
6. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1974. For his work on the economics of American slavery, Fogel won the Nobel Peace Prize and the scorn of politically correct society. This work debunks liberal myths about several issues surrounding slavery such as slave breeding, overworked slaves, broken slave families, and various other forms of mistreatment of slaves by slaveholders.
African-American Slaveholders
1. Andrew Durnford, A Black Sugar Planter in Antebellum Louisiana, David 0. Whitten, Northwestern Louisiana State University Press, Natchitoches, Louisiana, 1981. Durnford, a free man of color, in Louisiana, shatters the myth about African-Americans being the victims of slavery. Here is the story of an African-American who owns a large plantation and many slaves-none of whom are related to him.
2. William Johnson's Natchez: The Ante-Bellum Diary of a Free Negro, William R. Hogan and Edwin A. Davis, eds., Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1993. A first-person account of the life of a free person of color in Mississippi before the War. Johnson, a businessman and slaveholder, tells how he lived and prospered in pre-war Mississippi.
3. The Forgotten People: Cane River's Creoles of Color, Gary Mills, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1977. Mills takes the reader on a trip to a forgotten world, the world of the free people of color who were prosperous owners of land, homes, and slaves. The South's last two companies of troops composed of free people of color resided in this area of Louisiana.
4. Black Slaveowners, Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860, Larry Koger, McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina, 1985. Koger demonstrates that black slaveholders owned slaves for the same reasons white slaveholders owned them-profit. This book is a stern rebuke to those who see slavery as a white-versus-black institution.
The War for Southern Independence
1. The South Was Right!, James R. Kennedy and Walter D. Kennedy, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 1994. Described as the Bible of the Neo-Confederate movement, this book refutes the many myths about the War. Myths such as the War being fought to protect slavery, the North as a land of freedom and justice, Lincoln as the freer of slaves, and many others are exposed by the authors. As the title states, the authors advance the idea that the right of secession and free government was correct in 1860-65 and is still correct in the twenty-first century.
2. Why Not Freedom! America's Revolt Against Big Government, James R. Kennedy and Walter D. Kennedy, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 1995. The consequences for all Americans of the South losing the War are reviewed. The authors contend that Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox marked more than just the loss of the War for the South. It marked the end of real State's Rights and the beginning of an all-powerful Federal government. Without true State's Rights, there are no means of controlling the Federal government; its will becomes law-which is not what the Founding Fathers had in mind when they seceded from the central government in London. How this change has taken place and how it can be reversed are the major themes of this book.
3. When in the Course of Human Events: Arguing the Case for Southern Secession, Charles Adams, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., New York, New York, 2000. A scholarly defense, by a non- Southerner, of the right of the Southern states (or any American state) to withdraw from the Union and form a government more pleasing to their people.
4. Was Jefferson Davis Right? James R. Kennedy and Walter D. Kennedy, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 1997. The authors contend that Jefferson Davis and his Southern colleagues acted in accordance with the rights of Americans as they sought to establish a government by the consent of the governed in 1861. Moreover, Davis's life as a planter, slaveholder, soldier, and national politician displays his truly patriotic nature. His progressive views of slavery and how it should be abolished are noted in this work.
5. A View of the Constitution of the United States: With Selected Writings, S
t. George Tucker, Clyde N. Wilson, ed., Liberty Fund, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1999. St. George Tucker's views on the Constitution and slavery offer modern Americans a look into the mind of one of America's Founding Fathers. His views on slavery should be read by every American who claims to be opposed to that institution.
Miscellaneous
1. A Debate on Slavery, N. L. Rice, Negro University Press, New York, New York, 1969. In 1845 a debate was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, between two Presbyterian ministers on the above question. It is important to note that although today's Church does not recognize the views held by the minister who is taking the negative in this debate, those views were widely held before the mid- nineteenth century.
2. Pick a Better Country, Ken Hamblin, Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, 1996. Conservative radio talk-show host Ken Hamblin describes how America is the best place on earth for anyone to take control of his future. When faced with fellow African- Americans who view America as a place of black oppression and bondage, he rebukes them with the challenge, "Pick a better country"-thus the title of his first book.
3. Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa, Keith B. Richburg, Basic Books, New York, New York, 1997. A journalist gets a firsthand, up-close look at his ancestral homeland of Africa and comes away knowing he and his people are better off than any Africans in the world. His conclusion is that slavery was good for him and his people!
4. Prince among Slaves: The True Story of an African Prince Sold in the American South, Terry Alford, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 1977. The author chronicles the life of Adb Rahman Ibrahima, a West African prince who, while on a slave-hunting trip, was captured by fellow Africans and sold into slavery. His story moves from Africa to Natchez, Mississippi, and back to Africa. From a prince to a slave and back to freedom, this man's story provides much information on the nature of the slave trade and slavery itself.
5. The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870, W. E. B. Dubois, Russell and Russell Inc., New York, New York, 1965. This noted African-American historian gives a clear picture of how the struggle to end the African slave trade was maintained. A sentinel work in the abolition of that most nefarious commerce.
6. Twelve Years a Slave, by Solomon Northup, Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, eds., Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1996. Northup begins his story in New York and explains how he was captured, taken to the South, and sold as a slave. His account covers his life as the slave of a good master and an evil master before the laws of Louisiana discover and free him.
7. John Jasper: The Unmatched Negro Philosopher and Preacher, William E. Hatcher, LL.D., Sprinkle Publications, Harrisonburg, Virginia, 1985. John jasper was a slave of a Christian master. After his conversion he began to preach the gospel. One-half of his preaching career was during the time he was a slave. After the War he continued to preach and displayed a love for his Christian master which was second only to his love for his heavenly Master. John Jasper was not politically correct!
8. The Flags of the Confederacy: An Illustrated History, Devereaux D. Cannon, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 1988. In explaining the genesis and evolution of the various Confederate flags, Cannon simplifies the history and use of the Confederate flag.
9. The Flags of Civil War South Carolina, Glenn Dedmondt, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, Louisiana, 2000. For those desirous of learning more about the various battle flags of the South, this book offers a good place to begin that search.
Notes
INTRODUCTION
1. Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (1881,William M. Coats, Publisher, Nashville, TN: 1998), Vol. I, p. 3.
2. Consistent with earlier works, The South Was Right!, Why Not Freedom!, and Was, Jefferson Davis Right?, the author will refer to the War of 1861-65 by the term "War for Southern Independence." A civil war is a war in which two antagonistic factions vie for control of the central government. At no time were the people of the Confederate States of American attempting to impose their form of government upon the people of the United States of America. The Confederate government was defending itself against Northern aggression; therefore, the term "Civil War" is an insult to those brave men who fought for Southern independence, and for that reason it will not he used in this work.
CHAPTER ONE
1. O. A. Sherrard, Freedom from Fear, The Slave and His Emancipation (St. Martin's Press, New York, NY: 1961), p. 11.
2. James Walvin, Slavery and the Slave Trade (University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, MS: 1983), p. 1.
3. Ibid.
4. W. O. Blake, The History of Slavery and the Slave Trade, Ancient and Modern (1858, Haskell House Publishers Ltd., New York, NY: 1969), p. 24.
5. Aristotle, as cited in Walvin, p. 5. Also see Sherrard, p. 25.
6. Sherrard, p. 13.
7. Ibid., pp. 22-23.
8. William Swinton, Outlines of the World's History (American Book Company, New York, NY: 1902), p. 158.
9. Walvin, p. 5.
10. Tactitus, as cited in ibid., p. 9.
11. Ibid., p. 11.
12. David Brion Davis, New York Times Review of Books, New York, New York, October 11, 1990, p. 37.
13. Dr. Hilary Beckles, The Americas (Routhledge Press, New York, NY: 1994), Vol. 41, No. 2, p. 21.
14. Rev. Richard Oastler, as cited in Michael A. Hoffman, They Were White and They Were Slaves (Ruffin House Publishers, Dresden, NY: 1991), p. 25.
15. Ibid.
16. Charles Shaw, When I Was a Child (Harper and Brothers, New York, NY: 1842), pp. 18, 20, 22.
17. Ibid., 40.
18. Blake, p. 106.
CHAPTER TWO
1. Ernest H. Pentecost, in the introduction to George F. Dow, Slave Ships and Slaving (1927, Cornell Maritime Press, Inc., Cambridge, MA: 1968), p. XVII.
2. Walvin, p. 28.
3. Ibid., p. 40.
4. Sherrard, p. 26.
5. Dow, p. v.
6. Sherrard, p. 26.
7. Ibid., pp. 29-30.
8. Robert L. Dabney, A Defense of Virginia and the South (1867, Sprinkle Publications, Harrisonburg, VA: 1977), p. 12.
9. Francis B. Simkins, A History of the South (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY: 1959), p. 116.
10. Ibid., p. 117.
11. Thomas Jefferson, as cited in Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1838, The Classics in Liberty Library, New York, NY: 1992), p. 45.
12. Thomas Jefferson, Letters and Addresses of Thomas Jefferson, William B. Parker and Jonas Viles, eds. (National Jefferson Society, Buffalo, NY: 1903), p. 285.
13. Ibid., pp. 25-27; also see Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, William Peden, ed. (W. W. Norton & Co., New York, NY: 1954), pp. 137-40.
14. De Tocqueville, p. 338.
15. Simkins, p. 117.
16. John S. Tilley, The Coming of the Glory (1949, Bill Coats, Ltd., Nashville, TN: 1995), p. 16.
17. Simkins, p. 96.
18. Ibid.
19. William Rawle, A View of the Constitution: Secession as Taught at West Point, Walter D. Kennedy and James R. Kennedy, eds. (1825, Old South Books, Simsboro, LA: 1993), p. 4.
20. Blake, Vol. II, p. 502.
21. Simkins, p. 117.
22. Rev. P. Fontaine, as cited in Dabney, p. 45.
23. Journal of the House of Burgesses, as cited in St. George Tucker, A View of the Constitution of the United States: With Selected Writings, Clyde N. Wilson, ed. (Liberty Fund, Inc., Indianapolis, IN: 1999), p. 417. All quotations from this source are by permission of the Liberty Fund, Inc.
24. Tilley, p. 17.
.
26. Dabney, p. 44.
27. Simkins, p. 130.
28. Ibid., p. 118.
29. Tilley, pp. 32-33.
30. Gerard C. Brandon, as cited in John K. Bettersworth, MISSISSIPPI: A History (The Steck Company, Austin, TX: 1959), pp. 194-95.
31. Bettersworth, p. 19
6.
32. Simkins, p. 105.
33. Ibid.
34. Tilley, p. 36.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Simkins, p. 106.
38. Tilley, p. 32.
39. Arthur H. Jennings, The Gray Book (The Gray Book Committee, Sons of Confederate Veterans, Hattiesburg, MS, nd), p. 4.
40. Otto Scott, The Secret Six: john Brown and the Abolitionist Movement (Uncommon Books, Murphys, (:A: 1993), p. 73.
41. James Madison, The Federalist No. 43, as cited in The Federalist, Student Edition, Carey & McCellan eds. (Kendall-Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA: 1990), p. 228. Madison, the Father of the United States Constitution, in The Federalist No. 43 states that all governmental institutions must be sacrificed to the safety and happiness of a society. This is the principle that motivated the Fire-Eaters. If their safety and happiness were being threatened by the Federal government, they believed they had a right as Americans to replace the Federal government with a government more pleasing to the people.
42. Bettersworth, pp. 222-26.
43. Lorenzo J. Greene, The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620-1776 (Kennikat Press, Inc., Port Washington, NY: 1966), p. 15.
44. Gary B. Nash, "Slaves and Slaveowners in Colonial Philadelphia," William and Mary Quarterly, Jan. 1973, 3rd ed., Set. 3, Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 255
45. George H. Moore, Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts (D. Appleton and Company, New York, NY: 1866), p. 5; also see Edgar J. McManus, Black Bondage in the North (Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY: 1991), p. 2. No one can pinpoint when Negro slavery began in the North with absolute precision. What is certain is that by 1638 slaves were being bought and sold in Massachusetts. In 1626, the Dutch West India Company was making use of Negro slaves in New Netherlands.
46. Eugene D. Genovese, Roll Jordan Roll, The World the Slaves Made (Pantheon Books, Random House, Inc., New York, NY: 1972), p. 3.
Myths of American Slavery Page 29
